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the "fundamental laws " of the provisional government | 1857; and on the 14th of February 1859 Oregon was admitted were incorporated a number of Articles from the Ordinance of into the Union with its present boundaries. The new state 1787, among them the one prohibiting slavery. The new govern- was at first Democratic in politics, and the southern faction of ment encountered the opposition of the missionaries and of the the Democratic party in 1860 made a bid for its support by non-American population, but it was soon strengthened by the nominating as their candidate for vice-president, on the ticket Great Immigration " in 1843, when nearly nine hundred men, with John C. Breckinridge, Joseph Lane (1801-1881), then a women and children, after assembling at Independence, Missouri, senator from Oregon and previously its territorial governor. crossed the plains in a body and settled in the Columbia Valley. The Douglas Democrats and the Republicans, however, worked After this year the flow of immigrants steadily increased, about together as a union party, and Lincoln carried the state by a small 1400 arriving in 1844, and 3000 in 1845. Signs of hostility majority. The so-called union party broke up after the Civil to the Hudson's Bay Company now began to appear among War, and by 1870 the Democrats were strong enough to prevent the American population, and in 1845 the provisional government the ratification by Oregon of the Fifteenth Amendment to the sought to extend its jurisdiction north of the Columbia river, Federal Constitution. In 1876, after the presidential election, where the Americans had hitherto refrained from settling. two sets of electoral returns were forwarded from Oregon, one A compromise was finally reached, whereby the company was showing the choice of three Republican electors, and the other to be exempt from taxes on all its property except the goods (signed by the governor, who was a Democrat) showing the sold to settlers, and the officers and employees of the company election of two Republicans and one Democrat. The popular and all the British residents were to become subject to the vote was admittedly for the three Republican electors, but one provisional government. Meanwhile the western states had of the Republican electors (Watts) was a deputy-postmaster inaugurated a movement in favour of the immediate and definite and so seemed ineligible under the constitutional provision that settlement of the Oregon question, with the result that the person holding an office of trust or profit under the Democratic national convention of 1844 declared that the title United States shall be an elector." Watts resigned as deputyof the United States to "the whole of the territory of Oregon postmaster, and the secretary of state of Oregon, who under was "clear and unquestionable," and the party made "Fifty- the state law was the canvassing officer, certified the election four forty or fight" a campaign slogan. The Democrats were of the three Republican electors. On the 6th of December the successful at the polls, and President Polk in his inaugural three met, Watts resigned, and was immediately reappointed address asserted the claim of the United States to all of Oregon by the other two. The Democratic claimant, with whom the in terms suggesting the possibility of war. Negotiations, however, two Republican electors whose election was conceded, refused resulted in a treaty, drafted by James Buchanan, the American to meet, met alone, appointed two other Democrats to fill the Secretary of State, and Richard Pakenham, the British envoy, two vacancies," and the "electoral college " of the state so which the president in June 1846 submitted to the Senate for constituted forthwith cast two votes for Hayes and one for its opinion and which he was advised to accept. By this instru- Tilden. The Electoral Commission decided that the three votes ment the northern boundary of Oregon was fixed at the forty- should be counted for Hayes-if the one Democratic elector had ninth parallel, extending westward from the crest of the Rocky been adjudged chosen, the Democratic candidate for the presiMountains to the middle of the channel separating Vancouver's dency, S. J. Tilden, would have been elected. The political Island from the mainland, " and thence southerly through the complexion of the state has generally been Republican, although middle of the said channel, and of Fuca's Straits, to the Pacific the contests between the two leading parties have often been Ocean." very close. The Indian outbreaks which began in 1847 continued with occasional periods of quiet for nearly a generation, until most of the Indians were either killed or placed on reservations. The Indians were very active during the Civil War, when the regular troops were withdrawn for service in the eastern states, and Oregon's volunteers from 1861 to 1865 were needed for home defence. The most noted Indian conflicts within the state have been the Modoc War (1864-73) and the Shoshone War (1866-68). During the Spanish-American War Oregon furnished a regiment of volunteers which served in the Philippines.

Although President Polk immediately urged the formation of a territorial government for Oregon, the bill introduced for this purpose was held up in the Senate on account of the opposition of Southern leaders, who were seeking to maintain the abstract principle that slavery could not be constitutionally prohibited in any territory of the United States, although they had no hope of Oregon ever becoming slave territory. Indian outbreaks, however, which began in 1847, compelled Congress to take measures for the defence of the inhabitants, and on the 14th of August 1848 a bill was enacted providing a territorial government. As then constituted, the Territory embraced the whole area to which the title of the United States had been confirmed by the treaty of 1846, and included the present states of Oregon, Washington and Idaho, and parts of Wyoming and Montana. Its area was reduced in 1853 by the creation of the Territory of Washington. The discovery of gold in California drew many Oregon settlers to that country in 1848-1850, but this exodus was soon offset as a result of the enactment by Congress in 1850 of the "land donation law," by which settlers in Oregon between 1850 and 1853 were entitled to large tracts of land free of cost. The number of claims registered under this act was over eight thousand.

