One among the above names, Ufalague, has an ƒ and an l; six others an 1, Aluete, Alush, Callawassie, Palawana, Stalame, Talapo; and seven an m, Combahee, Shemee, Stalame, Wambaw, Wampi, Wimbee, Wommony. As in the case of the Guale and Yamasee languages (see p. 15), these argue a Muskhogean connection.

The only other fact that seems to promise assistance is the translation of the word Westoboo as "river of the Westo," from which it would seem that boo signifies "river."'1 So far as I have been able to find, nothing like this occurs in either Yuchi or Catawba, the closest resemblance being with the Choctaw bok,' with which perhaps the Alabama pa'ni, the Timucua ibi (ne), and the Apalachee ubab are connected. The little evidence this one word gives us, therefore, points toward Muskhogean relationship. It is possible that the same word occurs in certain of the names given above, such as Ashepoo, Bohicket, Boo-shoo-ee, Backbooks, Cusabo, Wadboo, Wappoo, Wiskinboo, and perhaps also in Combahee (also spelled Combohe). If this explanation holds good for Cusabo the term would probably mean "Coosa River people," though it is difficult to see how such a name came to be applied generally, in some cases to the exclusion of the Coosa Indians themselves. We must suppose it to have been adopted as the name of a town near the mouth of the Coosawhatchie, or some other river on which Coosa lived, and the usage to have extended from that place along the coast. It should be noted as a rather remarkable fact, and one probably based on some feature of the Cusabo tongue, that of the place and personal names given above, 16, or more than one-fourth, begin with w. This is a common initial in stream names from the Creek language, owing to the fact that many of them begin with wi, which is almost the same as oi, an abbreviation of oiwa, water; but in the names under consideration wa initial is more common than wi and we together.

The evidence so far adduced applies particularly to that group of Cusabo tribes living near Beaufort, to which the term is sometimes confined. There was a second group, farther to the north, about Charleston Harbor, consisting of the Kiawa, Etiwaw, Wando, and perhaps the Stono. In both the English and Spanish narratives the chief of Kiawa appears on intimate terms with those of Edisto and St. Helena, and their solidarity is emphasized on more than one occasion by the early writers, they being classed as coast Indians, and contrasted with the Westo inland upon the Savannah River and the tribes living in the "sickly" country northward of them. In later times the Etiwaw assisted the English in destroying the Siouan Santee and Congaree. Henry Woodward, upon whom the English

1 S. Car. Hist. Soc. Colls., v, p. 167.

2 It should be noted that final -k in many Choctaw words is barely distinguishable as pronounced.

3 See p. 67; also Lowery, MSS.

4 S. Car. Pub. Docs., MS.

settlers of South Carolina relied in all of their communications with the natives, calls the Kiawa "Chyawhaw," and although he is unsupported in this, his information should have been the most reliable. If he is correct, the Kiawa were probably a branch of those Chiaha Indians noted elsewhere, some of whom are known to have lived near the Yamasee at an early period. It is also to be observed that the chief of Kiawa accompanied Woodward on his expedition to visit the chief of "Chufytachyque" and acted as his interpreter. If the latter were the Kasihta Creeks, as I shall try to show, this fact would indicate some similarity between the languages of the two peoples. The following statement of the explorer Sanford may be added:

All along I observed a kinde of Emulacon amongst the three principall Indians of this Country (viz1) Those of Keywaha, Eddistowe and Port Royall concerning us and our Friendshipp, contending to assure it to themselves and jealous of the other though all be allyed and this Notwithstanding that they knewe wee were in actuall warre with the Natives att Clarendon and had killed and sent away many of them, ffor they frequently discoursed with us concerning the warre, told us that the Natives were noughts they land Sandy and barren, their Country sickly, but if wee would come amongst them Wee whould finde the Contrary to all their Evills, and never any occasion of dischargeing our Gunns but in merryment and for pastime.*

Clarendon County was in the North Carolina settlement between Cape Fear and Pamlico Sound, mainly in Siouan territory. In 1727 the Kiawa chief was given a grant of land south of the Combahee River, which probably means that his people removed about that time to the south to be near the other Cusabo Indians.5

Besides these two coastal groups of Cusabo the Coosa tribe is to be distinguished in some degree from the rest because, instead of occupying a section of coast, it was in the hinterland of South Carolina along the upper courses of the Ashley, Edisto, Ashepoo, Combahee, and Coosawhatchie Rivers. From this difference in position and on the strength of the name I suggest that it may possibly have been a branch of the Coosa of Coosa River, Alabama, and hence may have belonged to the true Muskogee group. On the basis of our present information this can not be definitely affirmed or denied.

