the paper-machine. The sand trap consists of an elevated table in which is sunk a shallow serpentine channel lined on the bottom with rough felt and divided throughout its length by a number of small strips of wood, behind which the impurities collect as the pulp flows over them on its way to the strainers.

and

The strainers are made of plates of brass or some hard and durable composition with fine parallel slits cut in them, through which the fibres pass, all knots and improperly divided portions Straining remaining behind; the pulp is made to pass through them by the rapid vibration of the plates themselves or by a strong suction underneath them, or sometimes by a combination of the two. From the strainers the pulp flows into a long wooden box or trough, of the same width as the paper machine, called the "breast-box," and thence on to the wire-cloth. The wire consists of a continuous woven brass cloth, supported horizontally by small brass rolls, called "tube-rolls," carried on a Forming frame; it is usually 40 to 50 ft. long and is stretched the Sheet. tight over two rolls, one at each end of the frame, called respectively the "breast-roll" and the "lower-couch roll." The ordinary gauge for the wire-cloth is 66 meshes to the inch for writings and printings; finer wires are sometimes used, however, up to 80 to the inch; for lower grades the mesh is coarser. The water, mixed with the pulp, flows from the wire-cloth by gravitation along the lines of contact between it and the tube-rolls; this water, which contains a considerable percentage of fibre, especially from finely beaten pulps, drops into a flat copper or wooden tray, from which it flows into a tank and is pumped up with the water for diluting the pulp so that none of it shall be wasted. From the tube-rolls the wire conveys the pulp over a pair of suction-boxes for extracting the remaining water from the web. The width of the web of paper is determined by two continuous straps of vulcan-between which is placed a pair of highly polished chilled iron rolls ized rubber about 1 in. square, one on each side of the wire, called thedeckel-straps": the distance between these straps can be increased or diminished; they serve to guide the pulp from the

FIG. 13.-Dandy-roll. moment it spreads on the wire until it arrives at the first suctionbox, where the web is sufficiently dry to retain its edges. The frame of the machine from the breast-roll to the first Shake. suction-box is hung on a pair of strong hinges, and is capable of a slight horizontal motion imparted by a horizontal connecting-rod, one end of which is eccentrically keyed on to the

of the pulp (so called because it can be made to give to the paper
any desired water-marking). The "dandy-roll" (fig. 13) is a light
skeleton cylinder covered with wire-cloth on which small
pieces of wire are soldered representing the watermark Water
to be reproduced in the paper. From the last suction- marking
box the half-dried sheet of pulp passes between the
"couch-rolls," so called from the corresponding operation
Couching.
of couching in hand-made paper, which, by pressing out most of the
remaining moisture, impart sufficient consistency to the paper to
enable it to leave the wire; both rolls are covered with a felt jacket,
and the top one is provided with levers and weights to increase or
diminish the pressure on the web. The paper is now fully
formed, and is next carried by means of endless felts"
Pressing
between two and sometimes three pairs of press-rolls and Drying.
to extract the remaining moisture, and to obliterate as much as
possible the impression of the wire-cloth from the under-side of
the web. The web of paper is finally dried by passing it over a
series of hollow steam-heated drying cylinders driven one from the
other by gearing. The slower and more gradual the drying process
the better, as the change on the fibres of the web due to the rapid
contraction in drying is thereby not so excessive, and the heat
required at one time is not so great nor so likely to damage the
quality of the paper; the heating surface should therefore be as
large as possible, and a great number of cylinders is required now
that the machines are driven at high speeds. The cylinders are
so placed that both surfaces of the web are alternately in contact
with the heating surface. All the cylinders, except the first two or
three with which the moist paper comes in contact and where the
greatest evaporation occurs, are encased by continuous travelling
felts. The drying cylinders are generally divided into two sets
heated by steam, called "nip-rolls," or smoothers," the purpose
of which is to flatten or smooth the surface of the paper while in
a partially dry condition. Before being reeled up at the end of
the machine the web of paper is passed through two
or more sets of "calenders," according to the degree Surfacing.
of surface or smoothness required. These calenders consist of a
vertical stack of chilled iron rolls, generally five in number, revolving
one upon another, and one or more of which are bored and heated
by steam; pressure can be applied to the stack as required by
means of levers and screws. The web of paper is now wound up
in long reels at the end of the machine.

