On this question of reunion see A. Fortescue, The Orthodox Eastern Church, 257 sqq., 429 sqq.

Church in America.

In America the Russian archbishop, who resides in New York, has (on behalf of the Holy Synod) the oversight of some 152 churches and chapels in the United States, Alaska Orthodox and Canada. He is assisted by two bishops, one for Alaska residing at Sitka, one for Orthodox Syrians residing in Brooklyn. There are 75 priests and 46,000 registered parishioners. The English language is increasingly used in the services. The increase of Orthodox communities has been very marked since 1888 owing to the immigration of Austrian Slavonians. Those of Greek nationality have churches in New Orleans, Chicago, New York, Boston, Lowell (Massachusetts) and other places. If, as seemed likely in 1910, in addition to the Russian and Syrian bishops, Greek and Servian ones were appointed, an independent synod could be formed, and the bishops could elect their own metropolitan. The total number of " Orthodox " Christians in North America is estimated at 300,000. Many of them were Austrian and Hungarian Uniats, who, after emigrating, bave shown a tendency to separate from Rome and return to the Eastern Confession. One reason for this tendency is the attempt of the Roman Church to deprive the Uniats in America of their married priests.

The Catholic reaction represented by the Oxford movement in the Church of England early raised the question of a possible union between the Anglican and Eastern Orthodox The question of Churches. Into the history of the efforts to promote Anglican this end, which have never had any official sanction on reunion. the one side or the other, it is impossible to enter here. The obstacles would seem, indeed, to be insurmountable. From the point of view of Orthodoxy the English Church is schismatical, since it has seceded from the Roman patriarchate of the West, and doubly heretical, since it retains the obnoxious Filioque clause in the creed while rejecting many of the doctrines and practices held in common by Rome and the East; moreover, the Orthodox Church had never admitted the validity of Anglican orders, while not denying it. Union would clearly only be possible in the improbable event of the English Church surrendering most of the characteristic gains of the Reformation in order to ally herself with a body, the traditions of which are almost wholly alien to her own. At the same time, especially as against the universal claims of the papacy, the two churches have many interests and principles in common, and efforts to find a modus vivendi have not been wanting on either side. The question of union was, for instance, more than once discussed at the unofficial conferences connected with the Old Catholic movement (see OLD CATHOLICS). These and other discussions could have no definite result, but they led to an increase of good feeling and of personal intercourse. Thus, on the coronation of the emperor Nicholas II. of Russia in 1895, Dr Creighton, bishop of Peterborough, as representative of the English Church, was treated with peculiar distinction, and the compliment of his visit was returned by the presence of a high dignitary of the Russian Church at the service at St Paul's in London on the occasion of Queen Victoria's "diamond" jubilee in 1897. In 1899 there was further an interchange of courtesies between the archbishop

