was not accessible to vessels drawing more than 18 ft. Palma has frequent and regular communication by steamer with Barcelona, Valencia and Alicante. Puertopí, about 2 m. southwest of the city, was once a good harbour, but is now fit only for small craft. Palma has a thriving trade in grain, wine, oil, almonds, fruit, vegetables, silk, foodstuffs and livestock. There are manufactures of alcohol, liqueurs, chocolate, starch, sugar, preserves, flour, soap, leather, earthenware, glass, matches, paper, linen, woollen goods and rugs.

Palma probably owes, if not its existence, at least its name (symbolized on the Roman coins by a palm branch), to Metellus Balearicus, who in 123 B.C. settled three thousand Roman and Spanish colonists on the island. The bishopric dates from the 14th century. About 1 m. south-west of Palma is the castle of Bellver or Belbez, the ancient residence of the kings of Majorca. Miramar, the beautiful country seat of the archduke Ludwig Salvator of Austria, is 12 m. north of Palma.

16th century; he may also have been the master of Bonifazio. | and a further addition to the mole of 136 yds. Previously it His earlier works betray the influence of the Bellini; but modifying his style from the study of Giorgione and Titian, Palma took high rank among those painters of the distinctively Venetian type who remain a little below the leading masters. For richness of colour he is hardly to be surpassed; but neither in invention nor vigorous draughtsmanship does he often attain any peculiar excellence. A face frequently seen in his pictures is that of his (so-called) daughter Violante, of whom Titian was said to be enamoured. Two works by Palma are more particularly celebrated. The first is a composition of six paintings in the Venetian church of S. Maria Formosa, with St Barbara in the centre, under the dead Christ, and to right and left SS. Dominic, Sebastian, John Baptist and Anthony. The second work is in the Dresden Gallery, representing three sisters seated in the open air; it is frequently named "The Three Graces." A third fine work, discovered in Venice in 1900, is a portrait supposed to represent Violante. ⚫ Other leading examples are: the Last Supper," in S. Maria Mater Domini; a "Madonna," in the church PALMA, or SAN Miguel de la PALMA, a Spanish island in the of S. Stefano in Vicenza; the "Epiphany," in the Brera of Milan; | Atlantic Ocean, forming part of the Canary Islands (q.v.). the "Holy Family, with a young shepherd adoring," in the Pop. (1900), 41,994; area 280 sq. m. Palma is 26 m. long, with Louvre; "St Stephen and other Saints," "Christ and the Widow an extreme breadth of 16 m. It lies 67 m. W.N.W. of Teneriffe. of Nain," and the " Assumption of the Virgin," in the Academy | It is traversed from north to south by a chain of mountains, the of Venice; and "Christ at Emmaus," in the Pitti Gallery The highest of which is 7900 ft. above sea-level. At the broadest beautiful portrait of the National Gallery, London, with a back- part is a crater 9 m. in diameter, known as the Caldera (i.e. ground of foliage, originally described as " Ariosto " and as by cauldron). The bottom of the crater has an elevation of 2300 ft., Titian, and now reascribed to that master, was for some years and it is overhung by peaks that rise more than 5000 ft. above it. assumed to be an unknown poet by Palma Vecchio. It is cer- Palma contains several mineral springs, but there is great want tainly much more like the work of Titian than of Palma. In of fresh water. The only stream which is never dried up is that 1907 the Staedel Institute in Frankfort acquired an important which issues from the Caldera. In 1677 an eruption, preceded work by Palma Vecchio, identified by its director as an illustration by an earthquake, took place from a volcano at the southern of Ovid's second Metamorphosis, and named "Jupiter and extremity of the island, and much damage was done. Santa Calisto." Cruz de la Palma (pop 7024) on the eastern coast is the principal town. The anchorage is good.

