THE

ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

A

DICTIONARY

OF

ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL

INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME XX

ODE to PAYMENT OF MEMBERS

NEW YORK

THE ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA COMPANY

1911

Ref
AE
5

.E36
1910a
V.20

Copyright, in the United States of America, 1911,

by

The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME XX. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL

CONTRIBUTORS, WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE

ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

A. C. Se.

A. F. P.

A. G. D.

A. G. H.

ALBERT CHARLES SEWARD, M.A., F.R.S.

Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge. Hon. Fellow of Emmanuel Palaeobotany: Mesozoic.
College, Cambridge. President of the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union, 1910.

ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R.HIST.S.

Professor of English History in the University of London. Fellow of All Souls'

College, Oxford. Assistant Editor of the Dictionary of National Biography, 1893- Parker, Matthew.
1901. Lothian Prizeman, Oxford, 1892; Arnold Prizeman, 1898. Author of
England under the Protector Somerset; Henry VIII.; Life of Thomas Cranmer; &c.

ARTHUR GEORGE DOUGHTY, M.A., LITT.D., C.M.G.

Dominion Archivist of Canada. Member of the Geographical Board of Canada.
Author of The Cradle of New France; &c. Joint-editor of Documents relating to the
Constitutional History of Canada.

ALBERT GEORGE HADCOCK.

Late R.A. Manager, Gun Department, Elswick Works, Newcastle-on-Tyne..
Lieut.-Col. commanding 1st Northumbrian Brigade, R.F.A. (Territorial Forces).
Joint-author of Artillery: its Progress and Present Position; &c.

ADOLF HARNACK.

See the biographical article: HARNACK, ADOLF.

A. Ha.

A. J. L

ANDREW JACKSON LAMOUREUX.

Papineau.

Ordnance: History and Construction.

{Origen.

Librarian, College of Agriculture, Cornell University. Formerly Editor of the Rio Pará.
News, Rio de Janeiro.

See the biographical article: LUCHAIRE, DENIS J. ACHILLE.

ALEXANDER MACALISTER, M.A., M.D., LL.D., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.S.A.

A. Ma.

A. M. Cl.

{Papacy: 1087-13054

Professor of Anatomy in the University of Cambridge, and Fellow of St John's Palmistry.
College. Author of Text-Book of Human Anatomy; &c.

Formerly Resident Tutor of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. Joint-author of Sources Patron and Client (in part). of Roman History, 133-70 B.C.

Keeper of Geology, Natural History Museum, South Kensington. Secretary of Owen, Sir Richard;
the Geological Society, London.

New College, Oxford. Newdigate Prize, 1888. Author of Gordon in Africa; Alfred,
Lord Tennyson. Editor of Johnson's Lives of the Poets; and of editions of Dickens,
Tennyson, Arnold, Lamb; &c.

ARTHUR WILLIAM HOLLAND.

Palaeospondylus.

Pater, Walter;
Patmore, Coventry.

Otto of Freising; Palatine;
Paston Letters.

Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of Gray's Inn, 1900.
1A complete list, showing all individual contributors, appears in the final volume.