AUTHORITIES. For the origins of the Eastern Church and the early controversies see the authorities cited in the article CHURCH HISTORY. For the Filioque controversy, J. G. Walch, Historia controversiae de Processu Spiritus Sancti (Jena, 1751); E. S. Foulkes, 1867); C. Adams, Filioque (Edinburgh, 1884); W. Norden, Das Historical Account of the Addition of Filioque to the Creed (London, Papstlum und Byzanz (Berlin, 1903); also P. Schaff's History of the Creeds of Christendom. The following are devoted specially to the history and condition of the Eastern Church: M. le Quien, Oriens (Rome, 1719-1728); A. P. Stanley's Eastern Church (1861); J. M. Christianus (Paris, 1740); J. S. Assemani, Bibliotheca Orientalis Neale. The Holy Eastern Church (General Introduction, 2 vols.; Patriarchate of Alexandria, 2 vols.; and, published posthumously in 1873, Patriarchate of Antioch). For liturgy, see H. A. Daniel, Codex Liturgicus Eccl. Univ. in epitomen redactus (4 vols., 18471855); Leo Allatius, De libris et rebus Eccles. Graecarum dissertationes; F. E. Brightman, Eastern Liturgies (Oxford, 1896). For hymnology see Daniel, Thesaurus Hymnologicus (4 vols.); Neale's translations of Eastern Hymns; B. Pick, Hymns and Poetry of the Eastern Church (New York, 1908). See also J. Pargoire, L'Eglise Byzantine de 527 à 847 (Paris, 1905); I. Silbernagl, Verfassung u. gegenwärtiger Bestand sämtlicher Kirchen des Orients (1865; 2nd ed., Regensburg, 1904); W. F. Adency, The Greek and Eastern Churches (Edinburgh, 1908); Adrian bibliography: F. G. Cole, Mother of All Churches (London, 1908); Fortescue, The Orthodox Eastern Church (London, 1907), with a full and M. Tamarati, L'Eglise Georgienne, des origines jusqu'à nos jours. An interesting estimate of the Orthodox Church is given by A. Harnack in What is Christianity? For the festivals of the Greek Church see Mary Hamilton, Greek Saints and their Festivals (1910). ORTHOGRAPHY (from Gr. oplos, correct, right or straight, and ypáper, to write), spelling which is correct according to accepted use. The word is also applied, in architecture, to the geometrical elevation of a building or of any part of one in which all the details are shown in correct relative proportion and drawn to scale. When the representation is taken through a building it is known as a section, and when portions of the structure only are drawn to a large scale they are called details. ORTHONYX, the scientific name given in 1820, by C. J. Temminck, to a little bird, which, from the straightness of its claws-a character somewhat exaggerated by him-its large feet and spiny tail, he judged to be generically distinct from any other form. The typical species, O. spinicauda, is from southeastern Australia, where it is very local in its distribution, and strictly terrestrial in its habits. It is rather larger than a skylark, coloured above not unlike a hedge-sparrow. The wings are, however, barred with white, and the chin, throat and breast are in the male pure white, but of a bright reddishorange in the female. The remiges are very short, rounded and much incurved, showing a bird of weak flight. The rectrices are very broad, the shafts stiff, and towards the tip divested of barbs. O. spaldingi from Queensland is of much greater size than the type, and with a jet-black plumage, the throat being white in the male and orange-rufous in the female.

Orthonyx is a semi-terrestrial bird of weak flight, building a domed nest on or near the ground. Insects and larvae are its chief food, and the males are described as performing dancing antics like those of the lyre-bird (q.v.). Orthonyx belongs to the Oscines division of the Passeres and is placed in the family Timeliidae. (A. N.)

ORTHOPTERA (Gr. ỏplós, straight, and repóv, a wing), a term used in zoological classification for a large and important order of the class Hexapoda. The cockroaches, grasshoppers, crickets and other insects that are included in this order were first placed by C. Linné (1735) among the Coleoptera (beetles), and were later removed by him to the Hemiptera (bugs, &c.). J. C. Fabricius (1775) was the first to recognize the unnaturalness of these arrangements, and founded for the reception of the group an order Ulonata. In 1806 C. de Geer applied to these insects the name Dermaptera (dépua, a skin, and repóv); and A. G.

insect rests. Rarely (in certain cockroaches) the hind wing undergoes order, but their relationship to the allied winged species is evident. transverse folding also. Wingless forms are fairly frequent in the The female of the common cockroach (fig. 3a) shows an interesting vestigial condition of the wings, which are but poorly developed in the male (fig. 3b). More important characters of the Orthoptera than the nature of the wings characters in which they differ from

The Dermaptera and the Orthoptera agree in having welldeveloped mandibles, so that the jaws are adapted for biting; in the incomplete fusion of the second maxillae (which form the labium) so that the parts of a typical maxilla can be easily made out (see the description and figures of the cockroach's jaws under HEXAPODA); in the presence of a large number of excretory (Malpighian) tubes; in the firm texture of the forewings; in the presence of appendages (cerci) on the tenth abdominal segment; and in the absence of a metamorphosis, the young insect after hatching closely resembling the parent.

Order Dermaptera.

