and trial. But it may simply be an extension of the meaning | which happened on the 31st of August 1900, he took measures PRUDENCE. In this work the laws or uniformities of the physical universe are dealt with in the articles on the various sciences. The general principles of law in the legal sense are discussed under JURISWhat may be described as "national systems of law are dealt with historically and generally under ENGLISH❘ LAW, AMERICAN LAW, ROMAN LAW, GREEK LAW, MAHOMMEDAN LAW, INDIAN LAW, &c. Certain broad divisions of law are treated under CONSTITUTION AND CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, CANON LAW, CIVIL LAW, COMMON LAW, CRIMINAL LAW, ECCLESIASTICAL LAW, EQUITY, INTERNATIONAL LAW, MILITARY LAW, &c. And the particular laws of different countries on special subjects are stated under the headings for those subjects (BANKRUPTCY, &c.). For courts (q.v.) of law, and procedure, see JURISPRUDENCE, APPEAL, TRIAL, KING'S BENCH, &c. AUTHORITIES.-The various legal articles have bibliographies attached, but it may be convenient here to mention such general works on law, apart from the science of jurisprudence, as (for English law) Lord Halsbury's Laws of England (vol. i., 1907), The Encyclopaedia of the Laws of England, ed. Wood Renton (1907), Stephen's Commentaries on the Laws of England (1908), Brett's Commentaries on the present Laws of England (1896), Broom's Commentaries on the Common Law (1896) and Brodie-Innes's Comparative Principles of the Laws of England and Scotland (vol. i., 1903); and, for America, Bouvier's Law Dictionary, and Kent's Commentaries on American Law. "" LAWES, HENRY (1595-1662), English musician, was born at Dinton in Wiltshire in December 1595, and received his musical education from John Cooper, better known under his Italian pseudonym Giovanni Coperario (d. 1627), a famous composer of the day. In 1626 he was received as one of the gentlemen of the chapel royal, which place he held till the Commonwealth put a stop to church music. But even during that songless time Lawes continued his work as a composer, and the famous collection of his vocal pieces, Ayres and Dialogues for One, Two and Three Voyces, was published in 1653, being followed by two other books under the same title in 1655 and 1658 respectively. When in 1660 the king returned, Lawes once more entered the royal chapel, and composed an anthem for the coronation of Charles II. He died on the 21st of October 1662, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Lawes's name has become known beyond musical circles by his friendship with Milton, whose Comus he supplied with incidental music for the performance of the masque in 1634. The poet in return immortalized his friend in the famous sonnet in which Milton, with a musical perception not common amongst poets, exactly indicates the great merit of Lawes. His careful attention to the words of the poet, the manner in which his music seems to grow from those words, the perfect coincidence of the musical with the metrical accent, all put Lawes's songs on a level with those of Schumann or Liszt or any modern composer. At the same time he is by no means wanting in genuine melodic invention, and his concerted music shows the learned contrapuntist. LAWES, SIR JOHN BENNET, BART. (1814-1900), English agriculturist, was born at Rothamsted on the 28th of December 1814. Even before leaving Oxford, where he matriculated in 1832, he had begun to interest himself in growing various medicinal plants on the Rothamsted estates, which he inherited on his father's death in 1822. About 1837 he began to experiment on the effects of various manures on plants growing in pots, and a year or two later the experiments were extended to crops in the field. One immediate consequence was that in 1842 he patented a manure formed by treating phosphates with sulphuric acid, and thus initiated the artificial manure industry. In the succeeding year he enlisted the services of Sir J. H. Gilbert, with whom he carried on for more than half a century those experiments in raising crops and feeding animals which have rendered Rothamsted famous in the eyes of scientific agriculturists all over the world (see AGRICULTURE). In 1854 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, which in 1867 bestowed a Royal medal on Lawes and Gilbert jointly, and in 1882 he was created a baronet. In the year before his death, LAW MERCHANT or LEX MERCATORIA, originally a body of rules and principles relating to merchants and mercantile transactions, laid down by merchants themselves for the purpose of regulating their dealings. It was composed of such usages and customs as were common to merchants and traders in all parts of Europe, varied slightly in different localities by special peculiarities. The law merchant owed its origin to the fact that the civil law was not sufficiently responsive to the growing demands of commerce, as well as to the fact that trade in premedieval times was practically in the hands of those who might be termed cosmopolitan merchants, who wanted a prompt