of the abdomen and is curved down, round the superior medenteric vessels, into the form of a . This hook-like right end is known as the head of the pancreas, and its curvature is adapted to the concavity of the duodenum (see fig.) The first inch of the straight limb is narrower from above downward than the rest and forms the neck. This part lies just in front of the beginning of the portal vein, just below the pyloric opening of the stomach and just above the superior mesenteric vessels. The next three or four inches of the pancreas, to the left of the neck, form the body and this part lies in front of the left kidney and adrenal body, while it helps to form the posterior wall of the "stomach chamber" (see ALIMENTARY CANAL). At its left extremity the body tapers to form the tail, which usually touches the spleen (see DUCTLESS GLANDS) just below the hilum, and above the basal triangle of that viscus where the splenic flexure of the colon is situated. On the upper border of the body, a little to the left of the mid line of the abdomen, is a convexity or hump, which is known as the tuber omentale of the pancreas, and touches the elevation (bearing the same name) on the liver.

great part of its dependencies. After the presentation of the peplus, the hecatomb was sacrificed. The subject of the frieze of the Parthenon is an idealized treatment of this great procession. The festival which had been beautified by Peisistratus was made still more imposing under the rule of Pericles. He introduced a regular musical contest in place of the old recitations of the rhapsodes, which were an old standing accompaniment of the festival: This contest took place in the Odeum, originally built for this purpose by Pericles himself. The order of the agones from this time onwards was-first the musical, then the gymnastic, then the equestrian contest. Many kinds of contest, such as the chariot race of the apobatai (said to have been introduced by Erechtheus), which were not in use at Olympia, were practised in Athens. A pobates was the name given to the companion of the charioteer, who showed his skill by leaping out of the chariot and up again while the horses were going at full speed. There were in addition several minor contests: the Pyrrhic, or war dance, celebrating the victory of Athena over the giants; the Euandria, whereby a certain number of men, distinguished for height, strength and beauty, were chosen as leaders of the procession; the Lampadedromia, or The pancreas is altogether behind the peritoneum. In its greater torch-race; the Naumachia (Regatta), which took place on the part it is covered in front by the lesser sac (see COELOM AND SEROUS last day of the festival. The proceedings were under the super-MEMBRANES), but the lower part of the front of the head and the intendence of ten athlothetae, one from each tribe, the lesser very narrow lower surface of the body are in contact with the There is one main duct of the pancreas, which is Panathenaea being managed by hieropoei. In the musical greater sac. sometimes known as the duct of Wirsung; it is thin-walled and contests, a golden crown was given as first prize; in the sports, white, and runs the whole length of the organ nearer the back than a garland of leaves from the sacred olive trees of Athena, and the front. As it reaches the head it turns downward and opens vases filled with oil from the same. Many specimens of these into the second part of the duodenum, joining the common bile Panathenaic vases have been found; on one side is the figure of duct while they are both piercing the walls of the gut. A smaller accessory pancreatic duct is found, which communicates with the Athena, on the other a design showing the nature of the commain duct and usually opens into the duodenum about threepetition in which they were given as prizes. The season of the quarters of an inch above the papilla of the latter. It drains the festival was the 24th to the 29th of Hecatombacon, and the lower part of the head, and either crosses or communicates with the duct of Wirsung to reach its opening (see A. M. Schirmer, great day was the 28th. Beitrag zur Geschichte und Anat. des Pancreas, Basel, 1893).

See A. Mommsen, Feste der Stadt Athen (1898); A. Michaelis, Der Parthenon (1871), with full bibliography; P. Stengel, Die griechischen Kultusaltertümer (1898); L. C. Purser in Smith's Dictionary of Antiquities (3rd ed., 1891); L. R. Farnell, Cults of the Greek States; also article ATHENA and works quoted.