Paper-machines are now usually driven by two separate steam engines. The first, running at a constant speed, drives the strainers, pumps, shake motion, &c., while the second, working the papermachine, varies in speed according to the rate at which it requires

different shades of colour, &c.; this entails considerable time and

"retree

expense as each sheet has to be passed in review separately.
This sorting is usually performed by women. Papers are
Sheeting. as a rule sorted into three different qualities, known in
the trade respectively as "perfect,"
and "broke "; the
best of the defective sheets form the second quality "retree," a
term derived from the French word retirer (to draw out), and are
sold at a reduced price; sheets that are torn or damaged or too
badly marked to pass for the third quality "broke," are returned
to the mill to be repulped as waste paper.

Paper is sold in sheets of different sizes and is made up into reams containing from 480 to 516 sheets; these sizes correspond to different trade names, such for example Paper. as foolscap, post, demy, royal, &c.; the following are the ordinary sizes:

Sizes of

Of not less importance are the qualities which belong to paper as a chemical substance or mixture, which are: (1) its actual composition; (2) the liability to change under whatever conditions of storage and use it may be subjected to. For all papers to be used for any permanent purpose these physical and chemical qualities must ultimately rank as regulating the consumption and production of papers.

In England and Wales in 1907 there were 207 mills, using 409 machines and 99 vats for hand-made paper; in Scotland, 59 mills and 111 machines; in Ireland, 7 mills and 11 machines. A rough formed on the basis that average mills would represent from £20,000 estimate of the amount of capital embarked in the industry may be to £30,000 and upwards per machine.

Printing Papers.

Inches. 17) X 221 35

Demy

Foolscap

13 16

Medium

17 X 22

Double demy

221

Double foolscap

16

261

Royal

19 24

Quad demy

Foolscap and half

Foolscap and third.

191 27

Double foolscap 17

13

Imperial

Royal

20

Pinched post

14

Elephant

23

Double royal

25

Small post

15

Double elephant.

Double crown

20

Large post

16

Colombier

23

341

Double large post

Imperial

22

Medium.

Standards of Quality.

33 18 X 23

The table at foot of page shows the amounts and values of the British imports and exports of paper and paper-making materials in 1907. AUTHORITIES.-Arnot, "Technology of the Paper-trade," Cantor Lectures, Society of Arts (London, 1877); Clapperton, Practical Paper-Making (London, 1894); Cross and Bevan, Report on Indian Fibres and Fibrous Substances (London, 1887); id., Cellulose (London, 1895-1905); id., A Text-Book of PaperMaking (London, 1888); Clayton Beadle, Chapters on Paper-Making (London); Davis, The Manufacture of Paper (Philadelphia, 1886); Dropisch, Die Papier Machine (Brunswick, 1878); id., Papierfabrikation (with atlas) (Weimar, 1881); Griffin and Little, The Chemistry of Paper-making (New York, 1894); Herzberg, Papierprüfung (Berlin, 1888; Eng. trans. by P. N. Evans, London); id., Mikroskopische Untersuchung des Papiers (Berlin, 1887); Hofmann, Handbuch der Papier-fabrikation (Berlin, 1897); Hoyer, Fabrikation des Papiers (Brunswick, 1886); Indian government, Report on the Manufacture of Paper and Paper Pulp in Burmah (London, 1906); Schubert, Die Cellulose-fabrikation (Berlin, 1897); stoff- oder Holzschliff-fabrikation (Berlin, 1898); Sindall, Paper Technology (London, 1904-1905); Report of the Committee on the Deterioration of Paper," Society of Arts (London, 1898); Wyatt, "Paper-making," Proc. Inst. C. E., lxxix. (London, 1885); id., 'Sizing Paper with Rosin," Proc. Inst. C.E., xci. (London, 1887); Paper-Makers' Monthly Journal (London, since 1872); FaperTrade Journal (New York, since 1872); Papier-Zeitung (Berlin, (J. W. W.) since 1876).