and effective jurisdiction. It was administered for the most part in special courts, such as those of the gilds in Italy, or the fair courts of Germany and France, or as in England, in courts of law merchant in England is divided into three stages: the first the staple or piepowder (see also SEA LAWS). The history of the prior to the time of Coke, when it was a special kind of lawas distinct from the common law-administered in special courts for a special class of the community (ie. the mercantile); the second stage was one of transition, the law merchant being administered in the common law courts, but as a body of customs, to be proved as a fact in each individual case of doubt; the third stage, which has continued to the present day, dates from the presidency over the king's bench of Lord Mansfield (q.v.), under whom it was moulded into the mercantile law of to-day. To the law merchant modern English law owes the fundamental principles in the law of partnership, negotiable instruments and trade marks. See G. Malynes, Consuetudo vel lex mercatoria (London, 1622); W. Mitchell, The Early History of the Law Merchant (Cambridge, 1904); J. W. Smith, Mercantile Law (ed. Hart and Simey, 1905). "" LAWN, a very thin fabric made from level linen or cotton yarns. It is used for light dresses and trimmings, also for handkerchiefs. The terms lawn and cambric (q.v.) are often intended to indicate the same fabric. The word "lawn was formerly derived from the French name for the fabric linen, from lin, flax, linen, but Skeat (Etym. Dict., 1898, Addenda) and A. Thomas (Romania, xxix. 182, 1900) have shown that the real source of the word is to be found in the name of the French town Laon. Skeat quotes from Palsgrave, Les claircissement de la langue Françoÿse (1530), showing that the early name of the fabric was Laune lynen. An early form of the word was "laund," probably due to an adaptation to "laund," lawn, glade or clearing in a forest, now used of a closely-mown expanse of grass in a garden, park, &c. (see GRASS and HORTICULTURE), This word comes from O. Fr. launde, mod. lande, wild, heathy or sandy ground, covered with scrub or brushwood, a word of Celtic origin; cf. Irish and Breton lann, heathy ground, also enclosure, land; Welsh llan, enclosure. It is cognate with "land," common to Teutonic languages. In the original sense of clearing in a forest, glade, Lat. saltus, "lawn," still survives in the New Forest, where it is used of the feeding-places of cattle. 44 LAWN-TENNIS, a game played with racquet and ball on a court traversed by a net, but without enclosing walls. It is a modern adaptation of the ancient game of tennis (q.v.), with which it is identical as regards the scoring of the game and set." Lawn-tennis is essentially a summer game, played in the open air, either on courts marked with whitewash on close-cut grass like a cricket pitch, or on asphalt, cinders, gravel, wood, earth or other substance which can be so prepared as to afford a firm, level and smooth surface. In winter, however, the game is often played on the floor of gymnasiums, drill sheds or other buildings, when it is called "covered-court lawn-tennis"; FIG. 2. 44 " and other technical terms used in the game, see TENNIS and RACQUETS.) The serve is a fault (1) if it be not delivered by the server from the proper court, and from behind the base-line; (2) if the ball drops into the net or out-of-court, or into any part of the court other than the proper service-court. The strikerout cannot, as in racquets, "take," and thereby condone, a fault. When a fault has been served, the server must serve again from the same court, unless it was a fault because served The court is from the wrong court, in which case the server crosses to the bisected longi- proper court before serving again. Two consecutive faults tudinally by the score a point against the side of the server. Lawn-tennis differs half-court-line, from tennis and racquets in that the service may not be taken which, however, on the volley by striker-out. After the serve has been returned is marked only the play proceeds until the "rest" (or "rally ") ends by one between the side or the other failing to make a "good return"; a good two service return in lawn-tennis meaning a stroke by which the ball, having lines and at the been hit with the racquet before its second bound, is sent over points of junc- the net, even if it touches the net, so as to fall within the limits tion with the of the court on the opposite side. A point is scored by the player, base-lines. The or side, whose opponent fails to return the serve or to make divisions of the a good return in the rest. A player also loses a point if the ball court on each when in play touches him or his partner, or their clothes; or side of the half- if he or his racquet touches the net or any of its supports while court-line are the ball is in play; or if he leaps over the net to avoid touching FIG. 1. called respec-it; or if he volley the ball before it has passed the net. tively the For him who would excel in