his journal was never recovered. In 1827 his second son, Thomas, | knighted in 1902, and in succeeding years continually landed on the Guinea coast, intending to make his way to Bussa, strengthened his position in the party, particularly by his energetic where he thought his father might be detained a prisoner, but work on behalf of Tariff Reform and Imperial Preference. If after penetrating some little distance inland he died of fever. he had given up to public life what at one time seemed to be due Park's widow died in 1840. to literature, he gave it for enthusiasm in the Imperialist movement; and with the progress of that cause he came to rank by 1910 as one of the foremost men in the Unionist party outside those who had held office.

fortunes of Charles I. that he wrote the best known of his ballads, "When the King enjoys his own again," which he first published in 1643, and which, after enjoying great popularity at the Restoration, became a favourite Jacobite song in the 18th century. Parker also wrote a nautical ballad, "Sailors for my Money," which in a revised version survives as "When the stormy winds do blow." It is not known when he died, but the appearance in 1656 of a "funeral elegy," in which the ballad writer was satirically celebrated is perhaps a correct indication of the date of his death.

See The Roxburghe Ballads, vol. iii. (Ballad Soc., 9 vols., 1871-1899); Joseph Ritson, Bibliographia Poetica (London, 1802); Ancient Songs (London, 1877); Sir S. E. Brydges and J. Haslewood, The British and Ballads from Henry II. to the Revolution, ed. by W. C. Hazlitt Bibliographer, vol. ii. (London, 1810); Thomas Corser, Collectanes Anglo-poetica (London, 1860-1883).

he conducted the business with great success, the most important | cause during the Civil War, and it was in support of the declining of the firm's publications being perhaps the series of the " Oxford Pocket Classics." In 1836 he brought out his Glossary of Architecture, which, published in the earlier years of the Gothic revival in England, had considerable influence in extending the movement, and supplied a valuable help to young architects. In 1848 he edited the fifth edition of Rickman's Gothic Architecture, and in 1849 he published a handbook based on his earlier volume and entitled Introduction to the Study of Gothic Architecture. The completion of Hudson Turner's Domestic Architecture of the Middle Ages next engaged his attention, three volumes being published (1853-1860). In 1858 he published Medieval Architecture of Chester. Parker was one of the chief advocates of the "restoration" of ecclesiastical buildings, and published in 1866 Architectural Antiquities of the City of Wells. Latterly he devoted much attention to explorations of the history of Rome by means of excavations, and succeeded in satisfying himself of the historical truth of much usually regarded as legendary. Two volumes of his Archaeology of Rome were published at Oxford in 1874 and 1876. In recognition of his labours he was decorated by the king of Italy, and received a medal from Pope Pius IX. In 1869 he endowed the keepership of the Ashmolean Museum with a sum yielding £250 a year, and under the new arrangement he was appointed the first keeper. In 1871 he was nominated C.B. He died at Oxford on the 31st of January 1884. PARKER, JOSEPH (1830-1902), English Nonconformist divine, was born at Hexham-on-Tyne on the 9th of April 1830, his father being a stonemason. He managed to pick up a fair education, which in after-life he constantly supplemented. In the revolutionary years from 1845 to 1850 young Parker as a local preacher and temperance orator gained a reputation for vigorous utterance. He was influenced by Thomas Cooper, the Chartist, and Edward Miall, the Liberationist, and was much associated with Joseph Cowen, afterwards M. P. for Newcastle. In the spring of 1852 he wrote to Dr John Campbell, minister of Whitefield Tabernacle, Moorfields, London, for advice as to entering the Congregational ministry, and after a short probation he became Campbell's assistant. He also attended lectures in logic and philosophy at University College, London. From 1853 to 1858 he was pastor at Banbury. His next charge was at Cavendish Street, Manchester, where he rapidly made himself felt as a power in English Nonconformity. While here he published a volume of lectures entitled Church Questions, and, anonymously, Ecce Deus (1868), a work provoked by Seeley's Ecce Homo. The university of Chicago conferred on him the degree of D.D. In 1869 he returned to London as minister of the Poultry church, founded by Thomas Goodwin. Almost at once he began the scheme which resulted in the erection of the great City Temple in Holborn Viaduct. It cost £70,000, and was opened on the 19th of May 1874. From this centre his influence Spread far and wide. His stimulating and original sermons, with their notable leaning towards the use of a racy vernacular, made him one of the best known personalities of his time. Dr Parker was twice chairman of the London Congregational Board and twice of the Congregational Union of England and Wales. The death of his second wife in 1899 was a blow from which he never fully recovered, and he died on the 28th of November 1902.