Palma's grand-nephew, Palma Giovane, was also named Jacopo (1544 to about 1626). His works belong to the decline of Venetian art. (W. M. R.) PALMA, or PALMA DE MALLORCA, the capital of the Spanish province of the Balearic Islands, the residence of a captaingeneral, an episcopal see, and a flourishing seaport, situated 135 m. S.S.E. of Barcelona, on the south-west coast of Majorca, at the head of the fine Bay of Palma, which stretches inland for about 10 m. between Capes Cala Figuera and Regana. Pop. (1900), 63,937, including a colony of Jews converted to Christianity (Chuetas). Palma is the meeting place of all the highways in the island, and the terminus of the railway to Inca, Manacor, and Alcudia. The ramparts, which enclose the city on all sides except towards the port (where they were demolished in 1872), have a circuit of a little more than 4 m. Though begun in 1562, they were not finished till 1836. Palma underwent considerable change in the 19th century, and the fine old-world Moorish character of the place suffered accordingly. The more conspicuous buildings are the cathedral, the exchange, the royal palace, now occupied by the captain-general, and the law courts, the episcopal palace, a handsome late Renaissance building (1616), the general hospital (1456), the town-house (end of the 16th century), the picture gallery, and the college. The church of San Francisco is interesting for the tomb of Raimon Lull, a native of Palma. The cathedral was erected and dedicated to the Virgin by King James I. of Aragon as he sailed to the conquest of Majorca; but, though founded in 1230, it was not finished till 1601. The older and more interesting portions are the royal chapel (1232), with the marble sarcophagus of James II. (d. 1311) which was erected here in 1779; and the south front with the elaborately-sculptured doorway known as del mirador (1389). The exchange (lonja), a Gothic building begun in 1426, excited the admiration of the emperor Charles V. Palma has a seminary founded in 1700, a collection of archives dating from the 14th century, a school and museum of fine arts, a nautical school and an institute founded in 1836 to replace the old university (1503).

The harbour, formed by a mole constructed to a length of 387 yds. in the 14th century and afterwards extended to more than 650 yds., has been greatly improved since 1875 by dredging

PALM BEACH, a winter resort on the east coast of Florida, U.S.A., in Palm Beach county, about 264 m. S. of St Augustine; served by the Florida East Coast railway. It is situated on a peninsula (about 30 m. long and I m. wide) separated from the mainland by Lake Worth, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean, and derives its name from the groves of coco-nut palms which fringe the lake. The coco-nut was introduced here by chance, through the wrecking, off the coast, in January 1879, of a coco-nut-laden Spanish vessel. The Gulf Stream is within about 1 m. of the shore, and the climate is mild and equable, the winter temperature normally ranging between 70° and 75° F. On the Atlantic is the Breakers, a large hotel, and facing Lake Worth is the Royal Poinciana, the largest hotel in the southern states. Palm Beach has few permanent residents and is not incorporated. On the mainland just across the lake is the city of West Palm Beach (pop. in 1905, 1280; 1910, 1743), a pleasure resort and the county-seat of Palm Beach county (created in 1909).

PALM-CIVET, or PARADOXURE, the name of the members of the civet-like genus Paradoxurus, represented by several species mainly from south-east Asia. (See CARNIVORA.) Palm-civets are mostly about the size of the domestic cat, or rather larger, chiefly arboreal in habits, with dark uniform, spotted or striped fur. The common Indian palm-civet (P. niger) ranges throughout India, wherever there are trees, frequently taking up its abodes in roof-thatch. Its diet consists of small mammals and reptiles, birds and their eggs, fruit and vegetables. From four to six young are brought forth at a litter, and are easily tamed. Other species are the Ceylonese P. aureus, the brown P. jerdoni, the Himalayan P. grayi and the Malayan P Hermaphroditus. The small-toothed palm-civets, from the Malay Archipelago, Sumatra and Java, have been separated from the typical group to form the genus Arctogale. In Africa the group is represented by two species of Nandinia, which show several primitive characters.