lawn-tennis a strong fast service is right-hand and left-hand courts; and the portion of these hardly less necessary than a heavily cut service to the tennis divisions between the service-lines and the net are the right-player and the racquet player. High overhand service, by which hand service-court and left-hand service-court respectively. alone any great pace can be obtained, was first perfected by the The balls, which are made of hollow india-rubber, tightly covered brothers Renshaw between 1880 and 1890, and is now universal even among players far below the first rank. The service in vogue with white flannel, are 2 in. in diameter, and from 1 to 2 oz. among the best players in America, and from this circumstance in weight. The racquets (fig. 3), for which there are no regula-known as the " American service," has less pace than the English tion dimensions, are broader and lighter than those used in tennis. but is "cut" in such a way that it swerves in the air and "drags" off the ground, the advantage being that it gives the server more Before play begins, a racquet is spun as in tennis, and the time to " run in after his serve, so as to volley his opponent's winner of the spin elects either to take return from a position within a yard or two of the net. Both in first service or to take choice of courts. singles and doubles the best players often make it their aim to get If he takes choice of courts, he and his up comparatively near the net as soon as possible, whether they are partner (if the game be doubles) take serving or receiving the serve, the object being to volley the ball whenever possible before it begins to fall. The server's partner, in their position on the selected side of the doubles, stands about a yard and a half from the net, and rather net, one stationing himself in the right- nearer the side-line than the half-court-line; the receiver of the hand court and the other in the left, service, not being allowed to volley the serve, must take his stand which positions are retained throughout him to stand outside the base-line; the receiver's partner usually according to the nature of the service, which, if very fast, will require the set. If the winner of the spin takes stands between the net and the service-line. All four players, if the choice of courts, his opponent has first rest lasts beyond a stroke or two, are generally found nearer to the service; and vice versa. The players net than the service-lines; and the game, assuming the players to be of the championship class, consists chiefly of rapid low volleying, change sides of the net at the end of the varied by attempts on one side or the other to place the ball out of first, third and every subsequent alter- the opponents' reach by "lobbing" it over their heads into the back nate game, and at the end of each set; part of the court. Good "lobbing" demands great skill, to avoid on but they may agree not to change during the one hand sending the ball out of court beyond the base-line, and any set except the last. Service is de- kill it with a "smashing" volley. Of "lobbing" it has been laid on the other allowing it to drop short enough for the adversary to livered by each player in turn, who retains down by the brothers Doherty that "the higher it is the better, so it for one game irrespective of the win- long as the length is good "; and as regards returning lobs the same authorities say, ning or losing of points. In doubles the you must get them if you can before they drop. for it is usually fatal to let them drop when playing against a good partner of the server in the first game pair." The reason for this is that if the lob be allowed to drop before serves in the third, and the partner of being returned, so much time given to the striker of it to gain the server in the second game serves in position that he is almost certain to be able to kill the return, unless the fourth; the same order being prethe lob be returned by an equally good and very high lob, dropping served till the end of the set; but each within a foot or so of the base-line in the opposite court, a stroke that requires the utmost accuracy of strength to accomplish safely. pair of partners decide for themselves The game in the hands of first-class players consists largely in before their first turn of service which manoeuvring for favourable position in the court while driving the of the two shall serve first. The server opponent into a less favourable position on his side of the net; the FIG. 3. delivers the service from the right- and ally able to finish the rest by a smashing volley impossible to return. player who gains the advantage of position in this way being gener/left-hand courts alternately, begin- Ability to play this " smash stroke is essential to strong lawnning in each of his service games from the right-hand court, tennis. "To be good overhead," say the Dohertys, is the sign of a even though odds be given or owed; he must stand behind first-class player, even if a few have managed to get on without it." (i.e. farther from the net