PANCH MAHALS (= Five Districts), a district of British India, in the northern division of Bombay. Area, 1606 sq. m., pop. (1901), 261,020, showing a decrease of 17% in the decade, owing to famine. The administrative headquarters are at Godhra, pop. (1901), 20,915. Though including Champaner, the old Hindu capital of Gujarat, now a ruin, this tract has no history of its own. It became British territory as recently as 1861, by a transfer from Sindhia; and it is the only district of Bombay proper that is administered on the non-regulation system, the collector being also political agent for Rewa Kantha. It consists of two separate parts, divided by the territory of a native state. The south-western portion is for the most part a level plain of rich soil; while the northern, although it comprises some fertile valleys, is generally rugged, undulating and barren, with but little cultivation. The mineral products comprise sandstone, granite and other kinds of building stone. Mining for manganese on a large scale has been begun by a European firm, and the iron and lead ores may possibly become profitable. Only recently has any attempt been made to conserve the extensive forest tracts, and consequently little timber of any size is to be found. The principal crops are maize, millets, rice, pulse and oilseeds; there are manufactures of lac bracelets and lacquered toys; the chief export is timber. Both portions of the district are crossed by the branch of the Bombay and Baroda railway from Anand, through Godhra and Dohad, to Ratlam; and a chord line, opened in 1904, runs from

Godhra to Baroda city. The district suffered very severely

from the famine of 1899-1900.

PANCREAS (Gr. wav, all; κpéas, flesh), or sweetbread, in anatomy, the elongated, tongue-shaped, digestive gland, of a pinkish colour, which lies across the posterior wall of the abdomen about the level of the first lumbar vertebra behind, and of the transpyloric plane in front (see ANATOMY: Superficial and Artistic). Its right end is only a little to the right of the mid line

The pancreas has no real capsule, but is divided up into lobules, which are merely held together by their ducts and by loose areolar tissue; the glands of which these lobules are made up are of the acino-tubular variety (see EPITHELIAL TISSUES). Small groups of epithelium-like cells without ducts (Islets of Langerhans) occur among the glandular tissue and are characteristic of the pancreas. In cases of diabetes they sometimes degenerate. In the centre of each acinus of the main glandular tissue of the pancreas are often found spindle-shaped cells (centro-acinar cells of Langerhans). For details of microscopic structure see Essentials of Histology, by E. A. Schäfer (London, 1907).

Embryology. The pancreas is developed, by three diverticula, from that part of the foregut which will later form the duodenum. Of these diverticula the left ventral disappears early,' but the right ventral, which is really an outgrowth from the lower part of the common bile duct, forms the head of the pancreas. The body and tail are formed from the dorsal diverticulum, and the two parts, at first separate, join one another so that the ducts communicate, and eventually the ventral one takes almost all the secretion of the gland to the intestine, while that part of the dorsal one which is nearest the duodenum atrophies and forms the duct of Santorini. The main pancreatic duct (of Wirsung) is therefore formed partly by the ventral and partly by the dorsal diverticulum. As the diverticula grow they give off lateral branches, which branch again and again until the terminal buds form the acini of the gland. At first the pancreas grows upward, behind the stomach, between the two layers of the dorsal mesogastrium (see COELOM AND SEROUS MEMBRANES), but when the stomach and duodenum turn over to the right, the gland becomes horizontal and the opening of the right ventral diverticulum becomes more dorsal. Later, by the unequal growth of the duodenal walls, it comes to enter the gut on its left side where the papilla is permanently situated. After the turning over of the pancreas to the right the peritoneum is The islets of Langerhans are absorbed from its dorsal aspect. now regarded as portions of the glandular epithelium which have been isolated by the invasion and growth round them of mesenchyme (see Quain's Anatomy, vol. i., 1908).