With the enormously increased production of paper and the great reduction in price within recent years, it has been found that the science" of paper-making has scarcely advanced with the same rapid strides as the art itself. Although a sheet of paper made to-day differs little as a fabric from the papers of earlier epochs, the introduction of new and cheaper forms of vegetable fibres and theid., Die Praxis der Papierfabrikation (Berlin, 1898); id., Die Holzauxiliary methods of treating them have caused a great change in the quality, strength and lasting power of the manufactured article. The undue introduction of excessive quantities of mechanical or ground wood-pulp in the period 1870-1880 into the cheaper qualities of printing-papers, particularly in Germany, first drew attention to this matter, since it was noticed that books printed on paper in which much of this material had been used soon began to discolour and turn brown where exposed to the air or light, and after a time the paper became brittle. This important question began to be scientifically investigated in Germany about the year 1885 by the Imperial Testing Institution in Berlin. A scheme of testing papers has been formulated and officially adopted by which the chemical and physical properties of different papers are compared and brought to numerical expression. The result of these investigations has been the fixing of certain standards of quality for papers intended for different purposes. These qualities are grouped and defined under such heads as the following:

Strength, expressed in terms of the weight or strain which the paper will support.

Elasticity and texture, measured by elongation under strain and resistance to crumpling or rubbing.

Bulk, expressed in the precise terms of specific gravity or weight per unit of volume.

Article.

India Paper.-This name is given to a very thin and light but tough and opaque kind of paper, sometimes used for printing books-especially Bibles--of which it is desirable to reduce the bulk and weight as far as possible without impairing their durability or diminishing their type. The name was originally given in England, about the middle of the 18th century, to a soft absorbent paper of a pale buff shade, imported from China, where it was made by hand on a paper-making frame generally similar to that used in Europe. The name probably originated in the prevailing tendency, down to the end of the 18th century, to describe as "Indian" anything which came from the Far East (cf. Indian ink). This so-called India paper was used for printing the earliest and finest impressions of engravings, hence known as India proofs."

Paper, unprinted.

268,036

Paper, printed

Straw- and millboards

11.494 164,381

Value.
£

2,342,420

46

The name of India paper is now chiefly associated with European (especially British) machine-made, thin, opaque printing papers used in the highest class of book-printing. In 1841 an Oxford graduate brought home from the Far East a small quantity of extremely thin paper, which was manifestly more opaque and tough, for its weight, than any paper then made in Europe. He presented it to the Oxford University Press, and in 1842 Thomas Combe, printer to the University, used it for 24 copies of the smallest Bible then in existence-Diamond These books were scarcely a third of the usual thickness, and were regarded with great interest; one was presented to Queen Victoria, and the rest to other persons. Combe tried

206,151
738,834 (including other

122,909

paper making

282.098 2.396,856

materials.)

192,756

915,491

752,739

24mo.

into one province with Bithynia, as we find to have been the case in the time of the younger Pliny; but the name was still retained by geographers, though its boundaries are not distinctly defined by Ptolemy. It reappears as a separate province in the 5th century (Hierocles, Synecd. c. 33).