PALMELLA, a town of Portugal, in the district of Lisbon (formerly included in the province of Estremadura); at the northeastern extremity of the Serra da Arrabida, and on the LisbonSetubal railway. Pop. (1900), inclusive of the neighbouring

"Abdallah

village of Marateca, 11,478. Palmella is an ancient and | among the Bedouin, to whom Palmer was known as
picturesque town, still surrounded by massive but ruined walls
and dominated by a medieval castle. Viticulture, market-
gardening and fruit-farming are important local industries.
Palmella was taken from the Moors in 1147 by Alphonso I.
(Affonso Henriques), and entrusted in 1186 to the knights of
Santiago. The title " duke of Palmella " dates from 1834, when
it was conferred on the statesman Pedro de Sousa-Holstein, count
of Palmella (1781-1850).
PALMER, SIR CHARLES MARK, BART. (1822-1907), English
shipbuilder, was born at South Shields on the 3rd of November
1822. His father, originally the captain of a whaler, removed
in 1828 to Newcastle-on-Tyne, where he conducted a ship-
owning and ship-broking business. Charles Palmer at the age
of fifteen entered a shipping business in that town, whence, after
six months, he went to Marseilles, where his father had procured
him a post in a large commercial house, at the same time entrust-
ing him with the local agency of his own business. After two
years' experience at Marseilles he entered his father's business
at Newcastle, and in 1842 he became a partner. His business
capacity attracted the attention of a leading local colliery owner,
and he was appointed manager of the Marley Hill colliery in
which he became a partner in 1846. Subsequently he was made
one of the managers of the associated collieries north and south
of the Tyne owned by Lord Ravensworth, Lord Wharncliffe,
the marquess of Bute, and Lord Strathmore, and in due course he
gradually purchased these properties out of the profits of the
Marley Hill colliery. Simultaneously he greatly developed the
then recently-established coke trade, obtaining the coke contracts
for several of the large English and continental railways. About
1850 the question of coal-transport to the London market
became a serious question for north country colliery proprietors.
Palmer therefore built, largely according to his own plans, the
"John Bowes," the first iron screw-collier, and several other
steam-colliers, in a yard established by him at Jarrow, then a
small Tyneside village. He then purchased iron-mines in York-
shire, and erected along the Tyne at Jarrow large shipbuilding
yards, blast-furnaces, steel-works, rolling-mills and engine-
works, fitted on the most elaborate scale. The firm produced
war-ships as well as merchant vessels, and their system of rolling
armour plates, introduced in 1856, was generally adopted by
other builders. In 1865 he turned the business into Palmer's
Shipbuilding and Iron Company, Limited. In 1886 his services
in connexion with the settlement of the costly dispute between
British ship-owners and the Suez Canal Company (of which he was
then a director) were rewarded with a baronetcy. He died in
London on the 4th of June 1907.

Effendi." After a visit to the Lebanon and to Damascus,
where he made the acquaintance of Sir Richard Burton, then
consul there, he returned to England in 1870 by way of Constanti-
nople and Vienna. At Vienna he met Arminius Vambéry. The
results of this expedition appeared in the Desert of the Exodus
(1871); in a report published in the journal of the Palestine
Exploration Fund (1871); and in an article on the Secret Sects of
Syria in the Quarterly Review (1873). In the close of the year
1871 he became Lord Almoner's Professor of Arabic at Cambridge,
married, and settled down to teaching. His salary was small,
and his affairs were further complicated by the long illness of his
wife, who died in 1878. In 1881, two years after his second
marriage, he left Cambridge, and joined the staff of the Standard
newspaper to write on non-political subjects. He was called to
the English bar in 1874, and early in 1882 he was asked by the
government to go to the East and assist the Egyptian expedition
by his influence over the Arabs of the desert El-Tih. He was
instructed, apparently, to prevent the Arab sheikhs from joining
the Egyptian rebels and to secure their non-interference with the
Suez Canal. He went to Gaza, without an escort made his way
safely through the desert to Suez-an exploit of singular boldness
and was highly successful in his negotiations with the Bedouin.
He was appointed interpreter-in-chief to the force in Egypt,
and from Suez he was again sent into the desert with Captain
| William John Gill and Flag-Lieutenant Harold Charrington
to procure camels and gain the allegiance of the sheikhs by
considerable presents of money. On this journey he and his
companions were led into an ambush and murdered (August
1882). Their remains, recovered after the war by the efforts
of Sir Charles (then Colonel) Warren, now lie in St Paul's
Cathedral.

