in number and weak. Of all labours, then, there is none either easier or more free from danger than to make haste now. To belong to, eiu, c. gen. σωφρονέω. 2 To behave with propriety, 3 Now (not in point of time), oʊv. a contest, ἀμαχεί. 6 Free 4 EXERCISE 2. But Cyrus, perceiving that his soldiers had their bodies in good condition for the bearing. of military labours, and their spirits in good order for the despising of the enemy, and that they were skilful each in the matters which belonged to his own style of equipment 3, and as he saw them all well prepared for obedience to their leaders, on all these grounds was eager immediately to put in execution some of his plans against the enemy; knowing that by delay much even of good preparation is often changed for the worse, but that common dangers make fellow soldiers cherish friendly feelings towards each other, and that at such a time they neither envy those who are splendid in their arms, nor those who are eager for glory, but that such men rather praise and caress those like themselves, thinking that they are fellowworkmen for the common good. In good condition, in good order, ev. 3 Style of equipment, öπλiσis. • Belonging, προςήκων. 4 To put in execution, πράσσω. 5 To be changed for the worse, aλλoiboμai. • To feel, to cherish feelings, xw, c. adv. 7 Το caress, ἀσπάζομαι. EXERCISE 3. But know you that our city has the greatest reputation among all men on account of1 not yielding to calamities, and of freely lavishing both the lives of her citizens 2 and labour on war, and that she has acquired the greatest power of any city up to this time, of which the memory will survive among future generations for ever, even if we now give way a little; for it is the nature of all things to deteriorate. And an inactive person may, perhaps, blame this; but one who is inclined to be active 3 himself will admire it, and one who does not succeed will envy it. But to be hated and to be unpopular at the moment, has happened to all who have ever aspired 5 to rule others. But he decides rightly who is not afraid to incur unpopularity for great objects; for hatred does not last long; but both the present splendour and the subsequent renown remain to be remembered for ever. And yet, deciding on what was honourable with respect to the future, and not discreditable with regard to the immediate consequences, by your present promptness have obtained both these things. Do not show then that you are depressed by your present troubles; since those who are the least afflicted by disasters are the most prosperous both of cities and of private individuals. 1 On account of, dià. be active, δράω τι. aspire, aktów. 2 The lives of citizens, owμarα. EXERCISE 4. 3 To 5 To "You know, at all events," said Socrates, "what sort of things are good and what are bad." "Indeed I do,” said he; "for if I did not know even this, I should be more stupid than even slaves." "Come then," said he, "tell me them." "But that is not difficult," said he; "for, first of all, to be in good health I think good of itself; and to be ill I think an evil. Then the causes of each of these things, whether things drank or eaten, or habits, those which tend1 to being in health I think good, and those [which tend] to being ill I think bad. Therefore," said he, "the being in health also, and the being ill, when they are the causes of anything good, will be good, but when [they are the causes] of evil, will be evil. But when," said he, can the being well be the cause of evil, and the being ill the cause of good?" When," said he, "those who through their vigour have shared in a disgraceful expedition, or a disastrous voyage, and perish; but those who through ill health have been left behind are saved." You say truly, but do you not see," said he, 66 66 "that through vigorous health some men have a share 2 in what is advantageous, and others are deprived of it by ill health? These things, then, which at one time 3 are advantageous, and at another injurious, are not more good than bad." "It would seem so indeed," said he, "according to this argument." 1 To tend, pépw. 2 To have a share in, i. e. to share, μeтéxw. 