LEO VI., surnamed THE WISE and THE PHILOSOPHER, Byzan- | this time he tended, under the influence of the writings of Hamann tine emperor, 886-911. He was a weak-minded ruler, chiefly and Herder, more and more in the direction of conservatism occupied with unimportant wars with barbarians and struggles and romanticism, until at last he ended, in a mood almost of with churchmen. The chief event of his reign was the capture pessimism, by attaching himself to the extreme right wing of the of Thessalonica (904) by Mahommedan pirates (described in forces of reaction. So early as April 1819, at Göttingen, he had The Capture of Thessalonica by John Cameniata) under the fallen under the influence of Karl Ludwig von Haller's Handbuch renegade Leo of Tripolis. In Sicily and Lower Italy the imperial der allgemeinen Staatenkunde (1808), a text-book of the counterarms were unsuccessful, and the Bulgarian Symeon, who assumed Revolution. On the 11th of May 1820 he took his doctor's the title of "Czar of the Bulgarians and autocrat of the Romaei " degree, in the same year he qualified as Privatdozent at the secured the independence of his church by the establishment university of Erlangen. For this latter purpose he had chosen of a patriarchate. Leo's somewhat absurd surname may be as his thesis the constitution of the free Lombard cities in the explained by the facts that he "was less ignorant than the greater middle ages, the province in which he was destined to do most part of his contemporaries in church and state, that his education for the scientific study of history. His interest in it was greatly had been directed by the learned Photius, and that several stimulated by a journey to Italy in 1823; in 1824 he returned books of profane and ecclesiastical science were composed by the to the subject, and, as the result, published in five volumes a pen, or in the name, of the imperial philosopher" (Gibbon). history of the Italian states (1829-1832). Meanwhile he had His works include seventeen Oracula, in iambic verse, on the been established (1822-1827) as Dozent at Berlin, where he came destinies of future emperors and patriarchs of Constantinople; in contact with the leaders of German thought and was somewhat thirty-three Orations, chiefly on theological subjects (such as spoilt by the flattering attentions of the highest Prussian society. church festivals); Basilica, the completion of the digest of the Here, too, it was that Hegel's philosophy of history made a deep laws of Justinian, begun by Basil I., the father of Leo; some impression upon him. It was at Halle, however, where he epigrams in the Greek Anthology; an iambic lament on the remained for forty years (1828-1868), that he acquired his fame melancholy condition of the empire; and some palindromic as an academical teacher. His wonderful power of exposition, verses, curiously called Kapκivoι (crabs). The treatise on military aided by a remarkable memory, is attested by the most various tactics, attributed to him, is probably by Leo III., the Isaurian. witnesses. In 1830 he became ordinary professor. Complete edition in Migne, Patrologia Graeca, cvii.; for the literature of individual works see C. Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur (1897). (J. H. F.) LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270), the favourite disciple, secretary and confessor of St Francis of Assisi. The dates of his birth and of his becoming a Franciscan are not known; but he was one of the small group of most trusted companions of the saint during his last years. After Francis's death Leo took a leading part in the opposition to Elias; he it was who broke in pieces the marble box which Elias had set up for offertories for the completion of the basilica at Assisi. For this Elias had him scourged, and this outrage on St Francis's dearest disciple consolidated the opposition to Elias and brought about his deposition. Leo was the leader in the early stages of the struggle in the order for the maintenance of St Francis's ideas on strict poverty, and the chief inspirer of the tradition of the Spirituals on St Francis's life and teaching. The claim that he wrote the so-called Speculum perfectionis cannot be allowed, but portions of it no doubt go back to him. A little volume of his writings has been published by Lemmeus (Scripta Iratris Leonis, 1901). Leo assisted at St Clara's deathbed, 1253; after suffering many persecutions from the dominant party in the order he died at the Portiuncula in extreme old age. All that is known concerning him is collected by Paul Sabatier in the "Introduction to the Speculum perfectionis (1898). See ST " FRANCIS and FRANCISCANS. In addition to his lecturing, Leo found time for much literary and political work. He collaborated in the Jahrbücher für Wissenschaftliche Kritik from its foundation in 1827 