than) the base-line, and must serve hand service, except that it is not from a defined position of known The smash stroke is played very much in the same way as the overthe ball so that it drops in the opponent's service-court diagon-distance from the net; and therefore when making it the player ally opposite to the court served from, or upon one of the lines must realize almost instinctively what his precise position is in reenclosing that service-court. If in a serve, otherwise good, the lation to the net and the side-lines, for it is of the last importance that he should not take his eye off the ball" even for the hundredth ball touches the net, it is a "let "whether the serve be "taken " part of a second." By drawing the racquet across the ball at the or not by striker-out; a let does not annul a previous moment of impact spin may be imparted to it as in tennis, or as "fault." (For the meaning of "let," "rest," "striker-out" "side" is imparted to a billiard ball, and the direction of this spin 4 "1 33 but there is no difference in the game itself corresponding to these varieties of court. The lawn-tennis court for the single-handed game, one player against one ("singles "), is shown in fig. 1, and that for the four-handed game (" doubles ") in fig. 2. The net stretched across the middle of the court is attached to the tops of two posts which stand 3 ft. outside the court on each side. The height of the net is 3 ft. 6 in. at the posts and 3 ft. at the centre. -27 feet38 feet ---21 feet· 78 feet. 46 feet -13% feet- 4--21 feet--> and the consequent behaviour of the ball after the stroke may be greatly varied by a skilful player. Perhaps the most generally useful form of spin, though by no means the only one commonly used, is or "" " that known as " top "lift," a vertical rotatory motion of the ball in the same direction as its flight, which is imparted to it by an upward draw of the racquet at the moment of making the stroke, and the effect of which is to make it drop more suddenly than it would ordinarily do, and in an unexpected curve. A drive made with plenty of "top can be hit much harder than would otherwise be possible without sending the ball out of court, and it is therefore extensively employed by the best players. While the volleying game is almost universally the practice of first-class players-A. W. Gore, M. J. G. Ritchie and S. H. Smith being almost alone among those of championship rank in modern days to use the volley comparatively little-its difficulty places it beyond the reach of the less skilful. In lawn-tennis as played at the ordinary country house or local club the real" smash of a Renshaw or a Doherty is seldom to be seen, and the high lob is almost equally rare. Players of moderate calibre are content to take the ball on the bound and to return it with some pace along the side-lines or across the court, with the aim of placing it as artfully as possible beyond the reach of the adversary; and if now and again they venture to imitate a stroke employed with killing effect at Wimbledon, they think themselves fortunate if they occasionally succeed in making it without disaster to themselves. Before 1890 the method of handicapping at lawn-tennis was the same as in tennis so far as it was applicable to a game played in an open court. In 1890 bisques were abolished, and in 1894 an elaborate system was introduced by which fractional parts of "fifteen" could be conceded by way of handicap, in accordance with tables inserted in the laws of the game. The system is a development of the tennis handicapping by which a finer graduation of odds may be given. "One-sixth of fifteen is one stroke given in every six games of a set; and similarly two-sixths, three-sixths, four-sixths and fivesixths of fifteen, are respectively two, three, four and five strokes given in every six games of a set; the particular game in the set in which the stroke in each case must be given being specified in the tables. History.-Lawn-tennis cannot be said to have existed prior to the year 1874. It is, indeed, true that outdoor games based on tennis were from time to time improvised by lovers of that game who found themselves out of reach of a tennis-court. Lord Arthur Hervey, sometime bishop of Bath and Wells, had thus The Renshaws had already developed the volleying game at the devised a game which he and his friends played on the lawn net, and had shown what could be done with the "smash " of his rectory in Suffolk; and even so early as the end of the stroke (which became known by their name as the "Renshaw 18th century "field tennis " was mentioned by the Sporting smash "), but their service had not as yet become very severe. Magazine as a game that rivalled the popularity of cricket. In 1881 the distinctive features of their style were more marked, But, however much or little this game may have resembled and the brothers first established firmly the supremacy which lawn-tennis, it had long ceased to exist; and even to be remem- they maintained almost without interruption for the next eight