in vain to trace the source of this paper. In 1874 a copy | Empire Paphlagonia, with the greater part of Pontus, was united of this Bible fell into the hands of Henry Frowde, and experiments were instituted at the Oxford University paper-mills at Wolvercote with the object of producing similar paper. On the 24th of August 1875 an impression of the Bible, similar in all respects to that of 1842, was placed on sale by the Oxford University Press. The feat of compression was regarded as astounding, the demand was enormous, and in a very short❘ time 250,000 copies of this "Oxford India paper Bible" had been sold. Many other editions of the Bible, besides other books, were printed on the Oxford India paper, and the marvels of compression accomplished by its use created great interest at the Paris Exhibition of 1900. Its strength was as remarkable as its lightness; volumes of 1500 pages were suspended for several months by a single leaf, as thin as tissue, and when they were examined at the close of the exhibition, it was found that the leaf had not started, the paper had not stretched, and the volume closed as well as ever. The paper, when subjected to severe rubbing, instead of breaking into holes like ordinary printing paper, assumed a texture resembling chamois leather, and a strip 3 in. wide was found able to support a weight of 28 lb without yielding.

The success of the Oxford India paper led to similar experiments by other manufacturers, and there were in 1910 nine mills (two each in England, Germany and Italy, one each in France, Holland and Belgium) in which India paper was being produced. India paper is mostly made upon a Fourdrinier machine in continuous lengths, in contradistinction to a hand-made paper, which cannot be made of a greater size than the frame employed in its production. The material used in its manufacture is chiefly rag, with entire freedom from mechanical wood pulp. The opacity of modern India paper, so remarkable in view of the thinness of the sheet, is mainly due to the admixture of a large proportion of mineral matter which is retained by the fibres. The extraordinary properties of this paper are due, not to the use of special ingredients, but to the peculiar care necessary in the treatment of the fibres, which are specially "beaten " in the beating engine, so as to give strength to the paper, and a capacity for retaining a large percentage of mineral matter. The advantage gained by the use of India paper is the diminution of the weight and bulk of a volume-usually to about one-third of those involved by the use of good ordinary printing paper-without any alteration in the size and legibility of its type and without any loss of opacity, which is an absolute necessity in all papers used for high-class book printing to prevent the type showing through.. (W. E. G. F.) PAPHLAGONIA, an ancient district of Asia Minor, situated on the Euxine Sea between Bithynia and Pontus, separated from Galatia by a prolongation to the east of the Bithynian Olympus. According to Strabo, the river Parthenius formed the westernlimit of the region, which was bounded on the east by the Halys. Although the Paphlagonians play scarcely any part in history, they were one of the most ancient nations of Asia Minor (Iliad, ii. 851). They are mentioned by Herodotus among the races conquered by Croesus, and they sent an important contingent to the army of Xerxes in 480 B.C. Xenophon speaks of them as being governed by a prince of their own, without any reference to the neighbouring satraps, a freedom due, perhaps, to the nature of the country, with its lofty mountain ranges and difficult passes. At a later period Paphlagonia passed under the Macedonian kings, and after the death of Alexander the Great it was assigned, together with Cappadocia and Mysia to Eumenes. It continued, however, to be governed by native princes until it was absorbed by the encroaching power of Pontus. The rulers of that dynasty became masters of the greater part of Paphlagonia as early as the reign of Mithradates III. (302266 B.C.), but it was not till that of Pharnaces I. that Sinope fell into their hands (183 B.C.). From this time the whole province was incorporated with the kingdom of Pontus until the fall of the great Mithradates (65 B.C.). Pompey united the coast districts of Paphlagonia with the province of Bithynia, but left the interior of the country under the native princes, until the dynasty became extinct and the whole country was incorporated in the Roman empire. All these rulers appear to have borne the name of Pylaemenes, as a token that they claimed descent from the chieftain of that name who figures in the Iliad as leader of the Paphlagonians. Under the Roman

The ethnic relations of the Paphlagonians are very uncertain. It seems perhaps most probable that they belonged to the same race as the Cappadocians, who held the adjoining province of Pontus, and were undoubtedly a Semitic race. Their language, however, would appear from Strabo to have been distinct. Equally obscure is the relation between the Paphlagonians and the Eneti or Heneti (mentioned in connexion with them in the Homeric catalogue) who were supposed in antiquity to be the ancestors of the Veneti, who dwelt at the head of the Adriatic. But no trace is found in historical times of any tribe of that name in Asia Minor.