until the publication was stopped in 1846. As a critic of independent views he won the approval of Goethe; on the other hand, he fell into violent controversy with Ranke about questions connected with Italian history. Up to the revolutionary year 1830 his religious views had remained strongly tinged with rationalism, Hegel remaining his guide in religion as in practical politics and the treatment of history. It was not till 1838 that Leo's polemical work Die Hegelingen proclaimed his breach with the radical developments of the philosopher's later disciples; a breach which developed into opposition to the philosopher himself. Under the impression of the July revolution in Paris and of the orthodox and pietistic influences at Halle, Leo's political convictions were henceforth dominated by reactionary principles. As a friend of the Prussian" Camarilla " and of King Frederick William IV. he collaborated especially in the high conservative Politisches Wochenblatt, which first appeared in 1831, as well as in the Evangelische Kirchenzeitung, the Kreuzzeitung and the Volksblatt für Stadt und Land. In all this his critics scented an inclination towards Catholicism; and Leo did actually glorify the counter-Reformation, c.g. in his History of the Netherlands (2 vols. 1832-1835). His other historical works also, notably his Universalgeschichte (6 vols., 1835-1844), display a very onesided point of view. When, however, in connexion with the quarrel about the archbishopric of Cologne (1837), political Catholicism raised its head menacingly, Leo turned against it with extreme violence in his open letter (1838) to Goerres, its foremost champion. On the other hand, he took a lively part in the politico-religious controversies within the fold of Prussian Protestantism. Leo was by nature highly excitable and almost insanely passionate, though at the same time strictly honourable, unselfish, and in private intercourse even gentle. During the last year of his life his mind suffered rapid decay, of which signs had been apparent so early as 1868. He died at Halle on the 24th of April 1878. In addition to the works already mentioned, he left behind an account of his early life (Meine Jugendzeit, Gotha, 1880) which is of interest. See Lord Acton, English Historical Review, i. (1886); H. Haupt, Karl Follen und die Giessener Schwarzen (Giessen, 1907); W. Herbst, Deutsch-Evangelische Blatter, Bd. 3; P. Kragelin, H, Leo, vol. i (1779-1844) (Leipzig, 1908); P. Kraus, Allgemeine Konservative Monatsschrift, Bd. 50 u. 51: R. M. Meyer, Gestalten und Probleme (1904); W. Schrader, Geschichte der Friedrichs-Universität in Halle (Berlin, 1894); C. Varrentrapp; Historische Zeitschrift, Bd. 92; F. X. Wegele, Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Bd. 18 (1883); lost. It is stated, moreover, that Leo intended writing a history Geschichte der deutschen Historiographie (1885); G. Wolf, Einfuh rung in das Studium der neueren Geschichte (1910). Leo's Rectitudines singularum personarum nebst einer einleitenden Abhandlung über Landsiedelung, Landbau, gutsherrliche und bauerliche Verhältnisse der Angelsachsen, was translated into English by Lord Acton (1852). (J. HN.) LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552), in Italian GIOVANNI LEO or LEONE, usually called LEO AFRICANUS, sometimes ELIBERITANUS (i.e. of Granada), and properly known among the Moors as Al Hassan Ibn Mahommed Al Wezaz Al Fasi, was the author Born of a Descrizione dell' Affrica, or Africae descriptio, which long ranked as the best authority on Mahommedan Africa. probably at Granada of a noble Moorish stock (his father was a landowner; an uncle of his appears as an envoy from Fez to Timbuktu), he received a great part of his education at Fez, and while still very young began to travel widely in the Barbary States. In 1512 we trace him at Morocco, Tunis, Bugia and Constantine; in 1513 we find him returning from Tunis to Morocco; and before the close of the latter year he seems to have started on his famous Sudan and Sahara journeys (1513-1515) which brought him to Timbuktu, to many other regions of the Great Desert and the Niger basin (Guinea, Melli, Gago, Walata, Aghadez, Wangara, Katsena, &c.), and apparently to Bornu and Lake Chad. In 1516-1517 he travelled to Constantinople, probably visiting Egypt on the way; it is more uncertain when he visited the three Arabias (Deserta, Felix and Petraca), Armenia and "Tartary" (the last term is perhaps satisfied by his stay at Tabriz). His three Egyptian journeys, immediately after the Turkish conquest, all probably fell between 1517 and 1520; on one of these he ascended the Nile from Cairo to Assuan. As he was returning from Egypt about 1520 he was captured by pirates near the island of Gerba, and was ultimately presented as a slave to Leo X. The pope discovered his merit, assigned him a