In addition to the characters just enumerated, the Dermaptera are distinguished by the presence of small but distinct maxillulae(fig. 2, see HEXA PODA, APTERA) in association with the tongue (hypopharynx); by the forewings when present being modified into short quadrangular elytra without nervuration, the complex hindwings (fig. 1) being folded beneath these both longitudinally and transversely so that nearly the whole abdomen is left uncovered; and by the entirely mesodermal nature of the genital ducts, which, according to the observations of F. Meinert, open to the exterior by a median aperture, the terminal part of the duct being single, either by the fusion of the primitive paired ducts or by the suppression of one of them. In the vast majority of winged insects the terminal part of the FIG. 2.-Hypo- genital system (vagina pharynx and and ductus ejaculaMaxillulae (m) of torius) is unpaired common earwig and ectodermal. (Forficula auricul Thus the condition aria). Magnified in the Dermaptera is about twenty more primitive than seven times. in any other Pterygote order except the Ephemeroptera (Mayflies) which are still more generalized, the primitive mesodermal ducts (oviducts and vasa deferentia) opening by paired apertures as in the Crustacea. In the vast majority of the Dermaptera the cerci are-in the adult insect at least-stout, unjointed appendages forming a strong forceps (fig. 1) which the insect uses in arranging the hindwings beneath the elytra. In at least one genus the unjointed pincers of the forceps are preceded, in the youngest instar by jointed cerci. Very many members of the order are entirely wingless.

From Carpenter's Insects. Dent & Co.

FIG. 1.-Common Earwig (Forficula auricularia). Male. Magnified.

There are two families of Dermaptera. The Hemimeridae include the single genus Hemimerus (q.v.), which contains only two species of curious wingless insects with long, jointed cerci, found among the hair of certain West African rodents. The other family is that of the Forficulidae or earwigs (q.v.), all of which have the cerci modified as a forceps, while wings of the characteristic form described above are present in many of the species.

Order Orthoptera.

The bulk of de Geer's "Dermaptera" form the order Orthoptera of modern systematists, which includes some 10,000 described species. The insects comprised in it are distinguished from the earwigs by their elongate, rather narrow forewings, which usually cover, or nearly cover, the abdomen when at rest, and which are firmer in texture than the hind wings. The hindwings have a firm costal area, and a more delicate anal area which folds fanwise,

a

After Marlatt, Ent. Bull. 4. n. s. U.S. Dept. Agr.

b

FIG. 3.-Common Cockroach (Blatta orientalis); a, female. b, male; c, female (side view); d, young. Natural size. the Dermaptera and agree with the vast majority of winged insectsare the absence of distinct maxillulae and the presence of an unpaired ectodermal tube as the terminal region of the genital system in both sexes. The cerci are nearly always joined, and a typical insectan ovipositor with its three pairs of processes is present in connexion with the vagina of the female. In many Orthoptera this ovipositor is very long and conspicuous (fig. 5). Information as to the internal structure of a typical orthopteron-the cockroach-will be found under HEXA PODA.

Classification.-Six families of Orthoptera are here recognized, but most special students of the order consider that these should be rather regarded as super-families, and the number of families greatly multiplied. Those who wish to follow out the classification in detail should refer to some of the recent monographs mentioned below in the bibliography. There is general agreement as to the division of the Orthoptera into three sub-orders or tribes.

I. Phasmodea. This division includes the single family of the Phasmidae whose members, generally known as " stick-insects" (q.v.) and " leaf-insects" (q.v.), are among the best-known examples of "protective resemblance" to be found in the whole animal kingdom. The prothorax is short and the mesothorax very long, the three pairs of legs closely similar, the wings often highly modified in a separate, curiously formed, seed-like capsule, provided with a or absent, and the cerci short and unjointed. Each egg is contained lid which is raised to allow the escape of the newly-hatched insect. II. Oothecaria.-In this tribe are included Orthoptera with a large prothorax, whose eggs are enclosed in a common purse or capsule formed by the hardening of a maternal secretion. The Mantidae or "praying insects" have the prothorax elongate and the forelegs powerful and raptorial, while the large, broad head is prominent. The eggs are enclosed in a case attached to a twig or stone and containing many chambers. From thiscurious habitation the young mantids hang by threads till after their first moult (see After Howard, Ent. Bull. 4. n. s. U.S. Dept. Agt. MANTIS). The Blattidae FIG. 4.-Egg-purse of American Cock (fig. 3) or cockroaches roach (Periplaneta americana). Magnified. (g.v.) form the second a, Side view; b, end view; the outline family of this division. c'shows natural size. They are readily dis

a

C

b

tinguished by the somewhat rounded prothorax beneath which the head is usually concealed, while the forelegs are unmodified. Sixteen eggs are enclosed together in a compact capsule or "purse (fig. 4).