The greater part of Paphlagonia is a rugged mountainous country, but it contains fertile valleys, and produces great abundance of fruit. The mountains are clothed with dense forests, which are conspicuous for the quantity of boxwood which they furnish. Hence its coasts were from an early period occupied by Greek colonies, among which the flourishing city of Sinope, founded from Miletus about 630 B.C., stood pre-eminent. Amastris, a few miles east of the Parthenius, became important under the Macedonian monarchs; while Amisus, a colony of Sinope, situated a short distance east of the Halys, and therefore not strictly in Paphlagonia as defined by Strabo, rose to be almost a rival of its parent city. The most considerable towns of the interior were Gangra, in ancient times the capital of the Paphla gonian kings, afterwards called Germanicopolis, situated near the frontier of Galatia, and Pompeiopolis, in the valley of the Amnias (a tributary of the Halys), near which were extensive mines of the mineral called by Strabo sandarake (red arsenic), which was largely exported from Sinope.

See Hommaire de Hell, Voyage en Turquie (Paris, 1854-1860): W. J. Hamilton, Researches (London, 1842); W. M. Ramsay, Hist Geog. of Asia Minor (London, 1890).

PAPHOS, an ancient city and sanctuary on the west coast of Cyprus. The sanctuary and older town (Palaepaphos) lie at Kouklia, about 20 m. west of Limasol, about a mile inland on the left bank of the Diorizo River (anc. Bocarus), the mouth of which formed its harbour. New Paphos (Papho or Baffo), which had already superseded Old Paphos in Roman times, lies 10 m. farther west, and 1 m. south of modern Ktima, at the other end of a fertile coast-plain. Paphos was believed to have been founded either by the Arcadian Agapenor, returning from the Trojan War (c. 1180 B.C.), or by his reputed contemporary Cinyras, whose clan retained royal privileges down to the Ptolemaic conquest of Cyprus in 295 B.C., and held the Paphian priesthood till the Roman occupation in 58 B.C. The town certainly dates back to the close of the Mycenaean Bronze age, and had a king Eteandros among the allies of Assur-bani-pal of Assyria in 668 B.C. A later king of the same name is commemorated by two inscribed bracelets of gold now in the Metropolitan Museum of New York. In Hellenic times the kingdom of Paphos was only second to Salamis in extent and influence, and bordered on those of Soli and Curium. Paphos owes its ancient fame to the cult of the "Paphian goddess" ( Пapíaľávaσoa, or ǹ Пapía, in inscriptions, or simply

eà), a nature-worship of the same type as the cults of Phoeni cian Astarte, maintained by a college of orgiastic ministers, prac tising sensual excess and self-mutilation. The Greeks identified both this and a similar cult at Ascalon with their own worship of Aphrodite, and localized at Paphos the legend of her birth from the sea foam, which is in fact accumulated here, on certain winds, in masses more than a foot deep. Her grave also was 1 E. Schrader, Abh. k. Preuss. Ak. Wiss. (1879), pp. 31-36; Sitzb. k. Preuss. Ak. Wiss. (1890), pp. 337-344Attis, Osiris (London, 1906). Athan. c. graecos, 10. On all these cults see J. G. Frazer, Adonis,

Herod. i. 105; see further ASTARTE, APHRODITE.