Comparative Anatomy. In the Acrania (Amphioxus) no repre(hags and lampreys) there is a small lobular gland opening into sentative of a pancreas has been found, but in the Cyclostomata the bile duct which probably represents it. In the Elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) there is a definite compact pancreas of considerable size. In the Teleostomi, which include the true bony fish (Teleostei), the sturgeon and Polyterus, the pancreas is sometimes

IN. W. Ingalls has shown (Archiv. f. mik. Anat. und Entwickl. Bd. 70, 1907), that in a human embryo of 4.9 mm. the two ventral buds persist and join one another below the liver bud.

a compact gland and sometimes diffuse between the layers of the mesentery; at other times it is so surrounded by the liver as to be difficult to find.

Among the Dipnoi (mud fish). Protopterus has it embedded in the walls of the stomach and intestine. The Amphibia have a definite compact pancreas which lies in the U-shaped loop between the stomach and duodenum, and is massed round the bile duct. In the Reptilia there are sometimes several ducts, as in the crocodile and the water tortoise (Emys), and this arrangement is also found in birds (the pigeon, for instance, has three ducts opening into the duodenum at very different levels). In mammals the gland is usually compact, though

into the pancreas is of some medico-legal importance as being a cause of death. The condition is rarely recognized in time for operative interference. Acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis is a combination of inflammation with haemorrhage in which the pancreas is found enlarged and infiltrated with blood. Violent pain, vomiting and collapse, are the chief features as is also the case in pancreatic abscess in which the abscess may be single or multiple. In the latter case operation has been followed by recovery. Haemorrhagic inflammation has been followed by gangrene of the pancreas, which usually terminates fatally. In two remarkable cases, however, reported by Chiari recovery followed on the discharge per rectum of the necrosed pancreas. Chronic pancreatitis is said by

From Ambrose Birmingham, Cunningham's Text Book of Anatomy.

FIG. 1.-The Viscera and Vessels on the Posterior Abdominal Wall.

The stomach, liver and most of the intestines have been removed. The peritoneum has been
preserved on the right kidney, and the fossa for the Spigelian lobe. In taking out the liver, the
vena cava was left behind. The stomach-bed is well shown. (From a body hardened by chromic-
acid injections.)

sometimes, as in the rabbit, it is diffuse. It usually has two ducts, |
as in man, though in many animals, such as the ox, sheep and goat,
only one persists. When there is only one duct it may open with
the common bile duct, e.g. sheep and cat, or may be very far away
(F. G. P.)

Diseases of the pancreas.-As the pancreas plays an important part in the physiology of digestion much attention has of late been paid to the question of its secretions. In sclerosis, atrophy, acute and chronic inflammatory changes and new growths in the pancreas an absence or lessening of its secretion may be evident. Haemorrhage

Mayo Robson to occur in connexion with the symptoms of catarrhal jaundice, which he suggests is due to the pressure on the common duct by the swollen pancreatic tissue. The organ is enlarged and very hard, and the symptoms are pain, dyspepsia, jaundice, loss of weight and the presence of fat in the stools. This latter sign is common to all forms of pancreatic disease. In connexion with all pancreatic diseases small yellowish patches are found in the pancreatic tissue, mesentery, omentum and abdominal fatty tissue generally, and the tissues appear to be studded with whitish areas often not larger than a pin's head. The condition. which was

The

first observed by Balser, has been termed "fat-necrosis." pancreas like other organs, is subject to the occurrence of new growths, tumours and cysts, syphilis and tuberculosis.

PANDA (Aelurus fulgens), a carnivorous mammal of the family Procyonidae (see CARNIVORA). This animal, rather larger than a cat, ranges from the eastern Himalaya to north-west China. In the former area it is found at heights of from 7000 to 12,000 ft. above the sea, among rocks and trees, and chiefly feeds on fruits and other vegetable substances. Its fur is of a remarkably rich reddish-brown colour, darker below; the face is white, with the exception of a vertical stripe of red from just above the eye to the gape; there are several pale rings on the tail, the tip of which is black.

