Government declining to join in the intervention. The Egyptian army under Arabi Pasha resisted the occupation, and was finally subdued in September, 1882. It was then disbanded, and English officers were intrusted with the tasks of organizing a new military establishment and a gendarmerie, while the Earl of Dufferin, British ambassador at Constantinople, was sent to Egypt to work out a scheme for the reform and reorganization of the Government. His plan for a native parliamentary government, similar to that aimed at by Arabi, was not put into practice. After the abolition of the dual control by khedivial decree in January, 1883, Sir Auckland Colvin, the English Controller, was appointed financial adviser of the Khedive, and upon his retirement E. Vincent Clifford Lloyd was appointed adviser to the Minister of the Interior. A Council of State, consisting of eleven European and eleven Egyptian members, was opened Oct. 30, 1883. Camille Barrère presented his credentials as French diplomatic agent and consul - general Nov. 22, 1883. The French Government refused to admit the legality of the decree abolishing the dual control until a provisional agreement was arrived at as a basis for a conference of the great powers on Egyptian finances, which met in June, 1881.

The Egyptian Cabinet, presided over by Sherif Pasha, unable to agree to the English proposal to evacuate the eastern Soudan and the Equatorial Provinces, handed in their resignations in the beginning of January, 1884. A new Cabinet was formed January 8 by Nubar Pasha, composed as follows: President and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Justice, Nubar Pasha; Minister of the Interior and Minister of War and the Marine, Abdel Kader Pasha; Minister of Public Works, Abderrahman Roushdi Pasha; Minister of Finance, Mustapha Fehmi Pasha; Minister of Public Instruction, Mahmoud Falaki Pasha.

Area and Population.-The area of Egypt after the conquests in the Soudan was estimated at 3,000,000 square kilometres, with a population of 16,500,000 people. Egypt proper contained in 1877, according to an official estimate, 5,517,627 inhabitants, of whom 4,948,512 were resident in the moudiriehs, or provinces, and 569,115 in the mohafzus, or town districts. The total area of Egypt proper is 1,021,354 square kilometres, of which 176,546 are embraced in the mohafzus and 844,808 in the moudiriehs. An enumeration in 1883 made the total population 6,798,230, of whom 3,393,918 were males and 3,404,312 females. The foreign colonies in 1878 numbered 44,084 males and 24,569 females, total, 68,653; divided in respect to nationality as follows: Greeks, 29,569; Italians, 14,524; French, 14,310; English, 3,795; Austrians, 2,480; Spaniards, 1,003; Germans, 879; Persians, 752; Russians, 358; Americans, 139; Belgians, 127; Dutch, 119; other nationalities, 204. The number of births in 1877 was 173,529; deaths, 138,668; excess of births, 34,

861; natural increment from 1844 to 1877, 1,054,383. The net immigration between 1873 and 1877 was 19,241. The population of the chief cities in 1883 was as follows: Cairo, 368,108; Alexandria, 208,775; Tanta, 38,725; Damietta, 34,036; Mansura, 26,784; Zagazig, 19,046; Rosetta, 16,671; Port Said, 16,560; Suez, 10,913. The population of the three geographical divisions of Egypt Proper was in 1877, exclusive of the town districts, as follows: Lower Egypt, 2,823,995; Middle Egypt, 653,115; Upper Egypt, 1,471,398. The whole country is divided into eleven administrative provinces. The town districts comprise the municipalities of Cairo and Alexandria and six governorships.

The Soudan.—The conquered and annexed provinces on the Blue and White Niles, and in Equatorial Africa, were administered as a single district by a governor-general before the general revolt in those regions, when the authority of the Egyptian Government was superseded by the power of the Mahdi. After the rebellion of Arabi the Soudan was placed in charge of a special ministry. The conquest of this region was begun sixty years ago by Mehemet Ali, who annexed Kordofan and Sennaar, the banks of the Nile, and the Red Sea littoral. Ismail conquered Darfour and the Equatorial Provinces. The eastern Soudan is a level region surrounded by a rim of mountain-chains. The provinces of Sennaar, Fassogle, and Taka, bordering on the Abyssinian plateau, are exceedingly fertile, being copiously watered and enriched by annual alluvial deposits, like the delta of the Nile. They produce abundant crops of cotton, sesame, pulse, durrah, wheat, and other grains. Their forests harbor the elephant, the rhinoceros, the lion, the leopard, the giraffe, and other large animals. The provinces of Khartoum, Kordofan, and Darfour have many of the characteristics of a desert climate. Except in the districts of Bara and Abbu Harras in Kordofan and other depressed oases or mountain-regions, the vegetation is scanty and the earth clothed with green only during the brief rainy reason. Farther north the precipitation falls away to such a degree that the Soudan is separated from Egypt by as arid and desolate a desert region as can be found in the world. The southern portion of the Soudan, being an inviting country easy of approach and of conquest, contains a mixed and varied population, composed of Shilluk, Nuehr, Dinka, Bongo, and other negro races. In the north the population is a mixture of black and light-colored races, in which the Arab blood predominates.

