1910. United States Indian Office, 17,489, besides 1,651 intermarried whites, 5,985 freedmen, and 1,637 Mississippi Choctaws. 1911-12. United States Indian Office, 17,479, besides 1,651 intermarried whites, 5,985 freedmen and 1,672 Mississippi Choctaws. 1913. United States Indian Office, 17,328, besides 1,651 intermarried whites, 5,994 freedmen, and 1,639 Mississippi Choctaws. 1914. United States Indian Office, 17,446, besides 1,651 intermarried whites, 5,994 freedmen, and 1,639 Mississippi Choctaws. 1915. United States Indian Office, 20,799 (8,444 full bloods, 2,473 half bloods or more, 10,822 less than half blood, including 1,651 by intermarriage); freedmen 6,029; in Mississippi 1,253; in Louisiana, a few. 1916-1919. United States Indian Office, 17,488 by blood, 1,651 intermarried, 6,029 freedmen, 1,660 "Mississippi Choctaw," and 1,253 in the State of Mississippi. To the last figures must be added about 200 for the Choctaw in Louisiana, Alabama, and elsewhere. The only early town-by-town censuses of the Choctaw Nation which have come to my attention are contained in two manuscripts, the one in the French archives, a copy being in the Library of Congress, the other in a manuscript preserved in the Edward E. Ayer collection at the Newberry Library, Chicago,1 the same from which the Chickasaw census on page 450 was taken. The first is dated 1730 and is by Regis du Roullet, a French officer sent among the Choctaw in order to enlist their aid against the Natchez Indians; the author of the second is unknown and its date uncertain, that provisionally set for it, 1750, being more likely too late than too early. The following table embodies the material contained in these two lists, the subdivisions being given in accordance with the census of 1750, and the orthography of the town names in accordance with the same census except in the case of those towns which do not appear in it: Those of the east: Chicachae.. Tala...... Nachoubaoüenya.. Nacchoubanfouny. NUMBER OF MEN IN THE CHOCTAW TOWNS Bouctouloutchy.... Youanny.... Those of the south. Conchats.... Yanabé.. Oqué loüsa.. Coït chitou.... 1 Mem. Am. Anth. Assn., v, No. 2, pp. 71-72. 2 The number of men in a few of these towns is given in a communication by the same writer the year before. These are Coit Chitou 400, Bouctoulōuchy (?) 20, Yanabé 30, Oqueloüsa 60, Coucha 200, and 30 youths, Nachoubaoüenya 30, Osquea alagna 500, Tala 30, Youanny 60, Chicachaé 150. Including Cheniacha. + Adair, however, reports "Coosah," the Conchats of the above list, to have been the largest town in his time.-Hist. Am. Inds., p. 283. While the number of southern tribes progressively decreased from early times until many of them became wholly or nearly extinct, the surviving groups, the Creeks, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw, appear at first rather to have increased. Owing to their numerous wars the Chickasaw decreased in the first half of the eighteenth century, but after that time there is evidence that they grew rapidly, until they reached about 5,000, where their population remained stationary down to the present day. In appearance they continued 1 Spelled Atchouchouga by Regis du Roullet. to mount up much beyond that point, but later figures show that this was due to the inclusion of an almost equal number of Negro freedmen among them. Actually we find that the proportion of full bloods has decreased and that the maintenance of their numbers exclusive of freedmen has been due to an extensive contribution of white and Negro blood. Like the Chickasaw, the Creeks show a considerable increase during the last part of the eighteenth century and the first part of the nineteenth, in spite of the many Indians who removed to Florida. This growth may have been in part fictitious since, when a census was taken in 1857, both Creeks and Seminole were found much less numerous than had been supposed. Nevertheless the figures for the Seminole which can be checked show that before these tribes were removed to the West they were populous. Their losses during the emigration and in the period during which they were trying to adapt themselves to their new surroundings may account in part for the discrepancy, although in the case of the Creeks there may have been some frauds due to the intrigues of designing contractors. Still the Creeks can hardly have been less than 15,000, and 20,000 would not be an excessive estimate for the mother tribe of a people of 5,000 like the Seminole. From time to time these tribes have undergone periods of increase and decrease. As in the case of the Chickasaw, their apparent strength has been augmented by including Negro freedmen, descendants of those slaves formerly held by the Indians. In the case of the Creeks, Seminole, and Choctaw, however, the Negroes were not so numerous, being a little more than one-third instead of a little less than onehalf. The number of Creek and Seminole full bloods has also declined progressively. In 1908 rather more than half of both were returned as full-blood Indians, but I am confident that the actual number is very much smaller, so small as to be barely a handful. In short the Indian blood in all of these tribes appears to be spreading out continually, but it is spreading over a body of white and Negro blood ever greater in amount, while the Indian blood becomes less and less. Perhaps we shall not be far wrong if we assume a Creek population of about 7,000 in 1700, 12,000 in 1750-1760, 20,000 in 1832, 15,000 in 1857, 10,000 in 1898 (exclusive of freedmen), and 7,000 in 1910. 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