PANDARUS, in Greek legend, son of Lycaon, a Lycian, one of the heroes of the Trojan war. He is not an important figure in Homer. He breaks the truce between the Trojans and the Greeks by treacherously wounding Menelaus with an arrow, and finally he is slain by Diomedes (Homer, Iliad, ii. 827, iv. 88, v. 290). In medieval romance he became a prominent figure in the tale of Troilus and Cressida. He encouraged the amour between the Trojan prince and his niece Cressida; and the word pander" has passed into modern language as the common title of a lovers' go-between in the worst sense.

vase

"

an aetiological myth based on the Athenian festival of the Pithoigia
(part of the Anthesteria, q.v.), and P. Gardner, "A new Pandora
(xxi., ibid., 1901). Pandora is only another form of the
Earth goddess, who is conceived as releasing evil spirits from the
ios, which served the purpose of a grave (cf. the removal of the
lapis manalis from the mundus, a circular pit at Rome supposed to
be the opening to the world below, on three days in the year, whereby
also O. Gruppe, Griechische Mythologie (1906), i. 94.
an opportunity of revisiting earth was afforded the dead). See

PANDUA, a ruined city in Malda district of Eastern Bengal and Assam, once a Mahommedan capital. It is situated 7 m. N.E. of Malda, and about 20 m. from the other great ruined city of Gaur (q.v.), from which it was largely built. It was probably originally an outpost of Gaur, and grew in importance as Gaur became unhealthy. In A.D. 1353 Haji Shamsuddin Ilyas, the first independent king of Bengal, transferred his capital from Gaur to Pandua; but the time of its prosperity was short, and in A.D. 1453 the capital was transferred back to Gaur. Its only celebrated building is the Adina Mosque, which was described by James Fergusson as the finest example of Pathan architecture in existence. This great mosque was built by Sikandar Shah in 1369 (see INDIAN ARCHITECTure). Pandua now, like Gaur, is almost entirely given over to the jungle. PANDULPH [PANDOLFO] (d. 1226), Roman ecclesiastical PANDECTS (Lat. pandecta, adapted from Gr. wavdéкTηs, all-politician, papal legate to England and bishop of Norwich, was containing), a name given to a compendium or digest of Roman born in Rome, and first came to England in 1211, when he was law compiled by order of the emperor Justinian in the 6th commissioned by Innocent III. to negotiate with King John. century (A.D. 530-533). The pandects were divided into fifty Obtaining no satisfactory concessions, he is said to have probooks, each book containing several titles, divided into laws, duced the papal sentence of excommunication in the very and the laws into several parts or paragraphs. The number of presence of the king. In May 1213 he again visited England jurists from whose works extracts were made is thirty-nine, to receive the king's submission. The ceremony took place but the writings of Ulpian and Paulus make up quite half the at Dover, and on the following day John, of his own motion, work. The work was declared to be the. sole source of non- formally surrendered England to the representative of Rome statute law: commentaries on the compilation were forbidden, to receive it again as a papal fief. Pandulph repaid this act of or even the citing of the original works of the jurists for the humility by using every means to avert the threatened French explaining of ambiguities in the text. See JUSTINIAN; and invasion of England. For nearly a year he was superseded ROMAN LAW. by the cardinal-legate Nicholas of Tusculum; but returning in 1215 was present at the conference of Runnymede, when the great charter was signed. He rendered valuable aid to John who rewarded him with the see of Norwich. The arrival of the cardinal-legate Gualo (1216) relegated Pandulph to a secondary position; but after Gualo's departure (1218) he came forward once more. As representing the pope he claimed a control over Hubert de Burgh and the other ministers of the young Henry III.; and his correspondence shows that he interfered in every department of the administration. His arrogance was tolerated while the regency was still in need of papal assistance; but in 1221 Hubert de Burgh and the primate Stephen Langton successfully moved the pope to recall Pandulph and to send no other legate a latere in his place. Pandulph retained the see of Norwich, but from this time drops out of English politics. He died in Rome on the 16th of September 1226 but his body was taken to Norwich for burial.