In 1856 the people voted for statehood; and in June 1857 they elected members of a constitutional convention which drafted a constitution at Salem in August and September 1857; the constitution was ratified by popular vote in November

1 For many years it was generally believed that the administration at Washington was prevented from surrendering its claims to Oregon, in return for the grant by Great Britain of fishing stations in Newfoundland, by Marcus Whitman, who in 1842-1843 made a journey across the entire continent in the depth of winter to dissuade the government from this purpose. This story seems to have no foundation in fact; it was not Whitman, but the great influx of settlers in 1843-1844 that saved Oregon, if, indeed, there was then any danger of its being given up. (See WHITMAN, MARCUS.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY.-See generally W. Nash, The Settler's Handbook | At this period wholesale corruption of the army, in which there to Oregon (Portland, 1904); and publications and reports of the was a very large percentage of Irishmen, was a strong feature various national and state departments. For administration: J. R. Robertson," The Genesis of Political Authority and of a Commonin the Fenian programme, and O'Reilly, who soon became a wealth Government in Oregon" in the Quarterly of the Oregon great favourite, was successful in disseminating disaffection in Historical Society, vol. i. (Salem, 1901); Journal of the Constitutional his regiment. In 1866 the extent of the sedition in the regiments Convention of the State of Oregon held at Salem in 1857 (Salem, 1882); in Ireland was discovered by the authorities. C. B. Bellinger and W. W. Cotton, The Codes and Statutes of Oregon arrested at Dublin, where his regiment was then quartered, tried O'Reilly was (2 vols., San Francisco, 1902); and Frank Foxcroft, "Constitution Mending and the Initiative," in the Atlantic Monthly for June 1906. by court-martial for concealing his knowledge of an impendFor history: H. H. Bancroft's History of the North-west Coast (2 ing mutiny, and sentenced to be shot, but the sentence was vols., San Francisco, 1884), and History of Oregon (2 vols., San subsequently commuted to twenty years' penal servitude. After Francisco, 1886-1888); William Barrows's Oregon: The Struggle for confinement in various English prisons, he was transported in Possession (Boston, 1883) in the "American Commonwealths series; J. Dunn's Oregon Territory and the British North American 1867 to Bunbury, Western Australia. In 1869 he escaped to the Fur Trade (Philadelphia, 1845); W. H. Gray's History of Oregon, United States, and settled in Boston, where he became editor 1792-1849 (Portland, Oregon, 1870); H. S. Lyman's History of of The Pilot, a Roman Catholic newspaper. He subsequently Oregon (4 vols., New York, 1903), the best complete history of the state; Joseph Schafer's Pacific Slope and Alaska," vol. x. of G. C. organized the expedition which rescued all the Irish military Lee's History of North America (Philadelphia, 1904), more succinct. political prisoners from the Western Australia convict establishOn special features of the state's history see W. R. Manning's "The ments (1876), and he aided and abetted the American propaganda Nootka Sound Controversy," pp. 279-478 of the Annual Report for in favour of Irish nationalism. O'Reilly died in Hull, Mass., 1904 (Washington, 1905) of the American Historical Association; F. V. Holman's Dr John McLoughlin, the Father of Oregon (Cleveland, on the roth of August 1890. His reputation in America naturally 1907); J. H. Gilbert's Trade and Currency in Early Oregon, in the differed very much from what it was in England, towards Columbia University Studies in Economics, vol. xxvi., No. 1 (New whom he was uniformly mischievous. He was the author of York, 1907); and P. J. de Smet's " Oregon Missions and Travels over several volumes of poetry of considerable merit, and of a novel the Rocky Mountains in 1845-1846," in vol. xxix. of R. G. Thwaites's of convict life, Moondyne, which achieved a great success. He Early Western Travels (Cleveland, 1906). For the Whitman controwas also selected to write occasional odes in commemoration of versy see WHITMAN, MARCUS. Much historical material may be found in the publications of the Oregon Historical Society, especially many American celebrations. in the Society's Quarterly (1900 sqq.), and of the Oregon Pioneer Association.

