spoke the truth." Somewhat more equivocal is a reference to an interpreter named Diego de Cardenas, who is said to have "understood the language of Santa Elena and also that of the Province of Guale." He himself testifies, in 1601, that he "has been many times in the lengua de Guale and is lengua of that (province) and of Escamacu." Most important of all is, of course, the flat statement by Gov. Pedro Menendez Marques, when, in writing in 1580 of the Indians of Santa Elena, among whom he then was, he says "they speak the Guale language." A more nearly literal translation of the words he uses would perhaps be, "It (Santa Elena) pertains to the linguistic Province of Guale (viene á la lengua de Guale)."2 In his expedition north on the Atlantic coast, to which reference has already been made,3 Governor Ibarra went no farther than Guale (St. Catherines Island), but one of the chiefs who came to see him at this place was named Oya, in all probability the same as the Oya or Hoya mentioned by French and Spaniards as living near the present Beaufort, S. C. While Ibarra was at St. Catherines we also learn that "the chief of Aluete said that the chief of Talapo and the chief of Ufalague and the chief of Orista, his nephew and heirs, were his vassals and had left him and gone to live with the mico of Asao" (St. Simons Island); and when the governor came to Asao on his return he met them there and had a conference with them." Orista was certainly a Cusabo chief, and there is every reason to suppose that the others mentioned with him were also Cusabo. As we have already stated, in his dealings with the Indians north of Cumberland Island, Governor Ibarra employed two interpreters, Juan de Junco and Santiago. There is no hint that any change was made after that time, and not the slightest indication that the Cusabo employed a language different from that of the Guale Indians, among whom Ibarra met them. The chief of Oya is referred to as a "mico" along with the chief of Guale, while the chiefs Talapo, Ufalague, and Orista seemed to have moved down the coast to Asao as the result of some slight disagreement with their neighbors and to have settled there as if they were perfectly at home. Again, as has already been remarked, while ƒ and I are absent from the Siouan dialects to the north, r is a conspicuous sound, appearing in such names as Congaree, Sugeree, Wateree, Shakori, etc. It also appears in one form of the name Santee given by Lawson-Seretee. On the other hand, it is wanting in all Cusabo names that have come down to us—with one or two exceptions which need cause no disturbance. Thus, the name Orista, given above, appears persistently in I Lowery, MSS. 'Lowery and Brooks, MSS. • See P. 14. 4 Serrano y Sanz, Doc. Hist., p. 188. Spanish documents, but it is evidently the Edisto of the English and the Audusta of the French. The Edisto are in one place called Edistare, but it is probable that this form was after the analogy of the Siouan names, and it may, in fact, have been obtained through a Siouan interpreter. Moreover, Laudonnière, on inquiring of the Cusabo Indians about the great chief Chicora, of whom he had learned through Spanish writings, was told instead of a chief Chiquola living toward the north. The l, it is to be seen, is substituted for r. Spanish attempts to record the Cusabo language were cut short by the unfriendliness of the natives and the abandonment of the missions. Linguistic material may yet be discovered, however, among the unpublished documents of Spain. At all events the Spaniards had a very much better excuse than our own South Carolina colonists for their almost complete failure to make any permanent record of the language of the people among whom their first settlements were made. A few detached phrases and the following place, personal, and other names are practically all that is left of Cusabo: ABLANDOLES. Mentioned together with the "Chiluques" as a tribe of Santa Elena. As the latter probably refers to a non-Cusabo tribe, the Cherokee, the former may not be a Cusabo tribe either.2 AHOYABI, AOBI (?). A small town near Ahoya, or Hoya. ALUSH. A chief of Edisto.3 ALUSTE, ALUESTE, ALIESTE, ALUETE. A chief and village probably located near Beaufort, South Carolina. This may be only a form of Edisto (see p. 60). APPEE-BEE. The Indian name of Foster Creek, S. C. ASHEPOO, ASHIPOO, ASSHEPOO, ASHA-PO, ISHPOW. A tribe and a river named from it still so called; in one place this is made a synonym for Edisto. AWENDAW, OWENDAW, AU-EN-DAU-BOO-E. name is preserved to the present day. An old town, perhaps Sewee." The BABICKOCK. A creek flowing into Edisto River, near its mouth. BACKBOOKS, BACKнOOKS. Coast people at war with the Santee; they may have been Siouan instead of Cusabo." BARCHO AMINI. An Indian of Santa Elena of the town of Cambe, perhaps a Spanish name.2 BLUACACAY. A Santa Elena Indian.2 BOHICKET. An Indian village near Rockville, S. C.; a creek and a modern place are still so called.8 BOO-SHOO-EE, BOO-CHAW-EE. A name for the land about the peninsula between Dorchester Creek and Ashley River. There are a number of variants of this name." CALLAWASSIE. An island on one side of Colleton River. 