PANDERMA (Gr. Panormus), a town of Asia Minor, on the south shore of the Sea of Marmora, near the site of Cyzicus. It has a trade in cereals, cotton, opium, valonia and boracite and is connected by a carriage road with Balikisri. Pop. 10,000 (7000 Moslems).

PANDHARPUR, a town of British India, in Sholapur district of Bombay, on the right bank of the river Bhima, 38 m. W. of Sholapur town. Pop. (1901), 32,405. Pandharpur is the most popular place of pilgrimage in the Deccan, its celebrated temple being dedicated to Vithoba, a form of Vishnu. Three assemblages are held annually. In 1906 a light railway was opened to Pandharpur from Barsi Road on the Great Indian Peninsula railway.

PANDORA (the " All-giving ") in Greek mythology, according to Hesiod (Theog. 570-612) the first woman. After Prometheus had stolen fire from heaven and bestowed it upon mortals Zeus determined to counteract this blessing. He accordingly commissioned Hephaestus to fashion a woman out of earth, upon whom the gods bestowed their choicest gifts. Hephaestus gave her a human voice, Aphrodite beauty and powers of seduction, Hermes cunning and the art of flattery. Zeus gave her a jar (ribos), the so-called "Pandora's box " (see below), containing all kinds of misery and evil, and sent her, thus equipped, to Epimetheus, who, forgetting the warning of his brother Prometheus to accept no present from Zeus, made her his wife. Pandora afterwards opened the jar, from which all manner of evils flew out over the earth (for parallels in other countries, see Frazer's Pausanias, ii. 320). Hope alone remained at the bottom, the lid having been shut down before she escaped. (Hesiod, W. and D. 54-105). According to a later story, the jar contained, not evils, but blessings, which would have been preserved for the human race, had they not been lost through the opening of the jar out of curiosity by man himself (Babrius, Fab. 58).

See J. E. Harrison, "Pandora's Box," in Journal of Hellenic Studies, xx. (1900), in which the opening of the jar is explained as

See W. Shirley, Royal and Other Historical Lellers (" Rolls series ") vol. i.; Miss K. Norgate, John Lackland (1902); W. Stubbs, Constitutional History (1897) vol. i.

PANDURA (tanboura, tanbur, tambora, mandore, pandore, bandora, bandoer, &c.), an ancient oriental stringed instrument, a member of the lute family, having a long neck, a highlyvaulted back, and originally two or three strings plucked by the fingers. There were in antiquity at least two distinct varieties of pandura, or tanbur. (1) The more or less pearshaped type used in Assyria and Persia and introduced by way of Asia Minor into Greece, whence it passed to the Roman Empire. In this type the body, when the graceful inward curves which led up gradually from base to neck were replaced by a more sloping outline, approximated to an elongated triangle with the corners rounded off. (2) The oval type, a favourite instrument of the Egyptians, also found in ancient Persia and among the Arabs of North Africa, who introduced it into Spain. Our definite knowledge of the pandura is derived from the treatise on music by Fărăbi,' the Arab scholar who flourished See Michael Casiri, Bibl. Arab. Hisp., i. 347.

The tanbur survived during the middle ages and as late as the 18th century; it may be traced in the musical documents of several countries. In England the name of pandura or bandoer was given to an instrument with wire strings having no characteristic structural feature in common with the ancient tanbur but resembling the by ribs having a wavy outline. cittern (q.v.). The bandoer had a flat back and sound-board joined A smaller size of the same instrument was called orphoreon, and a larger and wider penorcon; these are described and figured by Praetorius, who suggests that this instrument, invented in England as bandoer, is probably similar to the Greek πανδούρα. Sir Philip Leycester's' index to his commonplace book of 1575, This bandora, we learn from an entry in was invented by "John Rose dwellinge in Bridewell anno 4:0 Elizabeth, who left a sonne farre exceedinge himself in makinge instruments.'