• Oberhummer, Die Insel Cypern (Munich, 1903), pp. 108-110.

shown in this city. She was worshipped, under the form of a conical stone, in an open-air sanctuary of the usual Cypriote type (not unlike those of Mycenaean Greece), the general form of which is known from representations on late gems, and on Roman imperial coins; its ground plan was discovered by excavations in 1888. It suffered repeatedly from earthquakes, and was rebuilt more than once; in Roman times it consisted of an open court, irregularly quadrangular, with porticos and chambers on three sides, and a gateway through them on the east. The position of the sacred stone, and the interpretation of many details shown on the gems and coins, remain uncertain. South of the main court lie the remains of what may be either an earlier temple, or the traditional tomb of Cinyras, almost wholly destroyed except its west wall of gigantic stone slabs. After the foundation of New Paphos and the extinction of the Cinyrad and Ptolemaic dynasties, the importance of the Old Town declined rapidly. Though restored by Augustus and renamed Sebastè, after the great earthquake of 15 B.C., and visited in state by Titus before his Jewish War in 79 B.C., it was ruinous and desolate by Jerome's time3; but the prestige of its priest-kings partly lingers in the exceptional privileges of the patriarch of the Cypriote Church (see CYPRUS, CHURCH OF). New Paphos became the administrative capital of the whole island in Ptolemaic and Roman days, as well as the head of one of the four Roman districts; it was also a flourishing commercial city in the time of Strabo, and famous for its oil, and for 'diamonds" of medicinal power. There was a festal procession thence annually to the ancient temple. In A.D. 960 it was attacked and destroyed by the Saracens. The site shows a Roman theatre, amphitheatre, temple and other ruins, with part of the city wall, and the moles of the Roman harbour, with a ruined Greek cathedral and other medieval buildings. Outside the walls lies another columnar building. Some rock tombs hard by may be of earlier than Roman date.

See W. H. Engel, Kypros (Berlin, 1841) (classical allusions); M. R. James and others, Journ. Hellenic Studies, ix. 147 sqq. (history and archaeology); G. F. Hill, Brit. Mus. Cal. Coins of Cyprus (London, 1904) (coins); art. "Aphrodite" in Roscher's Lexicon der gr. u. rom. Mythologie; also works cited in footnotes, and article CYPRUS.

(J. L. M.)

also believed a revolting story as to the supernatural swelling of the body of Judas Iscariot. But if he was credulous of marvels, he was careful to insist on good evidence for what he accepted as Christ's own teaching, in the face of current unauthorized views. Papias was also a pioneer in the habit, later so general, of taking the work of the Six Days (Hexaemeron) and the account of Paradise as referring mystically to Christ and His Church (so says Anastasius of Sinai).

About his date, which is important in connexion with his witness, there is some doubt. Setting aside the exploded tradition that he was martyred along with Polycarp (c. A.D. 155), we have the witness of Irenaeus that he was "a companion (éraîpos) of Polycarp," who was born not later than A.D. 69. We may waive his other statement that Papias was a hearer of John," owing to the possibility of a false inference in this case. But the fact that Irenaeus thought of him as Polycarp's contemporary and "a man of the old time" (ȧpxaîos ȧvýp), together with the affinity between the religious tendencies described in Papias's Preface (as quoted by Eusebius) and those reflected in the Epistles of Polycarp and Ignatius, all point to his having flourished in the first quarter of the 2nd century. Indeed, Eusebius, who deals with him along with Clement and Ignatius (rather than Polycarp) under the reign of Trajan, and before referring at all to Hadrian's reign (A.D. 117-138), suggests that he wrote about A.D. 115. It has been usual, however, to assign to his work a date c. 130-140, or even later. No fact is known inconsistent with c. 60-135 as the period of Papias's life. Eusebius (iii. 36) calls him "bishop " of Hierapolis, but whether with good ground is uncertain.

Papias uses the term "the Elders," or Fathers of the Christian community, to describe the original witnesses to Christ's teaching, i.e. his personal disciples in particular. It was their traditions as to the purport of that teaching which he was concerned to preserve. But to Irenaeus the term came to

mean the primitive custodians of tradition derived from these, such as Papias and his contemporaries, whose traditions Papias committed to writing. Not a few such traditions Irenaeus has embodied in his work Against Heresies, so preserving in some cases the substance of Papias's Exposition (see Lightfoot, Apostolic Fathers, 1891, for these, as for all texts bearing on Papias).