pension, and having persuaded him to profess the Christian faith, stood sponsor at his baptism, and bestowed on him (as Ramusio says) his own names, Johannes and Leo. The new convert, having made himself acquainted with Latin and Italian, taught Arabic (among his pupils was Cardinal Egidio Antonini, bishop of Viterbo); he also wrote books in both the Christian tongues he had acquired. His Description of Africa was first, apparently, written in Arabic, but the primary text now remain-editions. ing is that of the Italian version, issued by the author at Rome, on the 10th of March 1526, three years after Pope Leo's death, though originally undertaken at the latter's suggestion. The Moor seems to have lived on Rome for some time longer, but he returned to Africa some time before his death at Tunis in 1552; according to some, he renounced his Christianity and returned to Islam; but the later part of his career is obscure. The Descrizione dell' Africa in its original Arabic MS. is said to have existed for some time in the library of Vincenzo Pinelli (15351601); the Italian text, though issued in 1526, was first printed by Giovanni Battista Ramusio in his Navigationi et Viaggi (vol. i.) of 1550. This was reprinted in 1554, 1563, 1588, &c. In 1556 Jean Temporal executed at Lyons an admirable French version from the Italian (Historiale description de l'Afrique); and in the same year appeared at Antwerp both Christopher Plantin's nd Jean Bellere's pirated issues of Temporal's translation, and a new (very inaccurate) Latin version by Joannes Florianus, Joannis Leonis. Africani de totius Africae descriptione libri i-ix. The latter was reprinted in 1558, 1559 (Zürich), and 1632 (Leiden), and served as the basis of John Pory's Elizabethan English translation, made at the suggestion of Richard Hakluyt (A Geographical Historie of Africa, London, 1600). Pory's version was reissued, with notes, maps, &c., by Robert Brown, E. G. Ravenstein, &c. (3 vols., Hakluyt Society, London, 1896). An excellent German translation was made by Lorsbach, from the Italian, in 1805 (Johann Leos des Afrikaners Beschreibung von Afrika, Herborn). See also Travels into the inland parts of Africa (1738), containing a translation of Leo's account of negro kingdoms. Heinrich Barth intended to have made a fresh version, with a commentary, but was prevented by death; as it is, his own great works on the Sudan are the best elucidation of the Descrizione dell' Affrica. Leo also wrote lives of the Arab physicians and philosophers (De viris quibusdam illustribus apud Arabes; see J. A. Fabricius, Bibliotheca Graeca, Hamburg, 1726, xiii. 259-298); a SpanishArabic vocabulary, now lost, but noticed by Ramusio as having been consulted by the famous Hebrew physician, Jacob Mantino; a collection of Arabic epitaphs in and near Fez (the MS. of this Leo presented, it is said, to the brother of the king); and poems, also LEO, LEONARDO (1694-1744), more correctly LIONARDO ORONZO SALVATORE DE LEO, Italian musical composer, was born on the 5th of August 1694 at S. Vito dei Normanni, near Brindisi. He became a student at the Conservatorio della Pietà dei Turchini at Naples in 1703, and was a pupil first of Provenzale and later of Nicola Fago. It has been supposed that he was a pupil of Pitoni and Alessandro Scarlatti, but he could not possibly have studied with either of these composers, although he was un. doubtedly influenced by their compositions. His earliest knowr work was a sacred drama, L'Infedeltà abbattuta, performed by his fellow-students in 1712. In 1714 he produced, at the court theatre, an opera, Pisistrato, which was much admired. He held various posts at the royal chapel, and continued to write for the stage, besides teaching at the conservatorio. After adding comic scenes to Gasparini's Bajazette in 1722 for performance at Naples, he composed a comic opera, La Mpeca scoperta, in Neapolitan dialect, in 1723. His most famous comic opera was Amor vuol sofferenze (1739), better known as La Finta Frascatana, highly He was equally distinguished as a praised by Des Brosses. composer of serious opera, Demofoonte (1735), Farnace (1737) and L'Olimpiade (1737) being his most famous works in this branch, and is still better known as a composer of sacred music. He died of apoplexy on the 31st of October 1744 while engaged in the composition of new airs for a revival of La Finla Frascalana. Leo was the first of the Neapolitan school to obtain a complete mastery over modern harmonic counterpoint. His sacred music is masterly and dignified, logical rather than passionate, and free from the sentimentality which disfigures the work of F. Durante and G. B. Pergolesi. His serious operas suffer from a coldness and severity of style, but in his comic operas he shows a keen sense of humour. His ensemble movements are spirited, but never worked