Army and Navy.-According to the plan of Baker Pasha, who was charged with the reorganization of the Egyptian army, the military establishment was to number 10,900 men of all arms, including two regiments of gendarmes of 700 men each. In accordance with the recommendations of Earl Northbrook, the budget for 1885 provides for a reduction of the army to 4,000 men, with 18 English officers, and an

The non-dutiable exports to Turkey, reexported merchandise on which duty has been paid in Egypt, amounted to 132,810 pounds, and the imports from Turkey of the same class to 1,268,110 pounds, making the total value of the exports 12,309,880 pounds, and of the imports 8,596,970 pounds.

The value of raw cotton and other textile materials exported was 7,546,000 pounds; of cotton-seed, 1,697,000; of cereals, 1,644,000; of sugar, 394,000. The value of the import of textile manufactures was 3,021,000 pounds; of coal, 915,000; of drugs, dyes, and chemicals, 459,000; of fermented liquors, 342,000; of metals and metal manufactures, 275,000; of wood, etc., 283,000.

The total tonnage entered at Alexandria, Port Said, Suez, and other Egyptian ports in 1880 was 3,242,022 tons, of which 294,183 tons were under the Egyptian flag. The steam tonnage was 2.845,738. The total tonnage cleared was 3,255,614 tons, the steam tonnage 2,865,293. The Government owns 16 packet-boats, which ply between various ports in the Red Sea and the Mediterranean.

Railroads, Posts, and Telegraphs.-The total length of railroads in operation in 1883 was 1,518 kilometres, all state property.

The number of letters forwarded in 1883 was 2,497,000; of registered letters, 213,069; of postal-cards, 109,000; of newspapers, 1,340,000; the value of postal-orders, 565,027 Egyptian pounds; of money shipments, 898,017 pounds; the number of international letters and postal-cards, 2,177,000; receipts in 1883, 80,665 pounds; expenses, 58,618.

The length of telegraph lines completed in 1878 was 7,841 kilometres; of wires, 12,040, of which 8,097 were in Egypt proper, and 3,943 in the Soudan.

Finances. The revenue is derived chiefly from a land-tax which is exceedingly heavy, approaching in amount the rent paid to proprietors in other countries, but for which the

cultivators receive a partial return in the irrigation works constructed and maintained by the Government. The revenues of four of the provinces, together with the customs and tobacco duties, are assigned to the service of the unified debt; the railway receipts and port dues of Alexandria to that of the preference debt. The yield of the land-tax in all the provinces within the past few years has varied from £4,250,000 to £5,250,000, the latter amount representing an average tax of $5 an acre, taking the cutivated area at 54 million feddans or acres. The revenues assigned to the unified debt produced, in 1880, 3,262,599 Egyptian pounds (1 Egyptian pound = $5); in 1881, 3,310,302 Egyptian pounds. Those assigned to the preferred debt yielded in 1880 1,281,621 Egyptian pounds; in 1881, 1,391,353 Egyptian pounds. The total yield of the assigned revenues was 4,544,220 Egyptian pounds in 1880, and 4,701,655 in 1881. The unassigned revenue, or ordinary revenue, available for the expenditures of the Government, subject to certain prior charges, comprises the land-taxes of the other provinces, the taxes of Cairo, Alexandria, and the six town governorships, the receipts of the tribunals of reform, of the mailsteamers and post-office, the salt-tax, and revenues from other sources. The unassigned revenues yielded, in 1880, 4,391,078 Egyptian pounds; in 1881, 4,310,116 pounds; making the total revenue, in 1880, 8,935,298; in 1881, 9,011,771 Egyptian pounds. Until the rebellion of Arabi, and the British occupation, the ordinary as well as the assigned revenues showed a surplus. The events of 1882 left a deficit of 191,487 Egyptian pounds, besides 97,754 pounds required to make up the interest of the domain loan and the expenses of the British occupa tion, which amounted to about 700,000 pounds. The budget for that year estimated the receipts at 8,746,556 pounds, and the expenditures at 8,463,968 pounds. The budget for 1883 placed the total receipts at 8,804,627 pounds sterling, and the total expenditures at 8,581,918 pounds sterling. The unassigned revenues yielded, as usual, a surplus; but the expenditures, under English protection, increased while the revenue declined, so that instead of a surplus the budg et showed again a deficit. The closed accounts showed the total receipts to be 8,934,075 Egyp tian pounds, and the total expenditures 9,156,989 Égyptian pounds. The chief heads of expenditure were as follow: Turkish tribute, 678,612 pounds; interest on the public debt, 3,746,961 pounds; civil list, 314,503 pounds; the Khedive's Cabinet, 61,977 pounds; railroads and telegraphs, 530,240 pounds; port of Alexandria, 31,040 pounds; Ministry of War, 164,710 pounds. Of the total revenues, 4,918,353 pounds were derived from the land-tax; 78,234 pounds from the Alexandria harbor dues; 1,233,960 pounds from the railroads and telegraphs; and 758,095 pounds from customs, The net proceeds of the last three sources of revenue and 2,482,251 pounds of the land-tax

and other taxes, being the revenues of the four assigned provinces, went for the interest and amortization of the unified and privileged debts. The total gross yield of the assigned revenues was 4,552,540 pounds; the expenditures for interest and cost of administration, 4,130,838 pounds.