10 CAMBE. A town in the province of Santa Elena.2 CATUCO. Name given in one place to the fort at Santa Elena. It seems to be an Indian word.11 1 Laudonnière, Hist. Not. de la Floride, pp. 29–31. 2 Copy of MS. in Ayer Coll., Newberry Lib. S. Car. Hist. Soc. Colls., v, pp. 20, 170. 5 S. Car. Hist. and Gen. Mag., vi, p. 64. 7 Ibid., p. 45. S. Car. Hist. Soc. Colls., v, pp. 63, 334. 9 S. Car. Hist. and Gen. Mag., VI, p. 63 et seq. 10 Modern name. 11 Brooks, MSS. CHATUACHE, SATUACHE, SATOACHE. A town and mission station 6 to 10 leagues north of the Spanish fort of Santa Elena.1 CHEHAW. A river; the name probably refers to the Chiaha tribe, to be discussed later.2 CHICHESSEE, CHECHESSA. A river flowing into Port Royal Sound, and also a creek, otherwise known as Deer Creek.2 CLOWTER. Head warrior of the “Ittuans. It appears from certain writers that he took his name from a white family of the name Crowder, therefore it is not really an Indian name.3 СОМВАНЕЕ, СОМВОНЕ, СОМВЕНЕ, СОМВЕЕ, СОМВАНЕ. A tribe on a river which still bears their name; they were bounded by the Coosa, who were said to live northeast of Combahee River. Coosa, Kusso, CAUSA, CUSSOES, KUSSOES, Kusso, CooSOE, CussoE, Coosaw, KUSIAH, CUSSAH, KISSAH, Casor, Cocaoyo, Cocao, Cozao. A tribe sometimes reckoned among the Cusabo and sometimes excluded from them. They lived on the upper reaches of the rivers from the Ashley to the Coosawhatchie.1 CUSABO, CUSABES, CORSA BOY, CUSABEES, CUSABOE, COOSABOYS, KORSABOI, CUSSOBOS, COÇapoy, Cosahue, Cosapue, CosSAPUE. Collective name for the tribes, or part of the tribes, now under discussion. Originally it seems to have been applied to a town (see p. 58). COTEBAS. A place. Datha, Dathaw. An island on the coast. This is south of Port Royal Sound; and although it is in South Carolina it may have been in the Yamasee territory. It is also given as the name of a chief." DAWHO. A modern river name. EDISTO, EDISTAH, EDISTA, EDISTOE, EDISTOH, EDISTOW, EDISLOH, EDISTARE, ODISTASH, ORISTA, ORISTANUM (Latinized), AUDUSTA, ADUSTA, USTA. One of the Cusabo tribes.8 ESCAMACU, EESCAMAQU, ESCAMAQU, ESCAMAQUU, ESCAMATU, USCAMACU, CAMACU, CAMAQU, MACCou. One of the most important of the tribes near Port Royal in Spanish times; it frequently gave its name to the province (see p. 60). ETIWAW, ETEWAUS, ETIWANS, ITTAWANS, ITUAN, ITWAN, ITTAVANS, ETTIWAN, ITAWANS, ETWANS, ITAWANS, ILWANS, EUTAW (?). A tribe on Wando River, sometimes included with the Cusabo and sometimes excluded from them." GUALDAPE. Name of the region where Ayllón made his last settlement, in 1526 (see pp. 38-41). HEMALO. A Cusabo chief who visited Madrid and was killed by a Spanish captain in 1576. HOBCAW POINT. The extreme south termination of land lying between the Waccamaw River and the sea; also a point on the south bank of Wando River where it debouches into Cooper River, now Remley's Point. The name Hobcaw Neck was applied anciently to all land between Shem-ee Creek and Wando River.10 1 Serrano y Sanz, Doc. Hist., p. 132; Lowery, MSS. * Modern name. 'South Carolina Pub. Docs., MS. The name occurs in numerous places. See p. 68 et seq. Occurs in numerous places. See pp. 31-80 following; also Mooney, Bull. 22, Bur. Amer. Ethn., pp. 82, 86. HOOKS. Given with the Backbooks as a tribe at war with the Santee; they may have been Siouan instead of Cusabo1 (see p. 20). HOYA, AHOYA, OYA. A town mentioned by both Frenchmen and Spaniards, on or near Broad River. ICKABEE, ICKERBY, ACCABEE. Peronneau's Point on Ashley River.2 ICOSANS. According to Bartram, a tribe near South Carolina hostile to the colonists and driven away by the Creeks; probably the Coosa.3 INNA. A Santa Elena Indian.