up to a strong climax. Dixit Dominus in C, edited by C. V. Stanford and published by A fine and characteristic example of his sacred music is the Novello. A number of songs from operas are accessible in modern (E. J. D.) LEO (THE LION), in astronomy, the fifth sign of the zodiac (q.v.), denoted by the symbol . It is also a constellation, mentioned by Eudoxus (4th century B.C.) and Aratus (3rd century B.C.). According to Greek mythology this constellation is the Nemean lion, which, after being killed by Hercules, was raised to the heavens by Jupiter in honour of Hercules. A part of Ptolemy's Leo is now known as Coma Berenices (q.v.). a Leonis, also known as Cor Leonis or the Lion's Heart, Regulus, Basilicus, &c., is a very bright star of magnitude 1-23, and parallax 0.02", and proper motion o-27" per annum. y Leonis is a very fine orange-yellow binary star, of magnitudes 2 and 4, and period 400 years. Leonis is a binary, composed of a 4th magnitude pale yellow star, and a 7th magnitude blue star. The LEONIDS are a meteoric swarm, appearing in November and radiating from this constellation (see METEOR). LEOBEN, a town in Styria, Austria, 44 m. N.W. of Graz by rail. Pop. (1900) 10,204. It is situated on the Mur, and part of its old walls and towers still remain. It has a well-known academy of mining and a number of technical schools. Its extensive iron-works and trade in iron are a consequence of its position on the verge of the important lignite deposits of Upper Styria and in the neighbourhood of the iron mines and furnaces of Vordernberg and Eisenerz. On the 18th of April 1797 a preliminary peace was concluded here between Austria and France, which led to the treaty of Campo-Formio. LEOBSCHÜTZ (Bohemian Lubczyce), a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Silesia, on the Zinna, about 20 m. to the N.W. of Ratibor by rail. Pop. (1905) 12,700. It has a large trade in wool, flax and grain, its markets for these commodities being very numerously attended. The principal industries are malting, carriage-building, wool-spinning and glass-making. The town contains three Roman Catholic became a royal demesne. It was granted by Henry I. to the monks of Reading, who built in it a cell of their abbey, and under whose protection the town grew up and was exempted from the sphere of the county and hundred courts. In 1539 it reverted to the crown; and in 1554 was incorporated, by a charter renewed in 1562, 1563, 1605, 1666, 1685 and 1786. The borough returned two members to the parliament of 1295 and to other parliaments, until by the Representation Act 1867 it lost one representative, and by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 separate representation. A fair was granted in the time Henry II., and fairs in the seasons of Michaelmas and the feasts of St Philip and St James and of Edward the Confessor, in 1265, 1281 and 1290 respectively. Charters to the burghers authorized fairs on the days of St Peter and of St Simon and St Jude in 1554, on St Bartholomew's day in 1605, in Mid-lent week in 1665, and on the feast of the Purification and on the 2nd of May in 1685; these fairs have modern representatives. A market was held by the abbey by a grant of Henry I.; Friday is now market day. Leominster was famous for wool from the 13th to the 18th century. There were gilds of mercers, tailors, drapers, dyers and glovers in the 16th century. In 1835 the wool trade was said to be dead; and that of glove-making, which had been important, was diminishing. Hops and apples were grown in 1715. churches, a Protestant church, a synagogue, a new town-hall | and a nunnery existed here until the Conquest, when the place and a gymnasium. Leobschütz existed in the 10th century, and from 1524 to 1623 was the capital of the principality of Jägerndorf. See F. Troska, Geschichte der Stadt Leobschütz (Leobschütz, 1892). LEOCHARES, a Greek sculptor who worked with Scopas on the Mausoleum about 350 B.C. He executed statues of the family of Philip of Macedon, in gold and ivory, which were set up by that king in the Philippeum at Olympia. He also with Lysippus made a group in bronze at Delphi representing a lion-hunt of Alexander. Of this the base with an inscription was recently found. We hear of other statues by Leochares of Zeus, Apollo and Ares. The statuette in the Vatican, representing Ganymede being carried away by an eagle, though considerably restored and poor in execution, so closely corresponds with Pliny's description of a group by Leochares that we are justified in considering it a copy of that group, especially as the Vatican statue shows all the characteristics of Attic 4th-century art. Pliny (N.H. 34. 