in the 10th century. He mentions two kinds of tanburs, devo- | as the scheschla, whereas a three-stringed variety was known as the schrud. ting to each a chapter, i.e. the tanbur of Khorasan, the Persian type, and the tanbur of Bagdad, the Assyrian variety; these differ in form, in length, and in the arrangement of the frets. Unfortunately, Farabi does not describe the shape of the body, being more concerned with the musical scale and compass of the instrument; but means of identification are supplied by ancient monuments. There is a tanbur on an Assyrian basrelief of the reign of Assur-nasir-pal, c. 880 B.C. (British Museum), on a slab illustrating camp life; the musician is playing on a pear-shaped tanbur with a very long slender neck, which would have served for two strings at the most, while two men, disguised in the skins of wild beasts, are dancing in front of him. There were in Farabi's day five frets at least, whereas on the tanbur of Khorasan there were no fewer than eighteen, which extended for half the length of the instrument. Five of these frets were fixed or invariable in position, the thirteen others being interpolated between them. The fixed frets, counting from the nut, gave an interval of one tone to the first, of a fourth to the second, of a fifth to the third, of an octave to the fourth, and of a major ninth to the fifth, thus providing a succession of fourths and fifths. The additional frets were placed intervals of one-third tone each. The two principal accordances for the tanbur of Khorasan were the marriage when the strings were in unison, and the lute or accordance in fourths. Farabi mentions a tail-piece or zobaiba, to which the strings, generally two in number but sometimes three, were attached; they rested on a bridge provided with as many notches as there were strings. In the tanbur of Khorasan they were wound round pegs placed opposite each other in the two sides of the head, as in the modern

between these, so that the octaves generally contained seventeen

violin.

Pollux1 states that the pandura was invented by the Assyrians
or Egyptians, and had three strings. Theodore Reinach is of
opinion that pandura was a generic term for instruments of the
lute type during the Roman and Alexandrine periods. This may
be the case, but from the modern standpoint we cannot in our
classification afford to disregard the invariable characteristics
observed in the modern, no less than in the ancient and medieval,
tanburs or panduras.
To be able to identify the pandura it is as well to bear in mind
the distinctive features of other instruments with which it might
be confounded. The tanbur had a long neck resembling a section
of a cylinder and a highly vaulted back, and its strings were
plucked. In the rebab the neck was wanting or at best rudi-
mentary, consisting of the gradual narrowing of the body towards
the head, and during the middle ages in Europe, as rebec,
it was always a bowed instrument. The early lutes had larger
bodies than tanburs, the neck was short compared to the length of
the body, the head was generally bent back at right angles, and the
convex was not so deeply vaulted as that of the tanbur. The
barbiton or bass lute had a long neck also, but wider, to take six,
seven, or even nine strings, and from the back or profile view the
general appearance was what is known as boat-shaped.
Under the Romans the pandura had become somewhat modified:
the long neck was preserved but was made wider to take four strings,
and the body was either oval or slightly broader at the base, but
without the inward curves of the pear-shaped instruments. A

striking example of the former is to be seen among the marbles of
the Townley Collection at the British Museum on a bas-relief
illustrating the marriage feast of Eros and Psyche, a Roman sculp-
ture assigned to c. 150 B.C. This example is of great value to the
archaeology of music, for the instrument can be studied in full
and in profile. The arrangement of the four pegs in the back of
the head is Oriental.
The Persians had a six-stringed tanbur, which they distinguished

1 Onomasticon, iv. 60.

See Daremberg, and Saglio, Dict. des antiquités grecques et Tomaines, article Lyre," p. 1450; also Revue des études grecques, viii. 371, &c., with illustrations, some of which the present writer would prefer to classify as early lutes, owing to the absence of the characteristic long neck of the tanburs.