III. Saltatoria.-The three families included in this tribe are distinguished by their elongate and powerful hindlegs (fig. 5) which enable them to leap far and high. They are remarkable for the possession of complex ears (described in the article HEXA PODA) and

of the Emberizidae, a Passerine family not separated by most modern authors from the Fringillidae. A native of most European countries-the British Islands (in which it occurs but rarely) excepted-as well as of western Asia, it emigrates in autumn presumably to the southward of the Mediterranean, though its winter quarters cannot be said to be accurately known, and returns about the end of April or beginning of May. Its distribution throughout its breeding-range seems to be very local, and for this no reason can be assigned. It was long ago said in France, and apparently with truth, to prefer wine-growing districts; but it certainly does not feed upon grapes, and is found equally in countries where vineyards are unknown-reaching in Scandinavia even beyond the arctic circle and then generally frequents corn-fields and their neighbourhood. In appearance and habits it much resembles its congener the yellow-hammer, but wants the bright colouring of that species, its head for instance being of a greenish-grey, instead of a lively yellow. The somewhat monotonous song of the cock is also much of the same kind; and, where the bird is a familiar object to the country people, who usually associate its arrival with the return of fair weather, they commonly apply various syllabic interpretations to its notes, just as our boys do to those of the yellow-hammer. The nest is placed on or near the ground, but the eggs seldom show the hair-like markings so characteristic of those of most buntings. Its natural food consists of beetles, other insects and seeds. Ortolans are netted in great numbers, kept alive in an artificially lighted or darkened room, and fed with oats and millet. In a very short time they become enormously fat and are then killed for the table. If, as is supposed, the ortolan be the Miliaria of Varro, the practice of artificially fattening birds of this species is very ancient. In French the word Ortolan is used so as to be almost synonymous with the English "bunting "-thus the Ortolan-de-neige is the snowbunting (Plectrophanes nivalis), the Ortolan-de-riz is the rice-bird or bobolink" of North America (Dolichonyx oryzivorus), so justly celebrated for its delicious flavour; but the name is also applied to other birds much more distantly related, for the Ortolan of some of the Antilles, where French is spoken, is a little ground-dove of the genus Chamaepelia.

In Europe the Beccafico (fig-eater) shares with the ortolan the highest honours of the dish, and this may be a convenient place to point out that the former is a name of equally elastic signification. The true Beccafico is said to be what is known in England as the garden-warbler (the Motacilla salicaria of Linnaeus, the Sylvia hortensis of modern writers); but in Italy any soft-billed small bird that can be snared or netted in its autumnal emigration passes under the name in the markets and cook-shops. The "beccafico," however, is not as a rule artificially fattened, and on this account is preferred by some (A. N.)

sensitive tastes to the Ortolan.

ORTON, JOB (1717-1783), English dissenting minister, was born at Shrewsbury on the 4th of September 1717. He entered the academy of Dr Philip Doddridge at Northampton (q..), became minister of a congregation formed by a fusion of Presbyterians and Independents at High Street Chapel, Shrewsbury (1741), received Presbyterian ordination there (1745), resigned in 1766 owing to ill-health, and lived in retirement at Kidderminster until his death. He exerted great influence both among dissenting ministers and among clergy of the established church. He was deeply read in Puritan divinity, and adopted Sabellian doctrines on the Trinity. Old-fashioned in most of his views, he disliked the tendencies alike of the Methodists and other revivalists and of the rationalizing dissenters, yet he had a good word for Priestley and Theophilus Lindsey.

Among his numerous works are Letters to Dissenting Ministers (ed. by S. Palmer, 2 vols., 1806), and Practical Works (2 vols., with

letters and memoir, 1842).