79) writes: "Leochares made a group of an eagle aware whom it is carrying off in Ganymede and to whom it is bearing him; holding the boy delicately in its claws, with his garment between." (For engraving see GREEK ART, Plate I. fig. 53.) The tree stem is skilfully used as a support; and the upward strain of the group is ably rendered. The close likeness both in head and pose between the Ganymede and the well-known Apollo Belvidere has caused some modern archaeologists to assign the latter also to Leochares. With somewhat more confidence we may regard the fine statue of Alexander the Great at Munich as a copy of his gold and ivory portrait at Olympia. (P. G.) LEOFRIC (d. 1057), earl of Mercia, was a son of Leofwine, earl of Mercia, and became earl at some date previous to 1032. Henceforth, being one of the three great earls of the realm, he took a leading part in public affairs. On the death of King Canute in 1035 he supported the claim of his son Harold to the throne against that of Hardicanute; and during the quarrel between Edward the Confessor and Earl Godwine in 1051 he played the part of a mediator. Through his efforts civil war was averted, and in accordance with his advice the settlement of the dispute was referred to the Witan. When he became earl of Mercia his direct rule seems to have been confined to Cheshire, Staffordshire, Shropshire and the borders of north Wales, but afterwards he extended the area of his carldom. As Chester was his principal residence and the seat of his government, he is sometimes called earl of Chester. Leofric died at Bromley in Staffordshire on the 31st of August 1057. His wife was Godgifu, famous in legend as Lady Godiva. Both husband and wife were noted as liberal benefactors to the church, among their foundations being the famous Benedictine monastery at Coventry. Leofric's son, Elfgar, succeeded him as earl of Mercia. See E. A. Freeman, The Norman Conquest, vols. i. and ii. (1877). LEOMINSTER, a market-town and municipal borough in the Leominster parliamentary division of Herefordshire, England, in a rich agricultural country on the Lugg, 157 m. W.N.W. of London and 124 N. of Hereford on the Great Western and London & North-Western railways. Pop. (1901) 5826. Area, 8728 acres. Some fine old timber houses lend picturesqueness to the wide streets. The parish church, of mixed architecture, including the Norman nave of the old priory church, and containing some of the most beautiful examples of window tracery in England, was restored in 1866, and enlarged by the addition of a south nave in 1879. The Butter Cross, a beautiful example of timber work of the date 1633, was removed when the townhall was building, and re-erected in the pleasure, ground of the Grange. Trade is chiefly in agricultural produce, wool and cider, as the district is rich in orchards. Brewing (from the produce of local hop-gardens) and the manufacture of agricultural implements are also carried on. The town is under a mayor, four aldermen and twelve councillors. Merewald, king of Mercia, is said to have founded a religious house in Leominster (Llanlieni, Leofminstre, Lempster) in 660, See G. Townsend, The Town and Borough of Leominster (1863), and John Price, An Historical and Topographical Account of Leominster and its Vicinity (Ludlow, 1715). › LEOMINSTER, a township of Worcester county, Massachusetts, U.S.A., about 45 m. N.W. of Boston and about 20 m. N. by E. of Worcester. Pop. (1890) 7269; (1900) 12,392, of whom 2827 were foreign-born; (1910 census) 17,580. It is a broken, hilly district, 26.48 sq. m. in area, traversed by the Nashua river, crossed by the Northern Division of the New York, New Haven & Hartford railroad, and by the Fitchburg Division of the Boston & Maine, and connected with Boston, Worcester and other cities by interurban electric lines. Along the N.E. border and mostly in the township of Lunenburg are Whalom Lake and Whalom Park, popular pleasure resorts. The principal villages are Leominster, 5 m. S.E. of Fitchburg, and North Leominster; the two adjoin and are virtually one. According to the Special U.S. Census of Manufactures of 1905 the township had in that year a greater diversity of important manufacturing industries than any place of its size in the state, or, probably, in the United States; its 65 manufactories, with a capital of $4,572,726 and with a product for the year valued at $7,501,720 (39% more than in 1900), produced celluloid and horn work (the manufacture of which is a more important industry here than elsewhere in the United States), celluloid combs, furniture, paper, buttons, pianos and piano-cases, children's carriages and sleds, stationery, leatherboard, worsted, woollen and cotton goods, shirts, paper boxes, &c. Leominster owns and operates its water-works. The township was formed from a part of Lancaster township in 1740. LEÓN, LUIS PONCE DE. (1527-1591), Spanish poet and mystic, was born at Belmonte de Cuenca, entered the university of Salamanca at the age of fourteen, and in 1544 joined the