3 At one time, answered by "at another time," TỌTÈ . EXERCISE 5. ποτέ. Moreover the form of government1 which then existed was as much better than that which was established afterwards as Aristides, and Themistocles, and Miltiades were better men than Hyperbolus and Cleophon, and the mob orators 2 of the present day. And you will find the people of that time not full of indolence, or of hesitation, or of empty hopes, but able to conquer in battle all who invaded3 the country; and considered worthy of the highest honours in the dangers which were incurred on behalf of Greece, and so trusted that many cities voluntarily placed themselves under its dominion.5 And when this was the case, instead of a form of government highly thought of by all, this power has led us on to such intemperance as no man could praise; and instead of conquering invaders it has taught the citizens not to venture to go out against the enemy, even before the walls; and instead of the goodwill which existed towards them on the part of the allies, and the renown which it had among all the Greeks, it has brought the city into so much unpopularity, that it was very nearly being enslaved, if we had not found 8 the Lacedæmonians, who had been our enemies from the beginning, more kindly disposed towards us than those who had formerly been our allies. A form of government, ToλTela. δημηγορέω. To be a mob orator, * Το invade, εἰσβάλλω εἰς, ἐπιστρατεύω. • The 5 To place under the dominion • Unpopu highest honours, τὰ ἀριστεῖα. On the part of, rapà, c. gen. EXERCISE 6. And after this, the exiles who had been restored 1 came to Lacedæmon to accuse their city; and others also of the men from their own city 2 accompanied them, saying, that they seemed to many, even of their own fellow citizens, to have been unjustly treated.3 But the city of the Phliasians being indignant at this, fined all who went to Lacedæmon without the city sending them. But they, having been fined, hesitated to return home; but remaining at Sparta, they told the people that those men had done this violence 4 who had banished them, and excluded the Lacedæmonians from Phlius; and that these men had bought their property, and were now proceeding to violent measures in order not to restore it; and that these now had contrived that they should be fined [for] having come to Lacedæmon, in order that for the future no one should dare to go thither to show what had been done in the city. And as the Phliasians really seemed to have behaved with insolence, the Ephori proclaim a levy of troops against them. An exile who has been restored, 8 κатeλewv. own city, οίκοθεν. To be treated, ráoxw. to proceed to violent measures, etc., Biášoμai. troops, φρουρά. 2 From one's To do violence, 5 A levy of EXERCISE 7. But of those who know what sort of person Socrates was, all who aim at virtue continue even now to regret him above all men, as having been the most useful man to aid them in the study of virtue. To me, indeed, he seemed to be the best and most fortunate of men; being such as I have shown him to be, so pious as to do nothing without the will of the Gods, and so just as to injure no one, even in a trifle; but to aid in the most important manner those who had any intercourse with1 him; and temperate, so as never to prefer that which was more pleasant rather than that which was more virtuous, and wise, so as never to be mistaken 2 in distinguishing the better for the worse, and to need no adviser, but to be adequate in himself 3 for the understanding of these matters, and competent in dis course to explain and define such things; able also to examine others, and to confute them when wrong, and to turn them to virtue and honourable conduct.4 To have intercourse with, xpάoμai. be wrong, ἁμαρτάνω, διαμαρτάνω. αὐταρκής. 2 To be mistaken, to 9 Adequate in oneself, • Honourable conduct, каλoкayalía. The Greek language has no indefinite article answering to the English "a," when we say 66 a man," etc.; but when the Greeks referred to any particular person or thing, they used ris. The definite article o,, rò, is used especially with objects or persons recently mentioned, or with objects well known; nearly always with the names of nations; and usually with the names of countries, mountains, rivers, etc.; but is commonly omitted with the names of towns; also it is often omitted after a preposition, in cases where otherwise we should expect to find it used; as "from the beginning," apxñs. Moreover it is often used where we in English use the possessive pronoun "my, your, his;" as "stretch forth your hand," EKTELVE TηV Xεipa. Also, where we in English use the one" answered by "the other," or some "answered by “some,” the Greeks used ὁ μὲν . . . . ὁ δὲ — οἱ μὲν oi dè; and if there are more divisions than two, the first some" is rendered by oi μèv, and all the subsequent ones by oi dé. In translating "this," the article is often added to give emphasis; as "this man," ỏ årǹp öde, ouтos o ἀνὴρ οὗτος ἀνὴρ, etc. See Arnold, cc. 4-17. 66 66 EXERCISE 8. 66 And when Cyrus was near Babylon he placed all his army round the city, and then he himself drove round the city with his friends and the chief men of the allies. And when he saw the walls he prepared to lead away his army from the city; but a deserter coming out told him that they were going 2 to set upon him when he led off his army. For, said he, your phalanx appeared weak to them as they looked down upon it from the wall. And it was by no means strange that it was so; for as they |