PALMER, EDWARD HENRY (1840-1882), English orientalist, the son of a private schoolmaster, was born at Cambridge, on the 7th of August 1840. He was educated at the Perse School, and as a schoolboy showed the characteristic bent of his mind by picking up the Romany tongue and a great familiarity with the life of the gipsies. From school he was sent to London as a clerk in the city. Palmer disliked this life, and varied it by learning French and Italian, mainly by frequenting the society of foreigners wherever he could find it. In 1859 he returned to Cambridge, apparently dying of consumption. He had an almost miraculous recovery, and in 1860, while he was thinking of a new start in life, fell in with Sayyid Abdallah, teacher of Hindustani at Cambridge, under whose influence he began his Oriental studies. He matriculated at St John's College in November 1863, and in 1867 was elected a fellow on account of his attainments as an orientalist, especially in Persian and Hindustani. During his residence at St John's he catalogued the Persian, Arabic and Turkish manuscripts in the university library, and in the libraries of King's and Trinity. In 1867 he published a treatise on Oriental Mysticism, based on the Maksad-i-Akså of Aziz ibn Mohammad Nafasi. He was engaged in 1869 to join the survey of Sinai, undertaken by the Palestine Exploration Fund, and followed up this work in the next year by exploring the desert of El-Tih in company with Charles Drake (1846-1874). They completed this journey on foot and without escort, making friends

Palmer's highest qualities appeared in his travels, especially in the heroic adventures of his last journeys. His brilliant scholarship is displayed rather in the works he wrote in Persian and other Eastern languages than in his English books, which were generally written under pressure. His scholarship was wholly Eastern in character, and lacked the critical qualities of the modern school of Oriental learning in Europe. All his works show a great linguistic range and very versatile talent; but he left no permanent literary monument worthy of his powers. His chief writings are The Desert of the Exodus (1871), Poems of Beha ed Din (Ar. and Eng., 1876-1877); Arabic Grammar (1874), History of Jerusalem (1871), by Besant and Palmer-the latter wrote the part taken from Arabic sources; (posthumous, 1883); translation of the Koran (1880) for the Sccred Persian Dictionary (1876) and English and Persian Dictionary Books of the East series, a spirited but not very accurate rendering. He also did good service in editing the Name Lists of the Palestine Exploration."

PALMER, ERASTUS DOW (1817-1904), American sculptor, was born at Pompey, New York, on the 2nd of April 1817. In his leisure moments as a carpenter he started by carving portraits in cameo, and then began to model in clay with much success. Among his works are: "The White Captive" (1858) in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; "Peace in Bondage" (1863); "Angel at the Sepulchre " (1865), Albany, New York; a bronze statue of Chancellor Robert R. Livingston (1874), in Statuary Hall, Capitol, Washington; and many portrait busts. He died in Albany on the 9th of March 1904. His son, Walter Launt Palmer (b. 1854), who studied art under Carolus-Duran in Paris, became a member of the National Academy of Design (1897), and is best known for his painting of snow scenes.

PALMER, GEORGE (1818-1897), British biscuit-manufacturer, was born on the 18th of January 1818, at Long Sutton, Somersetshire, where his family had been yeomen-farmers for several generations. The Palmers were Quakers, and George Palmer was educated at the school of the Society of Friends at Sidcot, Somersetshire. About 1832 he was apprenticed to a miller and confectioner at Taunton, and in 1841, in conjunction with Thomas Huntley, set up as a biscuit-manufacturer at Reading. By the application of steam-machinery to biscuit-manufacture the firm of Huntley & Palmer in a comparatively short time built up a very large business, of which on the death of Huntley in 1857 George Palmer and his two brothers, Samuel and William Isaac Palmer, became proprietors. In the same year George

PALMER, JOHN MCAULEY (1817-1900), American soldier and political leader, was born at Eagle Creek, Kentucky, on the 13th of September 1817. In 1831 his family removed to Illinois, and in 1839 he was admitted to the bar in that state. He was