Parker was pre-eminently a preacher, and his published works are chiefly sermons and expositions, chief among them being City Temple Sermons (1869-1870) and The People's Bible, in 25 vols. (1885-1895). Other volumes include the autobiographical Spring dale Abbey (1869), The Inner Life of Christ (1881), Apostolic Life (1884), Tyne Chylde: My Life and Teaching (1883; new ed., 1889), A Preacher's Life (1899).

See E. C. Pike, Dr Parker and his Friends (1905); Congregational Year-Book (1904).

PARKER, MATTHEW (1504-1575), archbishop of Canterbury, was the eldest son of William Parker, a citizen of Norwich, where he was born, in St Saviour's parish, on the 6th of August 1504. His mother's maiden name was Alice Monins, and a John Monins married Cranmer's sister Jane, but no definite relationship between the two archbishops has been traced. William Parker died about 1516, and his widow married a certain John Baker. Matthew was sent in 1522 to Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where he is said by most of his biographers, including the latest, to have been contemporary with Cecil; but Cecil was only two years old when Parker went to Cambridge. He graduated B.A. in 1525, was ordained deacon in April and priest in June 1527, and was elected fellow of Corpus in the following September. He commenced M.A. in 1528, and was one of the Cambridge scholars whom Wolsey wished to transplant to his newly founded Cardinal College at Oxford. Parker, like Cranmer, declined the invitation. He had come under the influence of the Cambridge reformers, and after Anne Boleyn's recognition as queen he was made her chaplain. Through her he was appointed dean of the college of secular canons at Stoke-by-Clare in 1535. Latimer wrote to him in that year urging him not to fall short of the expectations which had been formed of his ability. In 1537 he was appointed chaplain to Henry VIII., and in 1538 he was threatened with prosecution by the reactionary party. The bishop of Dover, however, reported to Cromwell that Parker "hath ever been of a good judgment and set forth the Word of God after a good manner. For this he suffers some grudge." He graduated D.D. in that year, and in 1541 he was appointed to the second prebend in the reconstituted cathedral church of Ely. In 1544 on Henry VIII.'s recommendation he was elected master of Corpus Christi College, and in 1545 vice-chancellor of the university. He got into some trouble with the chancellor, Gardiner, over a ribald play, "Pammachius," performed by the students, deriding the old ecclesiastical system, though Bonner wrote to Parker of the assured affection he bore him. On the passing of the act of parliament in 1545 enabling the king to dissolve chantries and colleges, Parker was appointed one of the commissioners for Cambridge, and their report saved its colleges, if there had ever been any intention to destroy them. Stoke, however, was dissolved in the following reign, and Parker received a pension equivalent to £400 a year in modern currency. He took advantage of the new reign to marry in June, 1547, before clerical marriages had been legalized by parliament and convocation, Margaret, daughter of Robert Harlestone, Norfolk squire. During Kett's rebellion he was allowed to preach in the rebels' camp on Mousehold Hill, but without much effect; and later on he encouraged his chaplain, Alexander Neville, to write his history of the rising. His Protestantism advanced with the times, and he received higher promotion under Northumberland than under the moderate Somerset. Bucer was his friend at Cambridge, and he preached Burer's funeral sermon in 1551. In 1552 he was promoted to the rich deanery of Lincoln, and in July 1553 he supped with Northum berland at Cambridge, when the duke marched north on his hope

PARKER, MARTIN (c. 1600-c. 1656), English ballad writer, was probably a London tavern-keeper. About 1625 he seems to have begun publishing ballads, a large number of which bearing his signature or his initials, "M.P.," are preserved in the British Museum. Dryden considered him the best ballad writer of his time. His sympathies were with the Royalistless campaign against Mary.