The public debt, as settled by the law of liquidation, amounted in 1882 to £97,161,220 sterling. This sum was composed of the unified debt, paying 4 per cent., amounting to £57,023,780; the preference debt, paying 5 per cent. interest, amounting to £22,529,800; the domain loan, paying 5 per cent., in amount £8,362,280; and the Daira Sanieh loans, paying 4 and 5 per cent., in amount £9,245,360. For the service of the domain and Daira loans the profits of the lands on which they were a lien were applied, any deficiencies being made good out of the public revenue. The Moukabala, a forced internal loan, was scaled down and converted into annuities of the annual amount of 150,000 Egyptian pounds, running fifty years. The Suez Canal shares, purchased in 1875 by the British Government, were hypothecated already by the Khedive Ismail, who agreed, in lieu of dividends, to pay interest during the period for which he had alienated the dividends. This obligation constituted an annual charge on the Treasury of £200,000. The Alexandria indemnities and the deficits of the treasury arising from the English occupation and administration created a floating debt, amounting in the middle of 1884, when the English Government called a conference to discuss Egyptian finance, to about £8,000,000. The Policy of evacuating the Soudan.-The English diplomatic agent in December, 1883, conveyed to the Khedive the advice of the English Government that the southern provinces beyond the ancient frontier should be abandoned. The Government of the Khedive, in a note, dated Jan. 2, 1884, demanded of the British Cabinet that England should either undertake the defense of the Soudan, or should permit the Khedive to transfer the territory between the Red Sea and the Upper Nile to the Porte as an Ottoman province, which would enable Egypt to defend herself within her ancient boundaries without the help of England. The answer of the English Cabinet was, that it had no objection to the cession of territory, provided that Turkey made Suakin the base of operatious, keeping out of Egypt proper, and that she undertook the enterprise at her own cost and risk. Maj. Baring at the same time repeated the advice of the English Government to evacuate Khartoum and establish a line of defense at the defiles of the second cataract of the Nile, corresponding with the boundary of Egypt proper.

Change of Ministry. The policy of abandoning the Soudan and the Equatorial Provinces, which the English Government insisted upon after the destruction of Gen. Hicks's army, was for several weeks the subject of an earnest

dispute between the English Resident Minister and the Egyptian Cabinet. The Egyptian ministers declared that the Khedive had not the right to give up any part of his dominions, as they formed an integral part of the Ottoman Empire, and were confided to his protection by firmans of the Porte. The English agent finally informed Sherif Pasha that, as long as British troops occupy Egypt, the English Government would not allow its advice to be contested, but insisted upon its being accepted and carried out. The ministers thereupon handed in their portfolios to the Khedive, stating that the English demand was a violation of the rescript of August 28, 1878, and rendered it impossible for them to fulfill their duties. The Khedive sought to induce Eyub Pasha, Riaz Pasha, and others, to take the post of Premier, but found no Egyptian willing to assume the responsibility of abandoning the Soudan. At last he yielded to the pressure of the English Resident, and accepted the nominee of the latter, the astute Armenian, Nubar Pasha, Ismail Pasha's former Prime Minister.

English Administration of Egypt.-None of the English measures of relief or reform were carried out in a way to accomplish their object, however correct in principle. The taxes were made payable in kind, which afforded a better price to the fellah than he could obtain in the disturbed state of the markets; yet this provision gave opportunities to the officials for extortion. The promised remission of the landtaxes in Upper Egypt produced uncertainty, and prompted the fellaheen to refuse to pay their rents, in the hope that they also would be reduced. The efforts to economize in the administration all failed. New methods were found unworkable after a useless expenditure. When an Englishman was appointed to take the place of three or four French or native officials, the considerable reduction in salaries apparently attained was turned into an increased charge on the budget by the necessary employment of clerks and translators. Under the direction of Mr. Clifford Lloyd, sweeping changes were attempted in the internal administration, which aimed to replace by a central power, wielded by Englishmen in accordance with English ideas, not only the authority of the ministry, but that of the provincial mudirs. In their haste to reform the abuses connected with the administration of justice and the prisons, the collection of taxes, etc., and to impress an English character on the system of administration, they disregarded alike the customs and sanctions of the Mohammedan law and the principles and practices of French justice and administration naturalized in Egypt. The result was the derangement of the whole machinery of justice and government. The authority of the provincial governors, in the attempt to curtail the arbitrary power which they abused, was annulled to such an extent that the fear of the law declined among the people, and crime and violence became preva