Palmer was elected mayor of Reading, and from 1878-1885 he | wedding tour was to Italy, where he spent over two years in was Liberal member of Parliament for the town. He died at study. Returning to London, he was in 1843 elected an associate Reading, to which he had been a most generous benefactor, on and in 1854 a full member of the Society of Painters in Water the 19th of August 1897. His sons, George William Palmer (b. Colours, a method to which he afterwards adhered in his painted 1851) and Sir Walter Palmer (b. 1858), displayed a like munifi-work. His productions are distinguished by an excellent comcence, particularly in connexion with University College, Reading. mand over the forms of landscape, and by mastery of rich, George William Palmer, besides being mayor of Reading, glowing and potent colouring. Among the best and most represented the town in Parliament as a Liberal. Sir Walter important paintings executed by Palmer during his later years Palmer, who was created a baronet in 1904, became Conservative was a noble series of illustrations to Milton's L'Allegro and Il member for Salisbury in 1900. Penseroso. In 1853 the artist was elected a member of the English Etching Club. Considering his reputation and success in this department of art, his plates are few in number. Their virtues are not those of a rapid and vivid sketch; they aim rather at truth and completeness of tonality, and embody many of the characteristics of other modes of engraving-of mezzotint, of line, and of woodcut. Readily accessible and sufficiently representative plates may be studied in the "Early Ploughman," in Etching and Etchers (1st ed.), and the "Herdsman's Cottage," in the third edition of the same work. In 1861 Palmer removed to Reigate, where he died on the 24th of May 1881. One of his latest efforts was the production of a series of etchings to illustrate his English metrical version of Virgil's Eclogues, which was published in 1883, illustrated with reproductions of the artist's water-colours and with etchings, of which most were completed by his son, A. H. Palmer.

a member of the state constitutional convention of 1847. In 1852-1855 he was a Democratic member of the state Senate, but joined the Republican party upon its organization and became one of its leaders in Illinois. He was a delegate to the Republican national convention in 1856 and a Republican presidential elector in 1860. In 1861 he was a delegate to the peace convention in Washington. During the Civil War he served in the Union army, rising from the rank of colonel to that of majorgeneral in the volunteer service and taking part in the capture of New Madrid and Island No. 10, in the battles of Stone River and Chickamauga, and, under Thomas, in the Atlanta campaign. He was governor of Illinois from 1869 to 1873. In 1872 he joined the Liberal-Republicans, and eventually returned to the Democratic party. In 1891-1897 he was a Democratic member of the United States Senate. In 1896 he was nominated for the presidency, by the "Gold-Democrats," but received no electoral votes. He died at Springfield, Illinois, on the 25th of September 1900.

See The Personal Recollections of John M. Palmer-The Story of an Earnest Life, published posthumously in 1901.

PALMER, RAY (1808-1887), American clergyman and hymnwriter, was born in Little Compton, Rhode Island, on the 12th of November 1808. He graduated at Yale College in 1830, and in 1832 was licensed to preach by the New Haven West Association of Congregational Ministers. In 1835-1850 he was pastor of the Central Congregational Church of Bath, Maine, and in 1850-1866 of the First Congregational Church of Albany, New York; and from 1866 to 1878 was corresponding secretary of the American Congregational Union. He died on the 29th of March 1887 in Newark, New Jersey, where, from 1881 to 1884 he had been assistant pastor of the Belleville Avenue Congregational Church. His most widely known hymn, beginning "My faith looks up to Thee, Thou Lamb of Calvary," was written in 1830, was set to the tune "Olivet" by Lowell Mason, and has been translated into many languages; his hymn beginning "Jesus, these eyes have never seen (1858) is also well-known.

Among the hyrans translated by him are those beginning: "O Christ, our King, Creator, Lord" (by Gregory the Great); "Come Holy Ghost in love" (by Robert II. of France); "Jesus, thou Joy of loving hearts" (by Bernard of Clairvaux); and "O, Bread to pilgrims given (from the Latin). Other hymns(some of them translations from Latin) and poems were collected in his Complete Poetical Works (1876), followed in 1880 by Voices of Hope and Gladness. He also wrote Spiritual Improvement (1839), republished in 1851 as Closet Hours; Hints on the Formation of Religious Opinions (1860), and Earnest Words on True Success in Life (1873).