As a supporter of Northumberland and a married man, Parker was naturally deprived of his deanery, his mastership of Corpus, and his other preferments. But he found means to live in England throughout Mary's reign without further molestation. He was not cast in a heroic mould, and he had no desire to figure at the stake; like Cecil, and Elizabeth herself, he had a great respect for authority, and when his time came he could consistently impose authority on others. He was not eager to assume this task, and he made great efforts to avoid promotion to the archbishopric of Canterbury, which Elizabeth designed for him as soon as she had succeeded to the throne. He was elected on the 1st of August 1559; but it was difficult to find the requisite four bishops willing and qualified to consecrate him, and not until the 17th of December did Barlow, Scory, Coverdale and Hodgkins perform that ceremony at Lambeth. The legend of an indecent consecration at the Nag's Head tavern in Fleet Street seems first to have been printed by the Jesuit, Christopher Holywood, in 1604; and it has long been abandoned by reputable controversialists. Parker's consecration was, however, only made legally valid by the plentitude of the royal supremacy; for the Edwardine Ordinal, which was used, had been repealed by Mary and not re-enacted by the parliament of 1559.

ideas of "governance" would "in conclusion undo the queen and all others that depended upon her." By his personal conduct he had set an ideal example for Anglican priests, and it was not his fault that national authority failed to crush the individualistic tendencies of the Protestant Reformation.

John Strype's Life of Parker, originally published in 1711, and re-edited for the Clarendon Press in 1821 (3 vols.), is the principal source for Parker's life. A biographical sketch written from a different point of view was published by W. M. Kennedy in 1908. W. H. Frere's volume in Stephens and Hunt's Church History: See also J. Bass Mullinger's scholarly life in Dict. Nat. Biog.; Strype's Works (General Index); Gough's Index to Parker Soc. Publ. Fuller, Burnet, Collier and R. W. Dixon's Histories of the Church; Birt's Elizabethan Settlement; H. Gee's Elizabethan Clergy Political History. (1898); Froude's Hist. of England; and vol. vi. in Longman's (A. F. P.)

in turn forwarded the king's policy, especially by defending the royal right to appoint Roman Catholics to office. In 1687 the ecclesiastical commission forcibly installed him as president of Magdalen College, Oxford, the fellows having refused to elect any of the king's nominees. He was commonly regarded as a Roman Catholic, but he would appear to have been no more than an extreme exponent of the High Church doctrine of passive obedience. After he became president the action of the king in replacing the expelled fellows with Roman Catholics agitated him to such a degree as to hasten his end; to the priests sent to persuade him on his death-bed to be received into the Roman Church he declared that he "never had been and never would be of that religion," and he died in the communion of the Church of England.

PARKER. SAMUEL (1640-1688), English bishop, was born at Northampton, and educated at Wadham College, Oxford. His Presbyterian views caused him to move to Trinity College, where, however, the influence of the senior fellow induced him to join the Church of England, and he was ordained in 1664. In 1665 he published an essay entitled Tentamina physicotheologica de Deo, dedicated to Archbishop Sheldon, who in 1667 appointed him one of his chaplains. He became rector In 1670 he became Parker owes his fame to circumstances rather than to personal of Chartham, Kent, in the same year. qualifications. This wise moderation of the Elizabethan settle- archdeacon of Canterbury, and two years after he was appointed ment, which had been effected before his appointment, was rector of Ickham, Kent. In 1673 he was elected master of Edenobviously not due to him; and Elizabeth could have placed Knox bridge Hospital. His Discourse of Ecclesiastical Politie (London, or Bonner in the chair of St Augustine had she been so minded. 1670), advocating state regulation of religious affairs, led him But she wanted a moderate man, and so she chose Parker. into controversy with Andrew Marvell (1621-1675). James II. He possessed all the qualifications she expected from an arch-appointed him to the bishopric of Oxford in 1686, and he bishop except celibacy. He distrusted popular enthusiasm, and he wrote in horror of the idea that "the people "should be the reformers of the Church. He was not inspiring as a leader of religion; and no dogma, no original theory of church government, no prayer-book, not even a tract or a hymn is associated with his name. The 56 volumes published by the Parker Society include only one by its eponymous hero, and that is a volume of correspondence. He was a disciplinarian, a scholar, a modest and moderate man of genuine picty and irreproachable morals. His historical research was exemplified in his De antiquitate ecclesiae, and his editions of Asser, Matthew Paris, Walsingham, and the compiler known as Matthew of Westminster; his liturgical skill was shown in his version of the psalter and in the occasional prayers and thanksgivings which he was called upon to compose; and he left a priceless collection of manuscripts to his college at Cambridge. He was happier in these pursuits than in the exercise of his jurisdiction. With secular politics he had little to do, and he was never admitted to Elizabeth's privy council. ecclesiastical politics gave him an infinity of trouble. Many of the reformers wanted no bishops at all, while the Catholics wanted those of the old dispensation, and the queen herself grudged episcopal privilege until she discovered in it one of the chief bulwarks of the royal supremacy. Parker was therefore left to stem the rising tide of Puritan feeling with little support from parliament, convocation or the Crown. The bishops' Interpretations and Further Considerations, issued in 1560, tolerated a lower vestiarian standard than was prescribed by the rubric of 1559; the Advertisements, which Parker published in 1566, to check the Puritan descent, had to appear without specific royal sanction; and the Reformatio legum ecclesiasticarum, which Foxe published with Parker's approval, received neither royal, parliamentary nor synodical authorization. Parliament even contested the claim of the bishops to determine matters of faith. Surely," said Parker to Peter Wentworth, " you will refer yourselves wholly to us therein. " "No, by the faith I bear to God," retorted Wentworth," we will pass nothing before we understand what it is; for that were but to make you popes. Make you popes who list, for we will make you none. Disputes about vestments had expanded into a controversy over the whole field of Church government and authority, and Parker died on the 17th of May, 1575, lamenting that Puritan