* JOHASSA. An island.5 KIAWA, CAYAGUA, CAYAGNA, CAYEGUA, KIWAHA, KYWAHA, KYWAWS, CAYAWAH, CAYAWASH, KYAWAW, KIAWHAS, KEYWAW, KEYAWAH, KAYAWAH, KAAWAY, KIAWAH, KEYWAHAH, KIAWAY, KIAWAWS, KIAWAS, KEAWAW, KAYAWAGH, KyeWAW, CHYAWHAW. A Cusabo tribe living on Ashley River." MAYON. A town, apparently on Broad River, in 1562 (see pp. 49, 50). PALAWANA, POLAWAK (?). An island near St. Helena Island, which was granted to the remnant of the Cusabo in 1712.7 PATICA. Given by Bartram as a tribe formerly living near South Carolina and driven off by the Creeks; they were probably one of the Yamasee bands.8 OKETEE, OKEETEE, OKATIE, OKETEET. A river flowing into Colleton River, near Port Royal.5 ONI-SE-CAU. Indian name of Bull's Island, perhaps Siouan. SANTHIACHO HUANUCASE. An Indian of Santa Elena.1 SHADOO, SHEEDOU. A chief of Edisto." SHEM-EE. A creek near Charleston now called Shem.10 STONO, STONAH, STONOE, STOANOES, STONOH, STONOES, OSTANO, OSTANUM (Latinized), STALAME (?). One of the Cusabo tribes, on Stono Inlet." SUFALATE. Probably Cusabo because associated with Ufalague (see p. 82). TALAPO, TALAPUZ, YTALAPO. A chief and town probably near Beaufort, S. C." TIBWEN. A plantation.12 TIPICOP HAW, TIPPYCUTLAW, TIPPYCOP LAW, TIBBEKUDLAW. Indian name of a hill in Wadboo barony.13 TOUPPA, TOUPA. A town and chief, located apparently on Broad River in 1562 (see p. 49). UFALAGUE, UFALEGUE. A chief, probably from the neighborhood of Beaufort, S. C.14 WADBOO, WATBOO, WATROO. A creek flowing into Cooper River; a Wadboo Bridge appears later. 15 WAMBAW. A creek and swamp, perhaps in the Siouan territory instead of in that of the Cusabo.16 1 Lawson, Hist. Carolina, p. 45. 2 S. Car. Hist. Soc. Colls., v, p. 396. 3 Bartram, Travels, p. 54. 4 Copy of MS. in Ayer Coll., Newberry Lib. 5 Modern geographical name. 6 Modern geographical name; also see pp. 24–25, 61. 7 Thomas in 18th Ann. Rept. Bur. Amer. Ethn., pt. 2, p. 633. 8 Bartram, op. cit., p. 54. 9 S. Car. Hist. Soc. Colls., v, pp. 19, 20, 23, 64-65, 68, 70 10 S. Car. Hist. and Gen. Mag., vi, p. 64. 11 Serrano y Sanz, Doc. Hist., p. 188; also see p. 82. 12 S. Car. Hist. Soc. Colls., V, p. 175. 13 S. Car. Hist. and Gen. Mag., XI, p. 171; xн, pp. 47-48. 14 Serrano y Sanz, Doc. Hist., pp. 188, 190. 15 S. Car. Hist. Soc. Colls., V, p. 332; S. Car. Hist. and Gen. Mag. v, pp. 32, 119. 16 Modern name. Wampi, Wampee. The name of a plant which grows in the lowlands of South Carolina; also called pickerel weed (Pontederia cordata).1 WANDO, WANDOE. A tribe on Cooper River usually included with the Cusabo; Wando River is named for them but the name has been transferred from the stream to which it properly belongs.2 WANTOOT. A plantation in the low country of South Carolina.3 WAPENSAW. Lands near Charleston, S. C.4 WAPPETAW BRIDGE. A place name. WAPPOO, WAPPO, WAPOO. A creek on the landward side of Edisto Island; also given by Bartram as the name of a tribe formerly living near South Carolina, which the Creeks had driven away.5 WASHISHOE. A plantation." WASHUA. An island." WESTO, WESTOE, WESTOH, WESTA, WESTRAS. A name which appears to have been given to the Yuchi by the Cusabo and is evidently in the Cusabo language. WESTOBOO, WESTOEBOU, WESTOE BOU, WESTOE BOO, WESTOE BOU. The name of the Savannah River in the Cusabo language, said to mean "River of the Westo" and in one place interpreted as "the Enemies' River." 9 WIMBEE, WIMBEHE, Guiomaez (?). A Cusabo tribe which seems to have been located between the Combahee and Broad Rivers.10 WINA. Mentioned as an Indian met near Port Royal in 1681 along with another named Antonio. It may be merely the Spanish Juan: WISKINBOO. A swamp in Berkeley County, between Cooper and Santee Rivers." WITCHEAU, WICHCAUH, WATCHETSAU (?). A Cusabo tribe mentioned only two or three times; location unknown.12 WOMMONY. The son of a chief of St. Helena.13 YESHOE. The name of certain lands in South Carolina near Charleston.14 YANAHUME. A town on the south side of "the river of Santa Elena," reported by a Spanish expedition of 1564.15 Following are the few words and phrases to be found in early works dealing with this region: APPADA. The [Sewee?] Indians called out this word to the English and it is probably corrupt Spanish.16 HIDDESKEH. This is said to mean "sickly." 17 HIDDIE DOD. Described as "a word of great kindness among them"; the Indians who used this, however, also referred to the English as "comraro," evidently an attempt at the Spanish camarada, so we can not feel sure that hiddie dod is not a corrupt Spanish expression as well.18 HIDDY DODDY COMORADO ANGLES WESTOE SKORRYE, “English very good friends, Westoes are nought." 19 The words here are under the same suspicion as the one just mentioned and must therefore be handled carefully; moreover, Indian words contained in old documents are so often transcribed wrongly that we can never be certain of the exact form where we have but one example to which to refer. |