bered, when in 1874 Major Wingfield took out a patent for a years. In the doubles they discarded the older tactics of one game called Sphairistike, which the specification described as partner standing back and the other near the net; the two "a new and improved portable court for playing the ancient Renshaws stood about the same level, just inside the servicegame of tennis." The court for this game was wider at the base- line, and from there volleyed with relentless severity and with lines than at the net, giving the whole court the shape of an an accuracy never before equalled, and seldom if ever since; hour-glass; one side of the net only was divided into service- while their service also acquired an immense increase of pace. courts, service being always delivered from a fixed mark in the Their chief rival, and the leading exponent of the non-volleying centre of the opposite court; and from the net-posts side-nets game for several years, was H. F. Lawford. After a year or two were fixed which tapered down to the ground at about the middle it became evident that neither the volleying tactics of Renshaw of the side-lines, thus enclosing nearly half the courts on each nor the strong back play of Lawford would be adopted to the side of the net. The possibilities of Sphairistike were quickly exclusion of the other, and both players began to combine the perceived; and under the new name of lawn-tennis its popularity two styles. Thus the permanent features of lawn-tennis may be grew so quickly that in 1875 a meeting of those interested in said to have been firmly established by about the year 1885; the game was held at Lord's cricket-ground, where a committee and the players who have since then come to the front have for of the Marylebone Club (M.C.C.) was appointed to draw up a the most part followed the principles laid down by the Renshaws code of rules. The hour-glass shape of the court was retained and Lawford. One of the greatest performances at lawn-tennis by this code (issued in May 1875), and the scoring of the game was in the championship competition in 1886 when W. Renshaw followed in the main the racquets instead of the tennis model. beat Lawford a love set in 9 minutes. The longest rest in firstIt was at the suggestion of J. M. Heathcote, the amateur tennis class lawn-tennis occurred in a match between Lawford and champion, that balls covered with white flannel were sub- E. Lubbock in 1880, when eighty-one strokes were played stituted for the uncovered balls used at first. In 1875, through Among players in the first class who were contemporaries of the influence of Henry Jones (" Cavendish "), lawn-tennis was the Renshaws, mention should be made of E. de S. Browne, a included in the programme of the All England Croquet Club, powerful imitator of the Renshaw style; C. W. Grinstead, which in 1877 became the All England Croquet and Lawn-R. T. Richardson, V. Goold (who played under the nom de plume Tennis Club, on whose ground at Wimbledon the All England "St Leger "), J. T. Hartley, E. W. Lewis, E L. Williams, championships have been annually played since that date. H. Grove and W. J. Hamilton; while among the most prominent In the same year, in anticipation of the first championship lady players of the period were Miss M. Langrishe, Miss Bradley, meeting, the club appointed a committee consisting of Henry Miss Maud Watson, Miss L. Dod, Miss Martin and Miss Bingley Jones, Julian Marshall and C. G. Heathcote to revise the M.C.C. (afterwards Mrs Hillyard). In 1888 the Lawn-Tennis Association, code of rules; the result of their labours being the introduction was established; and the All England Mixed Doubles Championof the tennis in place of the racquets scoring, the substitution ship (four-handed matches for ladies and gentlemen in partnerof a rectangular for the "hour-glass " court, and the enactment | ship) was added to the existing annual competitions. Since 1881 of the modern rule as regards the “fault." The height of the net, which under the M.C.C. rules had been 4 ft. in the centre, was reduced to 3 ft. 3 in.; and regulations as to the size and weight of the ball were also made. Some controversy had already taken place in the columns of the Field as to whether volleying the ball, at all events within a certain distance of the Lt, should not be prohibited. Spencer Gore, the first to win the championship in 1877, used the volley with great skill and judgment, and in principle anticipated the tactics afterwards brought to perfection by the Renshaws, which aimed at forcing the adversary back to the base-line and killing his return with a volley from a position near the net. P. F. Hadow, champion in 1878, showed how the volley might be defeated by skilful use of the lob; but the question of placing some check on the volley continued to be agitated among lovers of the game. The rapidly growing popularity of lawn-tennis was proved in 1879 by the inauguration at Oxford of the four-handed championship, and at Dublin of the Irish championship, and by the fact that there were forty-five