"

66

But

author of Bibliotheca biblica, or Patristic Commentary on the Parker's second son, SAMUEL PARKER (1681-1730), was the Scriptures (1720-1735), an abridged translation of Eusebius, and other works. He was also responsible during 1708 and 1709 for a monthly periodical entitled Censura temporum, or Good and Ill Tendencies of Books. He passed most of his life in retireHis younger son Richard founded the wellknown publishing firm in Oxford.

ment at Oxford.

See Magdalen College and James II. 1686-1688, by the Rev. J. R. Bloxam (Oxford Historical Society, 1886).

PARKER, THEODORE (1810-1860), American preacher and social reformer, was born at Lexington, Massachusetts, on the 24th of August 1810, the youngest of eleven children. His father, John Parker, a small farmer and skilful mechanic, was a typical New England yeoman. His mother took great pains with the religious education of her children, “caring, however, but little for doctrines," and making religion to consist of love and good works. His paternal grand-father, Captain John Parker (1729-1775), was the leader of the Lexington minute-men in the skirmish at Lexington. Theodore obtained the elements of knowledge in the schools of the district, which were open during the winter months only. During the rest of the year he worked on his father's farm.. At the age of seventeen he became himself a winter schoolmaster, and in his twentieth year he entered himself at Harvard, working on the farm as usual (until 1831) while he followed his studies and going over to Cambridge for the examinations only. For the theological course he took up in 1834 his

of immortality. His own mind, heart and life were undoubtedly pervaded, sustained and ruled by the feelings, convictions and hopes which he formulated in these three articles; and he rationalized his own religious conceptions in a number of expositions which do credit to his sincerity and courage. But he was a preacher rather than a thinker, a reformer rather than a philosopher.

Parker's principal works are: A Discourse of Matters pertaining to Religion (1842); Ten Sermons of Religion (1853); and Sermons of Theism, Atheism and the Popular Theology (1853). A collected edition of his works was published in England by Frances Power Cobbe (14 vols., 1863-1870), and another-the Centenary edition in Boston, Mass., by the American Unitarian Association (14 vols., 1907-1911); a volume of Theodore Parker's Prayers, edited by Rufus Leighton and Matilda Goddard, was published in America in 1861, and a volume of Parker's West Roxbury Sermons, with a biographical sketch by Frank B. Sanborn, was published in Boston, Mass., in 1892. A German translation of part of his works was made by Ziethen (Leipzig 1854-1857). Therdore Parker (New York, 1864); O. B. Frothingham's Theodore The best biographies are John Weiss's Life and Correspondence of Theodore Parker, Preacher and Reformer (Boston, 1900), the last Parker: a Biography (Boston, 1874); and John White Chadwick's containing a good bibliography. Valuable reviews of Parker's theological position and of his character and work have appeared J. H. Thom, in the Theological Review (March 1864). -by James Martineau, in the National Review (April 1860), and