See articles in the Dict. of Christian Biog., Dict. of Christ and the Gospels, and Hauck's Realencyklopädie, xiv., in all of which further references will be found. (J. V. B.)

PAPIAS, of Hierapolis in Phrygia, one of the "Apostolic Fathers" (q.v.). His Exposition of the Lord's Oracles, the prime early authority as to the Gospels of Matthew and Mark (see GOSPELS), is known only through fragments in later writers, chiefly Eusebius of Caesarea (H. E. iii. 39). The latter had a bias against Papias on account of the influence which his work PAPIER MÂCHÉ (French for mashed or pulped paper), had in perpetuating, through Irenaeus and others, belief in a term embracing numerous manufactures in which paper pulp a millennial reign of Christ upon earth. He calls him a man is employed, pressed and moulded into various forms other of small mental capacity, who took the figurative language than uniform sheets. The art has long been practised in the of apostolic traditions for literal fact. This may have been so East. Persian papier mâché has long been noted, and in Kashmir to some degree; but Papias (whose name itself denotes that he under the name of kar-i-kalamdani, or pen-tray work, the was of the native Phrygian stock, and who shared the enthusi- manufacture of small painted boxes, trays and cases of papier astic religious temper characteristic of Phrygia, see MONTANISM) mâché is a characteristic industry. In Japan articles are made was nearer in spirit to the actual Christianity of the sub-apostolic by gluing together a number of sheets of paper, when in a age, especially in western Asia, than Eusebius realized. In damp condition, upon moulds. China also produces elegant Papias's circle the exceptional in connexion with Christianity papier mâché articles. About the middle of the 18th century seemed quite normal. Eusebius quotes from him the resurrec- papier mâché work came into prominence in Europe in the form tion of a dead person in the experience of " Philip the Apostle" of trays, boxes and other small domestic articles, japanned -who had resided in Hierapolis, and from whose daughters and ornamented in imitation of Oriental manufactures of the Papias derived the story-and also the drinking of poison same class, or of lacquered wood; and contemporaneously ("when put to the test by the unbelievers," says Philip of Side, papier mâché snuff-boxes ornamented in vernis Martin came by "Justus, surnamed Barsabbas ") without ill effect. Papias into favour. In 1772 Henry Clay of Birmingham patented G. F. Hill, Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins of Cyprus (London, 1904), pls. building, for door and other panels, and for many furniture and a method of preparing this material, which he used for coachxv.-xviii. (coins of Paphos), pl. xxvi. (other coins and gems). * M. R. James, E. A. Gardner, and others, Journ. Hellenic Studies, structural purposes. In 1845 the application of the material ix. 334, 147 sqq. Bielefeld of London, and for this purpose it has come into extento internal architectural decoration was patented by C. F. sive use. Under the name of carton pierre a substance which is essentially papier mâché is also largely employed as a substitute

Dio Cass. liv. 23, 7: Strabo 683: Tac. Hist. 2. 2 sqq.: Jerome, Vit. Hilarionis. For the "Paphian Diamonds" (Pliny, Nat. Hist. xxxvii. 58), see E. Oberhummer, loc. cit., p. 185. For the fame of Paphian oil see Hom. Od. viii. 362 sqq.; Hymn Aphr. 58 sqq.; Isidore, Origines, xvii. 7, 64.,

"The mother of Manaim" (cf. Acts xiii. 1), according to the citation in Philip of Side.

Perhaps this is the basis of a clause in the secondary ending to Mark's Gospel (xvi. 18).

See further Dict. of Christ and the Gospels, s.v. The supposition that Philip of Side implies a date under Hadrian is a mistake. For the later date, see J. B. Lightfoot, Essays on Supernatural Religion" (1889), pp. 142-216.