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OREGON CITY, a city and the county-seat of Clackamas county, Oregon, U.S.A., on the E. bank of the Willamette river, and S. of the mouth of the Clackamas river, about 15 m. S. by E. of Portland. Pop. (1890) 3062; (1900) 3494 (535 being foreign-born); (1910) 4287. It is served by the Southern Pacific railway, by an electric line to Portland, by other electric lines, and by small river steamboats. The principal business streets are Main Street, on level ground along the river, and Seventh Street, on a bluff which rises abruptly 100 ft. above the river and is reached by four stairways elevated above the tracks of the Southern Pacific. The residences are for the most part on this bluff, which commands views of the peaks of the Cascade Mountains. The river here makes a picturesque plunge of about 40 ft. over a basalt ridge extending across the valley, and then flows between nearly vertical walls of solid rock 20-50 ft. high; it is spanned by a suspension bridge nearly 100 ft. above the water. A lock canal enables vessels to pass the falls. The water-power works woollen-mills, flour-mills, paper-mills, and an electric power plant (of the Portland Railway, Light and Power Company), which lights the city of Portland and transmits power to that city for street railways and factories. The municipality, owns the waterworks. Next to Astoria, Oregon City is the oldest settlement in the state. In 1829 Dr John McLoughlin (1784-1857), chief agent of the Hudson's Bay Company, established a claim to the water-power at the Falls of the Willamette and to land where Oregon City now stands, and began the erection of a mill and several houses. After 1840, in which year McLoughlin laid out a town here and named it Oregon City, a Methodist Mission disputed his claim. He aided many destitute American immigrants, left the service of the company, and removed to Oregon City. In 1850 Congress gave a great part of his claim at Oregon City for the endowment of a university, and in 1862 the legislature of Oregon reconveyed the land to McLoughlin's heirs on condition that they should give $1000 to the university fund; but the questionable title between 1840 and 1862 hindered the growth of the place, which was chartered as a city in 1850.

O'REILLY, JOHN BOYLE (1844-1890), Irish-American politician and journalist, was born near Drogheda on the 28th of June 1844, the son of a schoolmaster. After some years of newspaper experience, first as compositor, then as reporter, during which he became an ardent revolutionist and joined the Fenian organization known as the Irish Republican Brotherhood, he enlisted in a British cavalry regiment with the purpose of winning over the troops to the revolutionary cause (1863).

See J. J. Roche, Life of John Boyle O'Reilly, (Boston, 1891). OREL, OR ORLOV, a government of central Russia, bounded by the governments of Smolensk, Kaluga and Tula on the N., and by Voronezh and Kursk on the S., with an area of 18,036 sq. m. The surface is an undulating plateau sloping gently towards the west; the highest hills barely exceed 900 ft., and none of the valleys is less than 450 ft. above the sea. The principal rivers are the Don, which forms part of the eastern boundary, and its tributary the Sosna; the Oka, which rises in the district of Orel and receives the navigable Zusha; and the Desna, with the Bolva, draining the marshy lowlands in the west. Geologically Orel consists principally of Lower Devonian limestones, marls and sandstones, covered with Jurassic clays, the last appearing at the surface, however, only as isolated islands, or in the valleys, being concealed for the most part under thick beds of Cretaceous chalk, marls and sands. The Carboniferous limestones and clays (of the so-called Moscow basin) show in the north-west only at a great depth. The Jurassic clays and marls are overlain at seyeral places with a stratum of clay containing good iron-ore, while the Devonian sandstones and limestones are worked for building purposes. The whole is buried under a bed, 30 to 40 ft. thick, of boulder-clay and loess, the last covering extensive areas as well as the valleys. The soil-a mixture of " black earth" with clay-is fertile, except in the Desna region in the west, where sands and tenacious clays predominate. On the Oka, Zusha, Desna and Bolva there is a brisk traffic in corn, oil, hemp, timber, metal, glass, china, paper and building-stone. Marshes occupy large areas in the basin of the Desna, as also in several parts of that of the Oka; they are mostly covered with forests, which run up to 50 to 65% of the area in the districts of Bryansk, Trubchevsk and Karachev, while towards the cast, in the basin of the Don, wood is so scarce that straw is used for fuel The climate is moderate, the average yearly temperature at Orel being 41.2° (14.8° in January and 67.0° in July).