PARKERSBURG, a city and the county-seat of Wood county, West Virginia, U.S.A., on the Ohio river, at the mouth of the Little Kanawha, about 95 m. below Wheeling. Pop. (1890), 8408; (1900), 11,703, of whom 515 were foreign-born and 83 were negroes; (1910 census), 17,842. Parkersburg is served by the Baltimore & Ohio, the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern, and the Little Kanawha railways, by electric railway to Marietta, Ohio, and by passenger and freight boats to Pittsburg, Cincinnati, intermediate ports, and ports on the Little Kanawha. Parkersburg is the see of a Protestant Episcopal bishop. Oil, coal, natural gas and fire-clay abound in the neighbouring region, and the city is engaged in the refining of oil and the manufacture of pottery, brick and tile, glass, lumber, furniture, flour, steel, and foundry and machine-shop products. In 1905 the value of the factory products was $3,778,139 (21.9% more than in 1900). Parkersburg was settled in 1759, was incorporated in 1820, and received a new charter in 1903. when its boundaries were enlarged. About 2 m. below the city is the island which was the home of Harman Blennerhassett (q.v.) and bears his name.

residence in the college, meeting his expenses by a small sum amassed by school-keeping and by help from a poor students' fund, and graduating in 1836. At the close of his college career he began his translation (published in 1843) of Wilhelm M. L. De Wette's Beiträge zur Einleitung in das Alle Testament. His journal and letters show that he had made acquaintance with a large number of languages, including Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, Coptic, Ethiopic, as well as the classical and the principal modern European languages. When he entered the divinity school he was an orthodox Unitarian; when he left it, he entertained strong doubts about the infallibility of the Bible, the possibility of miracles, and the exclusive claims of Christianity and the Church. Emerson's transcendentalism greatly influenced him, and Strauss's Leben Jesu left its mark upon his thought. His first ministerial charge was over a small village parish, West Roxbury, a few miles from Boston; here he was ordained as a Unitarian clergyman in June 1837 and here he preached until January 1846. His views were slowly assuming the form which subsequently found such strong expression in his writing; but the progress was slow, and the cautious reserve of his first rationalistic utterances was in striking contrast with his subsequent rashness. But on the 19th of May 1841 he preached at Boston a sermon on "the transient and permanent in Christianity,' which presented in embryo the main principles and ideas of his final theological position, and the preaching of which determined his subsequent relations to the churches with which he was connected and to the whole ecclesiastical world. The Boston Unitarian clergy denounced the preacher, and declared that the " young man must be silenced." No Unitarian publisher could be found for his sermon, and nearly all the pulpits of the city were closed against him. A number of gentlemen in Boston, however, invited him to give a series of lectures there. The result was that he delivered in the Masonic Hall, in the winter of 1841-1842, as lectures, substantially the volume afterwards published as the Discourse of Matters pertaining to Religion. The lectures in their published form made his name famous throughout America and Europe, and confirmed the stricter Unitarians in America in their attitude towards him and his supporters. His friends, however, resolved that he should be heard in Boston, and there, beginning with 1845, he preached regularly for fourteen years. Previous to his removal from West Roxbury to Boston Parker spent a year in Europe, calling in Germany upon Paulus, Gervinus, De Wette and Ewald, and preaching in Liverpool in the pulpits PARKES, SIR HARRY SMITH (1828-1885), English diplomaof James Martineau and J. H. Thom. After January 1846 tist, son of Harry Parkes, founder of the firm of Parkes, he devoted himself exclusively to his work in Boston. In Otway & Co., ironmasters, was born at Birchills Hall, near addition to his Sunday labours he lectured throughout the Walsall in Staffordshire, in 1828. When but four years old Fis States, and prosecuted his wide studies, collecting particularly the mother died and in the following year his father was killed in a materials for an opus magnum on the development of religion carriage accident. Being thus left an orphan, he found a home in mankind. Above all he took up the question of the emancipa- with his uncle, a retired naval officer, at Birmingham. He retion of the slaves, and fearlessly advocated in Boston and else-ceived his education at King Edward's Grammar School. In 1837 where, from the platform and through the press, the cause of the negroes. fie made his influence felt also by correspondence with political leaders and by able political speeches, one of which, delivered in 1858, contained the sentence," Democracy is direct self-government, over all the people, by all the people, for all the people," which probably suggested Abraham Lincoln's oft-quoted variant. Parker assisted actively in the escape of fugitive slaves, and for trying to prevent the rendition of perhaps the most famous of them, Anthony Burns, was indicted, but the indictment was quashed. He also gave his aid to John Brown (q.v.). By his voice, his pen, and his utterly fearless action in social and political matters he became a great power in Boston and America generally. But his days were numbered. His mother had suffered from phthisis; and he himself now fell a victim to the same disease. In January 1859 he suffered a violent haemorrhage of the lungs, and sought relief by retreating first to the West Indies and afterwards to Europe. He died at Florence on the roth of May 1860.