This instrument resembles the oval tanburs represented in the miniatures of musicians in the Cantigas di Santa Maria (13th century) having two strings, and on each side a group of three very small, round sound-holes, probably of Moorish origin. The MS. is numbered J. b. 2 in the Escorial; the miniatures are reproduced in J. F. Riaño's Critical and Biogr. Notes on early Spanish Music (London, 1887).

In the miniatures of the Cantigas there are oval tanburs with

Museum, containing drawings of musical instruments, gives the
A 17th-century French MS. (Add. 30342, fol. 144) in the British
tambora, not the English hybrid, but a true descendant of the
ancient Oriental tanbur, with nine strings, a rose sound-hole and
seven frets; the French writer erroneously states that it is similar
to the cistre (cittern). Filippo Bonannis gives an illustration of
the same kind of instrument, with ten strings in five pairs of unisons,
and calls it pandura.
(K. S.)

bed.

piece of cloth, especially one of a number of pieces of cloth or PANE (Fr. pan, Lat. pannus, a cloth, garment), originally a other material joined to form one piece for a garment; the word is thus also applied to the "slashes" in the material of a dress made to show a rich lining or the colour of a lining when different from the outer side of the garment. In this sense the word only survives in English in "counterpane," an outer coverlet for a especially in diamond-cutting of the sides to the "table" Pane" is used frequently for the flat side of anything, of a brilliant, or to the faces of a bolt nut or hammer-head. The most common use of the word now is that of a piece of glass filling a compartment in a window. In architecture the word is also applied to a bay of a window, compartment of a partition, side of a tower, turret, &c. (See BAY and HALF-TIMBER Work.)

PANEGYRIC, strictly a formal public speech delivered in high praise of a person or thing, and generally high studied or undiscriminating eulogy. It is derived from manyós (a speech) "fit for a general assembly" (raviyvpis, panegyris). In Athens such speeches were delivered at national festivals or games, with the object of rousing the citizens to emulate the glorious deeds of their ancestors. The most famous are the Olympiacus of Gorgias, the Olympiacus of Lysias, and the Panegyricus and Panathenaicus (neither of them, however, actually delivered) of Isocrates. Funeral orations, such as the famous speech put into the mouth of Pericles by Thucydides, also partook of the nature of panegyrics. The Romans confined the panegyric to the living, and reserved the funeral oration exclusively for the dead. The most celebrated example of a Latin panegyric (panegyricus) is that delivered by the younger Pliny (A.D. 100) in the senate on the occasion of his assumption of the consulship, containing a somewhat fulsome eulogy of Trajan. Towards the end of the 3rd and during the 4th century, as a result of the orientalizing of the Imperial court by Diocletian, it became customary to celebrate as a matter of course the superhuman virtues and achievements of the reigning emperor. Twelve speeches of the kind (Pliny's included), eight of them by famous Gallic rhetoricians (Claudius Mamertinus, Eumenies, Nazarius, Drepanius Pacatus) and three of anonymous authership, have been collected under the title of Panegyrici veteres latini (ed. E. Bährens, 1874). Speaking generally, they are characterized by a stilted, affected style and a tone of gross adulation. There are extant similar orations by Ausonius, six or seven strings, one played by a Moor; both have the tailpiece in the form of a crescent.

See Hammer von Purgstall on the "Seven Seas," in Jahrbücher der Literatur, xxxvi. 290 (Vienna, 1826).

Syntagma musicum (Wolfenbüttel, 1618), pl. xvii. and ch 28, 63; reprint in Publik. d. Ges. f. Musikforschung (Berlin, 1884), Jahrgang XII.

7 See Dr F. J. Furnivall's edition of Captain Cox or Robert Lans ham's letter, Ballad Society (London, 1871), p. 67.

See Gabinetto armonico, ch. 49, pl. 97 (Rome, 1722).

Symmachus and Ennodius, and panegyrics in verse by Claudian, | laterally compressed. In walking the fore-claws are turned Merobaudes, Priscian, Corippus and others.