The estimated population in 1906 was 2,365,700. It consists almost exclusively of Great Russians, belonging to the Orthodox Greek Church; the Nonconformists are reckoned at about 12,000, the Roman Catholics at 3000 and the Jews at 1000. The chief occupation is agriculture, which is most productive in the east and towards the centre of the government. The principal crops are rye, oats, barley, wheat, hemp, potatoes, hops, vegetables, tobacco and fruit. Of the grain not used in the distilleries a large proportion is exported to the Baltic. Hemp and hemp-seed oil are extensively exported from the west to Riga, Libau and St Petersburg. Tobacco is cultivated with profit. Cattle and horse-breeding flourishes better than in the

with Scotland, America and France followed. He married an Englishwoman, who translated his books. But the main work of the years between 1890 and 1900 was lecturing. Max O'Rell was a ready and amusing speaker, and his easy manner and his humorous gift made him very successful on the platform. He lectured often in the United Kingdom and still more often in America. He died in Paris, where he was acting as correspondent of the New York Journal, on the 25th of May 1903.

ORELLI, HANS KONRAD VON (1846- ), Swiss theologian, was born at Zürich on the 25th of January 1846 and was educated at Lausanne, Zürich and Erlangen. He also visited Tübingen for theology and Leipzig for oriental languages. In 1869 he was appointed preacher at the orphan house, Zürich, and in 1871 Privatdozent at the university. In 1873 he went to Basel as professor extraordinarius of theology, becoming ordinary professor in 1881. His chief work is on the Old Testament; in addition to commentaries on Isaiah, Jeremiah (1886), Ezekiel and the Twelve Prophets (1888), most of which have been translated, he wrote Die alttestamentliche Weissagung von der Vollendung des Gottesreiches (Vienna, 1882; Eng. trans. Edinburgh, 1885), Die himmlischen Heerschaaren (Basel, 1889), and a journal of Palestinian travel, Durchs Heilige Land (Basel, 1878).

neighbouring governments-the Orel breeds of both carriage and | Several other volumes of a similar type dealing in a like spirit draught horses being held in estimation throughout Russia. Bee-keeping is widely diffused in the forest districts, as are also the timber-trade and the preparation of tar and pitch. Manufactures are rapidly increasing; they produce cast-iron rails, machinery, locomotive engines and railway wagons, glass, hemp-yarn and ropes, leather, timber, soap, tobacco and chemical produce. There are also distilleries and a great many smaller oil-works and flour-mills. Karachev and Syevsk are important centres for hemp-carding; Bolkhov and Elets are the chief centres of the tanning industry; while the districts of Elets, Dmitrov and partly Mtsensk supply flour and various foodpastes. At Bryansk there is a government cannon-foundry. The" Maltsov works "in the district of Bryansk are an industrial colony (20,000), comprising several iron, machinery, glass and rope works, where thousands of peasants find temporary or permanent employment; they have their own technical school, employ engineers of their own training, and have their own narrow-gauge railways and telegraphs, both managed by boys of the technical school. Numerous petty trades are carried on by the peasants, along with agriculture. The government is divided into twelve districts, of which the chief towns are Orel, the capital, Bolkhov, Bryansk, Dmitrovsk, Elets, Karachev, Kromy, Livny, Malo-arkhangelsk, Mtsensk, Syevsk and Trubchevsk. In the 9th century the country was inhabited by the Slav tribes of the Syeveryanes on the Desna and the Vyatichis on the Oka, who both paid tribute to the Khazars. The Syeveryanes recognised the rule of the princes of the Rurik family from 884, and the Vyatichis from the middle of the 10th century; but the two peoples followed different historical lines, the former being absorbed into the Suzdal principality, while the latter fell under the rule of that of Chernigov. In the 11th century both had wealthy towns and villages; during the Mongol invasion of 1239-1242 these were all burned and pillaged, and the entire territory devastated. With the decay of the Great Horde of the Mongols the western part of the country fell under Lithuanian rule, and was the object of repeated struggles between Lithuania and Moscow. In the 16th century the Russians began to erect new forts and fortify the old towns, and the territory was rapidly | colonized by immigrants from the north. In 1610 the towns of the present government of Orel (then known as the Ukrayna Ukraine, i.e. border-region,") took an active share in the insurrection against Moscow under the false Demetrius, and suffered much from the civil war which ensued. They continued, however, to be united with the rest of Russia.

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(P. A. K.; J. T. BE.) OREL, a town of Russia, capital of the government of the same name, lics at the confluence of the Oka with the Orlik, on the line of railway to the Crimea, 238 m. S.S.W. from Moscow. Pop. (1875) 45,000. (1900) 70,075. It was founded in 1566, but developed slowly, and had only a very few houses at the beginning of the 18th century. The cathedral, begun in 1794, was finished only in 1861. The town possesses a military gymnasium (corps of cadets), a public library, and storehouses for grain and timber. The manufactures are rapidly increasing, and include hempcarding and spinning, rope-making, flour-mills and candle factories. Orel is one of the chief markets of central Russia for corn, hemp, hempseed oil, and tallow, exported; metal wares, tobacco, kaolin, and glass ware are also exported, while salt, groceries and manufactured goods are imported.