The fundamental articles of Parker's religious faith were the three "instinctive intuitions " of God, of a moral law, and

his uncle died, and in 1841 he sailed for Macao in China, to take up his residence at the house of his cousin, Mrs Gutzlaff. At this time what was known as the "Opium War" had broken out, and Parkes eagerly prepared himself to take part in the events which were passing around him by diligently applying himself to the study of Chinese. In 1842 he received his first appointment in the consular service. Fortunately for him, he was privileged to accompany Sir Henry Pottinger in s expedition up the Yangtsze-kiang to Nanking, and after having taken part in the capture of Chinkiang and the surrender of Nanking, he witnessed the signing of the treaty on board the "Cornwallis" in August 1842. By this treaty the five ports of Canton, Amoy, Fuchow, Ningpo and Shanghai were opened to trade. After short residences at Canton and the newly opened Amoy, Parkes was appointed to the consulate at Fuchow. Here he served under Mr (afterwards Sir) Rutherford Alcock, who was one of the few Englishmen who knew how to manage the Chinese. In 1849 he returned to England on leave, and after visiting the Continent and doing some hard work for the foreign office he returned to China in 1851. Aiter a short stay

at Amoy as interpreter he was transferred in the same capacity | part in the movement against the transportation of convicts, to Canton. In May 1854 he was promoted to be consul at Amoy, and in 1849 started the Empire newspaper to inculcate his policy and in 1855 was chosen as secretary to the mission to Bangkok, of attacking abuses while remaining loyal to the Crown. The being largely instrumental in negotiating the first European paper at once made its mark, but owing to financial difficulties treaty with Siam. In June 1856 he returned to Canton as ceased to appear in 1858. One of the reforms for which Parkes acting consul, a position which brought him into renewed fought most strenuously was the full introduction of responsible contact with Commissioner Yeh, whose insolence and obstinacy government. He was returned to the legislative council under led to the second China War. Yeh had now met a man of the old constitution as member for Sydney, and on the estabeven greater power and determination than himself, and when, lishment of a legislative assembly in 1856 was elected for in October 1856, as a climax to many outrages, Yeh seized East Sydney. His parliamentary carcer was twice interrupted the British lorcha "Arrow" and made prisoners of her crew, by pecuniary embarrassments; indeed, he never acquired the Parkes at once closed with his enemy. In response to a strongly art of making money, and in spite of a public subscription raised worded despatch from Parkes, Sir John Bowring, governor of in 1887 died in absolute penury. He was elected for East Hong-Kong, placed matters in the hands of Admiral Sir M. Sydney in 1859 at the first general election under the new Seymour, who took Canton at the close of the same month but electoral act, and sat till 1861, when he was sent to England had not a sufficient force to hold it. In December 1857 Canton as a commissioner for promoting emigration. He made a was again bombarded by Admiral Seymour. Parkes, who was prolonged stay in England, and described his impressions in a attached to the admiral's staff, was the first man to enter the series of letters to the Sydney Morning Herald, some of which city, and himself tracked down and arrested Commissioner Yeh. were reprinted in 1869 under the title of Australian Views of As the city was to be held, an allied commission was appointed England. He returned to Australia in 1863, and, re-entering to govern it, consisting of two Englishmen, of whom one was the Assembly, became colonial secretary in the Martin ministry Parkes, and a French naval officer. Parkes virtually governed from 1866 to 1868. He succeeded in passing the Public Schools this city of a million inhabitants for three years. Meanwhile Act of 1866, which for the first time instituted an efficient the treacherous attack at Taku upon Sir Frederick Bruce led to system of primary education in the colony. His great chance a renewal of hostilities in the north, and Parkes was ordered up came in 1872, when the Martin ministry resigned on the question to serve as interpreter and adviser to Lord Elgin (July, 1860). of the sum payable by Victoria in lieu of border duties. Parkes In pursuance of these duties he went in advance of the army had for several years persistently advocated free imports as to the city of Tungchow, near Peking, to arrange a meeting a remedy for the financial distress of the colony. He now between Lord Elgin and the Chinese commissioners who had became prime minister and colonial secretary; and rising to been appointed to draw up the preliminaries of peace. While the height of his opportunity, he removed the cause of dispute thus engaged he, Mr (afterwards Lord) Loch, Mr de Norman, by throwing