By nearly all of the living Creeks the Osochi are supposed to be a Muskogee tribe of long standing, and Bartram classifies them with those who in his time spoke the Muskogee tongue. Nevertheless Adair gives them as one of the "nations" which had settled among the Lower Creeks. In very early times they came to be associated very closely with the Chiaha and when they gave up their own square ground the two combined. An old Osochi whom

1 S. Car. Hist. Soc. Colls., v, p. 186.

Ibid, p. 191.

See pp. 216-218.

'S. Car. Hist. Soc. Colls., v, pp. 79-80.

'S. Car. Docs. (Pub. Records of S. Car., X, p. 24.)

Bartram, Travels, p. 462.

Adair, Hist. Am. Inds., p. 257.

3

I met in Oklahoma stated that his mother knew how to speak Hitchiti and he believed that many more of his people had known how to speak that language in earlier times. This would naturally be the case if, as seems to be indicated, the Chiaha were a Hitchiti speaking people, but of course it is possible that the Osochi anciently belonged to the Hitchiti group also. However, whether they ever spoke Hitchiti as a tribe or not, I am strongly of the opinion that they are the descendants of the people known to De Soto and his companions as the Uçachile,' Uzachil, Veachile, or Ossa chile." Veachile is probably a misprint for Uçachile. If this identification is correct the Osochi were evidently a Timucua tribe, which gradually migrated north until absorbed by the Lower Creeks. Confirmatory evidence appears to be furnished by a Spanish official map of the eighteenth century' on which at the junction of the Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers a tribe or post is located with the legend, "Apalache 6 Sachile." Apparently the compiler of the map supposed that the 6 in this name was the Spanish conjunction instead of an integral part of the word. The position assigned to them by him agrees exactly with that of the Apalachicola Indians at that period, and if "6 Sachile" really refers to the Osochi we must suppose either that they had united with some of the Apalachicola or that they were classified with and considered a branch of them. Since the word Timucua often appears as Tomoco or Tomoka in English writings this hypothesis would also explain the Tomoóka town westward of the Apalachicola on the map of Lamhatty and the Tommahees referred to by Coxe in the same region.' These particular Timucua would be none other than the Osochi.

The Kasihta, Coweta, Coosa, Abihka, Holiwahali, Eufaula, Hilibi, and Wakokai, with their branches, have always, so far as our information goes, been considered genuine Muskogee people. The only suspicion to the contrary is in the case of the Coosa, whose name looks very much like a common corruption of the Choctaw word konshak, meaning "cane." By this name the Muskogee were known to the Mobile Indians. In Padilla's history of the De Luna expedition we read that, when the Spaniards accompanied the Coosa in an attack upon their western neighbors, they came to a wide river known as "Oke chiton," or "great river." If this name was in the Coosa language it would prove that at that time they spoke Choctaw, but more likely it was in the language of their enemies.

1 Bourne, Narr. of De Soto, II, p. 73.

2 Ibid. 1, p. 41.

Ibid, II, p. 6.

Garcilasso de La Vega, in Shipp, Hist. of De Soto and Florida, p. 330.

• Reproduced in Hamilton, Colonial Mobile, p. 210.

Amer. Anthrop., n. s. vol. x, p. 569

7 French, Hist. Colls. La., 1850, p. 234. On his map he has "Tomachees" (Descr. Prov. Car., 1741).

About one-sixth of all Creeks are probably of Coosa descent, and it is unlikely that a tribe of such size should have given up its language while much smaller bodies retained theirs almost or quite down to the present time.