PALMER, SAMUEL (1805-1881), English landscape painter| and etcher, was born in London on the 27th of January 1805. He was delicate as a child, but in 1819 he exhibited both at the Royal Academy and the British Institution; and shortly afterwards he became intimate with John Linnell, who introduced him to Varley, Mulready, and, above all, to William Blake, whose strange and mystic genius had the most powerful effect on Palmer's art. An illness led to a residence of seven years at Shoreham in Kent, and the characteristics of the scenery of the district are constantly recurrent in his works. Among the more important productions of this time are the " Bright Cloud" and the "Skylark," paintings in oil, which was Palmer's usual medium in earlier life. In 1839 he married a daughter of Linnell. The

PALMER, a township of Hampden county, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Pop. (1910 U.S. census) 8610. It has an area of about 31 sq. m. of broken hill country. Its chief village, also named Palmer, about 15 m. east of Springfield, is on the Chicopee river, is served by the Boston & Albany and the Central Vermont railways, and by an electric line to Springfield, and has varied manufactures; the other villages are Thorndike, Bondsville, and Three Rivers. The principal manufactures are cotton

goods, carpets and wire goods. Palmer was originally settled in 1716, but received a notable accession of population from a large Scotch-Irish colony which went from Ulster to Boston in 1718. Their settlement was followed, apparently, by immigration from Ireland in 1727. In 1752 the plantation was incorporated as a "district," and under a general state law of 1775 gained the legal rights of a township. Palmer was a centre of disaffection in the time of the Shays Rebellion.

See T. H. Temple, History of the Town of Palmer... 1716-1889 (Palmer, 1889).

66

PALMER, a pilgrim who as a sign or token that he had made pilgrimage to Palestine carried a palm-branch attached to his staff, or more frequently a cross made of two strips of palm-leaf fastened to his hat. The word is frequently used as synonymous with "pilgrim" (see PILGRIMAGE). The name palmer or "palmer-worm is often given to many kinds of hairy caterpillars, specifically to that of the destructive tineid moth, Ypsilophus pometella. The name is either due to the English use of "palm for the blossom or catkin of the willow-tree, to which the caterpillars bear some resemblance, or to the wandering pilgrim-like habits of such caterpillars. Artificial flies used in angling, covered with bristling hairs, are known also as palmers or "hackles."

PALMERSTON, HENRY JOHN TEMPLE, 3RD VISCOUNT (17841865), English statesman, was born at Broadlands, near Romsey, Hants, on the 20th of October 1784. The Irish branch of the Temple family, from which Lord Palmerston descended, was very distantly related to the great English house of the same name, but these Irish Temples were not without distinction. In the reign of Elizabeth they had furnished a secretary to Sir Philip Sidney and to Essex in Sir William Temple (1555-1627), afterwards provost of Trinity College, Dublin, whose son, Sir John Temple (1600-1677), was master of the rolls in Ireland. The latter's son, Sir William Temple (q.v.), figured as one of the ablest diplomatists of the age. From his younger brother, Sir John Temple (1632-1704), who was speaker of the Irish House of Commons, Lord Palmerston descended. The eldest son of the speaker, Henry, 1st Viscount Palmerston (c. 1673-1757), was created a peer of Ireland on the 12th of March 1723, and was

succeeded by his grandson, Henry the second viscount (1739-| somewhat embarrassed; but he generally found words to say 1802), who married Miss Mary Mee (d. 1805), a lady celebrated the right thing at the right time, and to address the House of for her beauty. Commons in the language best adapted to the capacity and the temper of his audience. An attempt was made by the duke of Wellington in September 1830 to induce Palmerston to re-enter the cabinet, which he refused to do without Lord Lansdowne and Lord Grey, and from that time forward he may be said to have associated his political fortunes with those of the Whig party. It was therefore natural that Lord Grey should place the department of foreign affairs in his hands upon the formation of the great ministry of 1830, and Palmerston entered with zeal on the duties of an office over which he continued to exert his powerful influence, both in and out of office, for twenty years.