the colony open to trade. He held office till 1875, Lord Elgin's secretary of legation, Mr Bowlby, the Times and on the fall of the Robertson ministry again became premier correspondent, and others, were treacherously taken prisoners and colonial secretary from March till August 1877. At the (Sept. 18, 1860). Parkes and Loch were carried off to the end of this year he was made K.C.M.G. Finding that the state prison of the bdard of punishments at Peking, where they were of parties did not allow of the existence of a stable ministry, separately herded with the lowest class of criminals. After he formed a coalition with Sir John Robertson, and became ten days' confinement in this den of iniquity they were removed premier and colonial secretary for the third time from December to a temple in the city, where they were comfortably housed and 1878 to January 1883. In 1882 and in 1883-1884 he paid fed, and from which, after a further detention, they were granted prolonged visits to England. Already distinguished among their liberty. For this signal instance of treachery Lord Elgin Australian statesmen for breadth of outlook and passionate devoburned down the Summer Palace of the emperor. Towards tion to the Empire, he returned with those qualities enhanced. the end of 1860 Parkes returned to his post at Canton. On the For a time he found himself almost in a position of isolation, but restoration (Oct. 1861) of the city to the Chinese he returned in 1887 the policy of protection adopted by his successors to England on leave, when he was made K.C.B. for his services; brought him again into office. His free trade policy was once he had received the companionship of the order in 1860. On more successful. Other important measures of his administrahis return to China he served for a short time as consul at tion were the reform of the civil service, the prohibition of Chinese Shanghai, and was then appointed minister in Japan (1865). immigration, and the railways and public works acts. He For eighteen years he held this post, and throughout that fell from office in January 1889, but in the following March time he strenuously used his influence in support of the Liberal became for the fifth time premier and colonial secretary. The party of Japan. So earnestly did he throw in his lot with remainder of his life was chiefly devoted to the question of these reformers that he became a marked man, and incurred Australian federation. The Federal Convention at Melbourne the bitter hostility of the reactionaries, who on three separate in 1890 was mainly his work; and he presided over the convention occasions attempted to assassinate him. In 1882 he was trans- at Sydney in 1891, and was chiefly responsible for the draft ferred to Peking. While in Peking his health failed, and he constitution there carried. Defeated in October 1891 on his died of malarial fever on the 21st of March 1885. In 1856 Sir H. refusal to accept an eight hours' day for coal-miners, he remained (then Mr) Parkes married Miss Fanny Plumer, who died in 1879. in opposition for the rest of his career, sacrificing even free trade The standard Life is by Stanley Lane-Poole (1894). (R. K. D.)' in the hope of smoothing the path of federation. He died at PARKES, SIR HENRY (1815-1896), Australian statesman, Sydney on the 27th of April 1896; but though he did not live was born at Stoneleigh, in Warwickshire, on the 27th of May to see the realization of his efforts, he may justly be called the 1815. The son of parents in very humble circumstances, he Father of the Australian Commonwealth. received only a rudimentary education, and at an early age was obliged to earn his living as a common labourer. Failing to make his way in England, he emigrated to Australia in 1839, and after a time settled in Sydney as an ivory-turner. Conscious of his great powers, he worked unremittingly to repair the deficiencies of his education, and developed a genuine taste for literature, and a gift for versification which won the approval of so severe a judge as Tennyson. His first volume of poems was published in 1842, under the title of Stolen Moments. He now began to take an active part in politics, and soon showed himself the wielder of an incisive style as a leader-writer, and a popular orator of unrivalled influence. He took a prominent

He published, in addition to the works already named and numerous volumes of verse, a collection of speeches on the Federal Government of Australia (1890), and an autobiography, Fifty Years in the making of Australian History (1892).

PARKIN, GEORGE ROBERT (1846- ), British Canadian educationist, was born at Salisbury, New Brunswick, on the 8th of February 1846. His father had gone to Canada from Yorkshire. Parkin was the youngest of a family of thirteen, and after attending the local schools he started at an early age as a teacher. Bent on improving his own education, he then entered the university of New Brunswick, where he carried off high honours in 1866-1868. From 1868 to 1872 he was head master