O'RELL, MAX, the nom-de-plume of PAUL BLOUET (18481903), French author and journalist, who was born in Brittany in 1848. He served as a cavalry officer in the Franco-German War, was captured at Sedan, but was released in time to join the Versaillist army which overcame the Commune, and was severely wounded during the second siege of Paris. In 1872 he went to England as correspondent of several French newspapers, and in 1876 became the very efficient French master at St Paul's school, London, retaining that post until 1884. What induced him to leave was the brilliant success of his first book, John Bull et son Ile, which in its French and English forms was so widely read as to make his pseudonym a household word in England and America.

ORELLI, JOHANN CASPAR VON (1787-1849), Swiss classical scholar, was born at Zürich on the 13th of February 1787. He belonged to a distinguished Italian family, which had taken refuge in Switzerland at the time of the Reformation. His cousin, JOHANN CONRAD ORELLI (1770-1826), was the author of several works in the department of later Greek literature. From 1807 to 1814 Orelli worked as preacher in the reformed community of Bergamo, where he acquired the taste for Italian literature which led to the publication of Contributions to the History of Italian Poetry (1810) and a biography (1812) of Vittorino da Feltre, his ideal of a teacher. In 1814 he became teacher of modern languages and history at the cantonal school at Chur (Coire); in 1819, professor of eloquence and hermeneutics at the Carolinum in Zürich, and in 1833 professor at the new university, the foundation of which was largely due to his efforts. His attention during this period was mainly devoted to classical literature and antiquities. He had already published (1814) an edition, with critical notes and commentary, of the Antidosis of Isocrates, the complete text of which, based upon the MSS. in the Ambrosian and Laurentian libraries, had recently been made known by Andreas Mystoxedes of Corfu. The three works upon which his reputation rests are the following. (1) A complete edition of Cicero in seven volumes (1826-1838). The first four volumes contained the text (new ed., 1845-1863), the fifth the old Scholiasts, the remaining three (called Onomasticon Tullianum) a life of Cicero, a bibliography of previous editions, indexes of geographical and historical names, of laws and legal formulae, of Greek words, and the consular annals. After his death, the revised edition of the text was completed by J. G. Baiter and C. Halm, and contained numerous emendations by Theodor Mommsen and J. N. Madvig. (2) The works of Horace (1837-1838; 4th ed., 1886-1892). The exegetical commentary, although confessedly only a compilation from the works of earlier commentators, shows great taste and extensive learning, although hardly up to the exacting standard of modern criticism. (3) Inscriptionum Latinarum Selectarum Collectio (1828; revised edition by W. Henzen, 1856), extremely helpful for the study of Roman public and private life and religion. His editions of Plato (1839-1841, including the old scholia, in collaboration with A. W. Winckelmann) and Tacitus (1846-1848, new ed. by various scholars, 1875-1894) also deserve mention. Orelli died at Zürich on the 6th of January 1849. He was a most liberal-minded man, both in politics and religion, an enthusiastic supporter of popular education and a most inspiring teacher. He took great interest in the struggle of the Greeks for independence, and strongly favoured the appointment of the notorious J. F. Strauss to the chair of dogmatic theology at Zürich, which led to the disturbance of the 6th of September 1839 and the fall of the liberal government.

ORENSE, an episcopal see and the capital of the Spanish | In his twentieth year he was ordered by the Delphic oracle to province of Orense; on the left bank of the river Miño, and on the Tuy-Monforte railway. Pop. (1900) 15,194. The river is here crossed by a bridge-one of the most remarkable in Spain-of seven arches, 1319 ft. in length, and at its highest point 135 ft. above the bed of the river. This bridge was built by Bishop Lorenzo in 1230, but has frequently been repaired. The Gothic cathedral, also dating from Bishop Lorenzo's time, is a comparatively small building, but has an image, El Santo Cristo, which was brought from Cape Finisterre in 1330 and is celebrated throughout Galicia for its miraculous powers. The city contains many schools, a public library and a theatre. In the older streets there are some interesting medieval houses. Chocolate and leather are manufactured, and there are sawmills, flour-mills and iron foundries. The three warm springs to the west, known as Las Burgas, attract many summer visitors; the waters were well known to the Romans, as their ancient name, Aquae Originis, Aquae Urentes, or perhaps Aquae Salientis, clearly indicates.