competitors for the All England single championship at Wimbledon, won by J. T. Hartley, a player who chiefly relied on the accuracy of his return without frequent resort to the volley. It was in the autumn of the same year, in a tournament at Cheltenham, that W. Renshaw made his first successful appearance in public. The year 1880 saw the foundation of the Northern Lawn-Tennis Association, whose tournaments have long been regarded as inferior in importance only to the championship meetings at Wimbledon and Dublin, and a revision of the rules which substantially made them what they have ever since remained. This year is also memorable for the first championship doubles won by the twin brothers William and Ernest Renshaw, a success which the former followed up by winning the Irish championship, beating among others H. F. Lawford for the first time. Year. Gentlemen's Singles. 1881 R. D., Sears 1882 R. D. Sears 1883 R. D. Sears 1884 R. D. Sears 1885 R. D. Sears 1886 R. D. Sears 1887 R. D. Sears 1888 H. W. Slocum' 1889 H. W. Slocum 1890 O. S. Campbell 1891 O. S. Campbell 1892 O. S. Campbell 1893 R. D. Wrenn 1894 R. D. Wrenn 1895 F. H. Hovey " " " " " " Miss C. Cooper Miss C. Cooper Miss Robb Miss C. Cooper Miss Martin Miss Martin 21 Miss D. K. Douglass Miss E. W. Thompson Miss E. W. Thompson Miss D. K. Douglass Mrs Hillyard. Mrs Lambert Chambers (Miss D. K. Douglass) Miss Morton Mrs Lambert Chambers In the United States lawn-tennis was played at Nahant, near Boston, within a year of its invention in England, Dr James Dwight and the brothers F. R. and R. D. Sears being mainly instrumental in making it known to their countrymen. In 1881 at a meeting in New York of representatives of thirtythree clubs the United States National Lawn-Tennis Association was formed; and the adoption of the English rules put an end to the absence of uniformity in the size of the ball and height of the net which had hindered the progress of the game. The association decided to hold matches for championship of the United States at Newport, Rhode Island; and, by a curious coincidence, in the same year in which W. Renshaw first won the English championship, R. D. Sears won the first American championship by playing a volleying game at the net which entirely disconcerted his opponents, and he successfully defended his title for the next six years, winning the doubles throughout the same period in partnership with Dwight. In 1887, Sears being unable to play through ill-health, the championship went to H. W. Slocum. Other prominent players of the period were the brothers C. M. and J. S. Clark, who in 1883 came to England and were decisively beaten at Wimbledon by the two Renshaws. To a later generation belong the strongest single players, M. D. Whitman Holcombe Ward, W. A. Larned and Karl Behr. Holcombe Ward and Dwight Davis, who have the credit of introducing the peculiar "American twist service," were an exceedingly strong pair in doubles; but after winning the American doubles championship for three years in succession, they were defeated in 1902 by the English brothers R. F. and H. L. Doherty. The championship singles in 1904 and 1905 was won by H. Ward and B. C. Wright, the latter being one of the finest players America has produced; and these two in partnership won the doubles for three years in succession, until they were displaced by F. B. Alexander and H. H. Hackett, who in their turn held the doubles championship for a like period. In 1909 two young Californians, Long and McLoughlin, unexpectedly came to the front, and, although beaten in the final round for the championship doubles, they represented the United States in the contest for the Davis cup (see below) in Australia in that year; McLoughlin having acquired a service of extraordinary power and a smashing stroke with a reverse spin which was sufficient by itself to place him in the highest rank of lawn-tennis players. Winners of United States Championships. Year. Gentlemen's Singles. 1896 R. D. Wrenn 1897 R. D. Wrenn 1898 M. D. Whitman 1899 M. D. Whitman 1900 M. D. Whitman 1901 W. A. Larned 1902 W. A. Larned 1903 L. Doherty 1904 H. Ward 1905 B. C. Wright 1906 W. J. Clothier 1907 W. A. Larned 1908 W. A. Larned 1909 W. A. Larned 1910 W. A. Larned In 1900 an international challenge cup was presented by the American D. F. Davis, to be competed for in the country of the holders. In the summer of that year a British team, consisting of A. W. Gore, E. D. Black and H. R. Barrett, challenged for the cup but were defeated by the Americans, Whitman, Larned, Davis and Ward. In 1902 a more representative British team, the two Doherty's and Pim, were again defeated by the same representatives of the United States; but in the following year the Dohertys brought the Davis cup to England by beating Larned and the brothers Wrenn at Longwood. In 1904 the cup was played for at Wimbledon, when representatives of Belgium, Austria and France entered, but failed to defeat the Dohertys and F. L. Riseley, who represented Great Britain. In 1905 the entries included