ORTONA A MARE, a small seaport and episcopal see of the Abruzzi, Italy, in the province of Chieti, 12 m. direct E. of that town and 105 m. by rail S.S.E. of Ancona. Pop. (1901) 8667 (town); 15,523 (commune). It is situated on a promontory 230 ft. above sea-level, and connected with the port below by a wire-rope railway. From the ruined castle magnificent views to the south as far as the Punta di Penna can be obtained.

| The cathedral has been restored at various times, but preserves a fine portal of 1312 by a local artist, Nicolo Mancini. At one side of it is the Palazzo de Pirris with five pointed windows. The town occupies the site of the ancient Ortona, a seaport of the Frentani; it lay on the Roman coast-road, which here turned inland to Anxanum (Lanciano), 10 m. to the S. The town suffered much from the ravages of the Turks, who laid it in ruins in 1566, and also from frequent earthquakes. For discoveries in the neighbourhood see A. de Nino in Notizie degli Scavi (1888), 646, (T. As.) ÖRTZEN, GEORG, BARON VON (1829- ), German poet and prose-writer, was born at Brunn in Mecklenburg-Schwerin. He served as an officer of Prussian hussars (1850-1855), entered the consular service and after employment at New York (1879) and Constantinople (1880) was appointed to Marseilles (1881), and then to Christiania (1889), retiring in 1892. He published about thirty volumes, mostly of lyrics and aphorisms, including Gedichte (3rd ed. 1861), Aus den Kämpfen des Lebens (1868), Deutsche Träume, deutsche Siege (1876), Epigramme und Epiloge in Prosa (1880), Es war ein Traum (1902). His Erlebnisse und Studien in der Gegenwart (Leipzig, 1875) appeared under the pseudonym Ludwig Robert, and Nacht (Stuttgart, 1899), a collection of sonnets, under that of Stephen Ervésy.

is

ORURO, a department and town of Bolivia. The department bounded N. by La Paz, E. by Cochabamba and Potosi, S. by Potosí, and W. by Chile; it forms a part of the ancient Titicaca lacustrine basin, and has an area of 19,127 sq. m., the greater part of which is semi-arid and covered with extensive saline deposits. It is bordered by Cordilleras on the E. and W., and by transverse ridges and detached groups of elevations on the N. and S. The slope and drainage is toward the S., but many of the streams are waterless in the dry season. The outlet of Lake Titicaca, the Desaguadero river, flows southward into Lake Pampa-Aullaguas, or Poopo, on the eastern side of the department near the Cordillera de los Frailes. Lake Poopo is 12,139 ft. above sea-level, or 506 ft. lower than Titicaca, and its waters discharge through a comparatively small outlet, called the Lacahahuíra, into the lagoon and saline morasses of Coipasa (12,057 ft. elevation) in the S.W. corner of the department. Oruro is almost exclusively a mining department, the country being too arid for agriculture, with the exception of a narrow strip in the foothills of the Cordillera de los Frailes, where a few cattle, mules and llamas, and a considerable number of sheep are reared. The mineral wealth has not been fully developed except in the vicinity of the capital, in the north-east part of the department, where there are large deposits of tin, silver and copper, Oruro being the second largest producer of tin in the republic. There are borax deposits in the western part of the department, but the output is small.

The capital of the department is ORURO, 115 m. S.S.E. (direct) of La Paz; it is an old mining town dating from the 17th century, when it is said to have had a population of 70,000. The census of 1900 gave it a population of 13,575, the greater part of whom are Indians. A considerable number of foreigners are interested in the neighbouring mines. The elevation of Oruro is 12,250 ft. above sea-level, and its climate is characterized by a short cool summer and a cold rainy winter, with severe frosts and occasional snow-storms. The mean annual temperature is about 43° F. Oruro is the Bolivian terminus of the Antofagasta railway (0.75 metre gauge), 574 m. long, the first constructed in Bolivia. A law of the 27th of November 1906 provided for the construction of other lines, of metre gauge, from La Paz (Viacha) to Oruro, from Oruro to Cochabamba, and from Oruro to Tupiza, making Oruro the most important railway centre in Bolivia. Oruro enjoys the nominal distinction of being one of the four capitals of the republic, an anomaly which was practically ended by the revolution of 1898, since which time the government has remained at La Paz.

ORVIETO (anc. Volsinii (q.v.), later Urbs Vetus, whence the modern name), a town and episcopal see of the province of Perugia, Italy, on the Paglia, 78 m. by rail N. by W of Rome. Pop. (1901) 8820 (town); 18,208 (commune). It crowns an isolated rock, 1033 ft. above sea-level, 640 ft. above the plain.