Augustinian order. In 1561 he obtained a theological chair at Salamanca, to which in 1571 was added that of sacred literature. He was denounced to the Inquisition for translating the book of Canticles, and for criticizing the text of the Vulgate. He was consequently imprisoned at Valladolid from March 1572 till December 1576; the charges against him were then abandoned, and he was released with an admonition. He returned to Salamanca as professor of Biblical exegesis, and was again reported to the Inquisition in 1582, but without result. In 1583-1585 he published the three books of a celebrated mystic treatise, Los Nombres de Cristo, which he had written in prison. In 1583 also appeared the most popular of his prose works, a treatise entitled La Perfecta Casada, for the use of a lady newly married. Ten days before his death, which occurred at Madrigal on the 23rd of August 1591, he was elected vicar The best edition of Luis de León's works is that of Merino (6 vols., Madrid, 1816); the reprint (Madrid, 1885) by C. Muñoz Saenz is incorrect. The text of La Perfecta Casada has been well edited by Miss Elizabeth Wallace (Chicago, 1903). See Coleccion de documentos inéditos para la historia de España, vols. x.-xi.; F. H. Reusch, Luis de León und die spanische Inquisition (Bonn, 1873); M. Gutiérrez, Fray Luis de León y la filosofía española (Madrid, 1885); M. Menendez y Pelayo, Estudios de crítica literaria (Madrid, 1893), Primera série, general of the Augustinian order. Luis de León is not only the | cathedral and a theatre, the latter one of the largest and finest greatest of Spanish mystics; he is among the greatest of Spanish in the republic. The city is regularly built, with wide streets lyrical poets. His translations of Euripides, Pindar, Virgil and and numerous shady parks and gardens. It manufactures Horace are singularly happy; his original pieces, whether devout saddlery and other leather work, gold and silver embroideries, like the ode De la vida del cielo, or secular like the ode A Salinas, cotton and woollen goods, especially rebozos (long shawls), soap are instinct with a serene sublimity unsurpassed in any literature, and cutlery. There are also tanneries and flour mills. The and their form is impeccable. Absorbed by less worldly interests, city has a considerable trade in wheat and flour. The first Fray Luis de León refrained from printing his poems, which settlement of León occurred in 1552, but its formal foundation were not issued till 1631, when Quevedo published them as a was in 1576, and it did not reach the dignity of a city until 1836. counterblast to culteranismo. LEON, the capital of the department of Leon, Nicaragua, an episcopal see, and the largest city in the republic, situated midway between Lake Managua and the Pacific Ocean, 50 m. N.W. of Managua, on the railway from that city to the Pacific port of Corinto. Pop. (1905) about 45,000, including the Indian town of Subtiaba. Leon covers a very wide area, owing to its gardens and plantations Its houses are usually one-storeyed, built of adobe and roofed with red tiles; its public buildings are among the finest in Central America. The massive and elaborately ornamented cathedral was built in the Renaissance style between 1746 and 1774; a Dominican church in Subtiaba is little less striking. The old (1678) and new (1873) episcopal palaces, the hospital, the university and the barracks (formerly a Franciscan monastery) are noteworthy examples of Spanish colonial architecture. Leon has a large general trade, and manufactures cotton and woollen fabrics, ice, cigars, boots, shoes and saddlery; its tanneries supply large quantities of cheap leather for export. But its population (about 60,000 in 1850) tends to decrease. At the time of the Spanish conquest Subtiaba was the residence of the great cacique of Nagrando, and contained an important. Indian temple. The city of Leon, founded by Francisco Hernandez de Cordova in 1523, was originally situated at the head of the western bay of Lake Managua, and was not removed to its present position till 1610. Thomas Gage, who visited it in 1665, describes it as a splendid city; and in 1685 it yielded rich booty to William Dampier (q.v.). Until 1855 Leon was the capital of Nicaragua, although its great commercial rival Granada contested its claim to that position, and the jealousy between the two cities often resulted in bloodshed. Leon was identified with the interests of the democracy of Nicaragua, Granada with the clerical and aristocratic parties. Pp. 1-72. Modena. LEON, MOSES [BEN SHEM-TOB] DE (d. 1305), Jewish scholar, was born in Leon (Spain) in the middle of the 13th century and died at Arevalo. His fame is due to his authorship of the most influential Kabbalist work, the Zohar (see KABBALA), which was attributed to Simon b. Yohai, a Rabbi of the 2nd century. In