France, Austria, Australasia, Belgium and the United States; in 1906 the same countries, except Belgium, competed; but in both years the British players withstood the attack. In 1907, however, when the contest was confined to England, the United States and Australasia, the latter was successful in winning the cup, which was then for the first time taken to the colonies, where it was retained in the following year when the Australians N. E. Brookes and A. F.Wilding defeated the representatives of the United States, who had previously beaten the English challengers in America. In 1909 England was not represented in the competition, and the Australians again retained the cup, beating the Americans McLoughlin and Long both in singles and doubles. See" The Badminton Library," Tennis: Lawn-Tennis: Racquets: Fives, new and revised edition (1903); R. F. and H. L. Doherty, On Lawn-Tennis (1903); E. H. Miles, Lessons in Lawn-Tennis (1899); E. de Nanteuil, La Paume et le lawn-tennis (1898); J. Dwight, Form in Lawn-Tennis," in Scribner's Magazine, vol. vi.; A. Wallis Myers, The Complete Lawn-Tennis Player (1908). (R. J. M.) LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST, Christian martyr, whose name appears in the canon of the mass, and whose festival is on the 10th of August. The basilica reared over his tomb at Rome is still visited by pilgrims. His legend is very popular. Deacon of the pope (St) Sixtus (Xystus) II., he was called upon by the judge to bring forth the treasures of the church which had been committed to his keeping. He thereupon produced the church's poor people. Seeing his bishop, Sixtus, being led to punishment, he cried: "Father! whither goest thou without thy son? Holy priest! whither goest thou without thy deacon?" Sixtus prophesied that Lawrence would follow him in three days. The prophecy was fulfilled, and Lawrence was sentenced to be burnt alive on a gridiron. In the midst of his torments he addressed the judge ironically with the words: Assum est, versa el manduca (" I am roasted enough on this side; turn me round, and eat"). All these details of the well-known legend are already related by St Ambrose (De Offic. i. 41, ii. 28). The punishment of the gridiron and the speech of the martyr are probably a reminiscence of the Phrygian martyrs, as related by Socrates (iii. 15) and Sozomen (v. 11). But the fact of the martyrdom is unquestionable. The date is usually put at the persecution of Valerian in 258. The cult of St Lawrence has spread throughout Christendom, and there are numerous churches dedicated to him, especially in England, where 228 have been counted. The Escurial was built in honour of St Lawrence by Philip II. of Spain, in memory of the battle of St Quentin, which was won in 1557 on the day of the martyr's festival. The meteorites which appear annually on or about the 10th of August are popularly known as "the tears of St Lawrence." See Acta sanctorum, Augusti ii. 485-532; P. Franchi de' Cavalieri, S. Lorenzo e il supplicio della graticola (Rome, 1900); Analecta Bollandiana, xix. 452 and 453; Fr. Arnold-Forster, Studies in Church Dedications or England's Patron Saints, i. 508-515, iii. 18, 389-390 (1899). (H. DE.) LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786-1852), American merchant and philanthropist, was born in Groton, Massachusetts, U.S.A., on the 22nd of April 1786, a descendant of John Lawrence of Wisset, Suffolk, England, who was one of the first settlers of Groton. Leaving Groton academy' (founded by his father, Samuel Lawrence, and others) in 1799, he became a clerk in a country store in Groton, whence after his apprenticeship he went, with $20 in his pocket, to Boston and there set up in business for himself in December 1807. In the next year he took into his employ his brother, Abbott (see below), whom he made his partner in 1814, the firm name being at first A. & A. Lawrence, and afterwards A. & A. Lawrence & Co. In 1831 when his health failed, Amos Lawrence retired from active business, and Abbott Lawrence was thereafter the head of the firm. The firm became the greatest American mercantile house of the day, was successful even in the hard times. of 1812-1815, afterwards engaged particularly in selling woollen and cotton goods on commission, and did much for the establishment of the cotton textile industry in New England: in 1830 by coming to the aid of the financially distressed mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, where in that year the Suffolk, Tremont and Lawrence companies were established, and where Luther Lawrence, the eldest brother, represented the firm's interests; and in 18451847 by establishing and building up Lawrence, Massachusetts, named in honour of Abbott Lawrence, who was a director of the Essex company, which controlled the water power of Lawrence, and afterwards was president of the Atlantic Cotton Mills and Pacific Mills there. In 1842 Amos Lawrence decided not to allow his property to increase any further, and in the last eleven years of his life he spent in charity at least $525,000, a large sum |