The Tukabahchee are considered by most Creek Indians at the present day as the leaders of the nation. Nevertheless Milfort,1 and also Adair, on the authority of a Tukabahchee chief of his time, declare that they had formerly been a distinct people. This question will be considered again when we come to take up Tukabahchee history, but it may be said that, even though the tribe were once distinct, it would not necessarily follow that its language was also different. There is, at all events, little reason to suppose it was anything other than some Muskhogean dialect. A foreign origin is also attributed to the Okchai Indians by the same writers. Some of the living Okchai appear to remember a tradition to this effect, but while it is probably correct there is no further proof, and there is no likelihood that their ancient speech was anything other than Muskogee.3

Still another people, the Pakana, who now speak pure Muskogee, are reported to have been at one time distinct, both by Adair and by Stiggins. Since they settled near Fort Toulouse, they have sometimes been spoken of as if they were a branch of the Alabama, but this is probably due merely to association, just as the Okchai have occasionally been classed with the Alabama because an Alabama town was known as Little Okchai. In the absence of more assured information it will be best to class them with the Muskogee.

Northern Florida was occupied by the Timucua Indians, but south of them were several tribes, which were reckoned as distinct by the Spaniards, though next to nothing has been preserved of their languages and very few hints regarding their affinities are to be found.

The Calusa of the western side of the peninsula were the most important South Florida people, and they were the last to disappear, some of them remaining in their old seats until the close of the last Seminole war. The chief centers of their population were Charlotte Harbor and the mouth of the Caloosahatchee River, and this is of importance in connection with the following facts. In a letter written by Capt. John H. Bell, agent for the Indians in Florida, addressed

1 Milfort, Mémoire, pp. 265-266.

Adair, Hist. Am. Inds., p. 179.

Milfort and Adair, Ibid. There is one direct statement to the effect that Okchai was a distinct language (Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc., 1st ser., II, p. 48), but the language of the Little Okohai (Alabama) may be meant (see next paragraph).

Adair, ibid., p. 257.

• See p. 272.

to a committee of Congress, February, 1821, a list of Seminole towns is given.' The names of the first 22 are "extracted from a talk held by Gen. Jackson, with three chiefs of the Florida Indians, at Pensacola, September 19, 1821," and to them Captain Bell adds 13 towns on his own authority. The particular tribe of Seminole represented in each town is not always given, but it is appended in italics to the names of the last five. Thus there is a town of the Mikasuki, a town of the Coweta, a town of the Chiaha, a town of the Yuchi, and last of all we read "35. South of Tampa, near Charlotte's Bay, Choctaws." Later still, in a census of the Florida Indians taken in 1847, there were 120 warriors reported, among whom were 70 Seminole, 30 Mikasuki, 12 Creeks, 4 Yuchi, and 4 Choctaw. The only Mississippi Choctaw actually known to have been brought into Florida were taken there along with some Delaware Indians as scouts for the American Army, and at a much later date than the letter of Captain Bell. Moreover, from both Bell's account and the census of 1847 the Choctaw enumerated would appear to have formed a considerable band, and it may well be asked why it is, if the scouts were brought in in such quantities, we do not hear of a Delaware band as well? These references therefore introduce the question of a possible connection between the Calusa and Choctaw.

All that is now known of the Calusa language is a considerable number of place names, for a few of which translations are given, and a single expression, also translated. Practically all of these come from the Memoir of Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, a Spaniard held captive among the Calusa Indians for 17 years, somewhere between 1550 and 1570.3 Attempts to find equivalents in known Indian tongues have been made by Buckingham Smith (1854) and A. S. Gatschet (1884). Although better equipped for this task, the latter was handicapped, as always, by a lack of critical acumen in the treatment of etymologies, and unfortunately he chose for comparison Spanish, Timucua, and Creek, the two last because they were the Indian languages of the region with which he was most familiar. Smith, on the other hand, without a tithe of Gatschet's philological ability, was favored by fortune in happening to depend for his interpretations on several Choctaw Indians, including the famous chief, Peter Pichlynn. Smith seems not to have had any true appreciation of the differences between Indian languages and to have assumed that the authority of an Indian of almost any southeastern tribe was equally good. By mere luck, however, he

1 Morse, Rep. to Sec. of War., pp. 306, 308, 311; also see pp. 406–407.

2 Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, I, p. 522.

3 Col. Doc. Ined., v, pp. 532-546; Smith, Letter of Hernando de Soto and Memoir of Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda. The translation in French, Hist. Colls. La., 1875, pp. 235-265, is badly disarranged. Smith, op. cit.; Gatschet, Creek Mig. Leg., I, p. 14.