modern times the discovery of the modernity of the Zohar has led to injustice to the author. Moses de Leon undoubtedly used old materials and out of them constructed a work of genius. The discredit into which he fell was due partly to the unedifying incidents of his personal career.. He led a wandering life, and was more or less of an adventurer. But as to the greatness of his work, the profundity of his philosophy and the brilliance of his religious idealism, there can be no question. See Graetz, History of the Jews, vol. iv. ch. i.; Geiger, Leon de (I. A.) LEON OF MODENA (1571-1648), Jewish scholar, was born in Venice, of a notable French family which had migrated to Italy after the expulsion of the Jews from France. He was a precocious child, but, as Graetz points out, his lack of stable character prevented his gifts from maturing. "He pursued all sorts of occupations to support himself, viz. those of preacher, teacher of Jews and Christians, reader of prayers, interpreter, writer, proof-reader, bookseller, broker, merchant, rabbi, musician, matchmaker and manufacturer of amulets." Though he failed to rise to real distinction he earned a place by his criticism of the Talmud among those who prepared the way for the new learning in Judaism. One of Leon's most effective works was his attack on the Kabbala ('Ari Nohem, first published in 1840), for in it he demonstrated that the "Bible of the Kabbalists" (the Zohar) was a modern composition. He became best known, however, as the interpreter of Judaism to the Christian world. At the instance of an English nobleman he prepared an account of the religious customs of the Synagogue, Rili Ebraici (1637). This book was widely read by Christians; it was rendered into various languages, and in 1650 was translated into English by Edward Chilmead. At the time the Jewish question was coming to the fore in London, and Leon of Modena's book did much to stimulate popular interest. He died at See NICARAGUA; E. G. Squier, Central America, vol. i. (1856); and T. Gage, Through Mexico, &c. (1665). Venice. LEON, the name of a modern province and of an ancient kingdom, captaincy-general and province in north-western Spain. The modern province, founded in 1833, is bounded on the N. by Oviedo, N.E. by Santander, E. by Palencia, S. by Valladolid and Zamora, and W. by Orense and Lugo. Pop. (1900) 386,083. Area, 5986 sq. m. The boundaries of the province on the north and west, formed respectively by the central ridge and southerly offshoots of the Cantabrian Mountains (q.v.), are strongly marked; towards the south-east the surface merges imperceptibly into the Castilian plateau, the line of demarcation being for the most part merely conventional. Leon belongs partly to the river system of the Miño (see SPAIN), partly to that of the Duero or Douro (q.v.), these being separated by the Montañas de Leon, which extend in a continuous wall (with passes at Manzanal See Graetz, History of the Jews (Eng. trans.), vol. v. ch. iii.; and Poncebadon) from north to south-west. To the north-west Jewish Encyclopedia, viii. 6; Geiger, Leon de Modena. (I. A.) of the Montañas de Leon is the richly wooded pastoral and LEÓN, or LEÓN DE LAS ALDAMAS, a city of the state of Guana-highland district known as the Vierzo, which in its lower valleys juato, Mexico, 209 m. N.W. of the federal capital and 30 m. W. produces grain, fruit, and wine in abundance. The Tierra del by N. of the city of Guanajuato. Pop. (1895) 90,978; (1900) Campo in the west of the province is fairly productive, but in 62,623, León ranking fourth in the latter year among the cities need of irrigation. The whole province is sparsely peopled. of Mexico. The Mexican Central gives it railway connexion with Apart from agriculture, stock-raising and mining, its commerce the national capital and other prominent cities of the Republic. and industries are unimportant. Cattle, mules, butter, leather, León stands in a fertile plain on the banks of the Turbio, a coal and iron are exported. The hills of Leon were worked for tributary of the Rio Grande de Lerma, at an elevation of 5862 ft. gold in the time of the Romans; iron is still obtained, and coalabove sea-level and in the midst of very attractive surroundings. mining developed considerably towards the close of the 19th The country about León is considered to be one of the richest century. The only towns with more than 5000 inhabitants in cereal-producing districts of Mexico. The city itself is subject 1900 were Leon (15,580) and Astorga (5573) (q.v.), The main to disastrous floods, sometimes leading to loss of life as well as railway from Madrid to Corunna passes through the province, damage to property, as in the great flood of 1889. León is and there are branches from the city of Leon to Vierzo, Oviedo, essentially a manufacturing and commercial city; it has a and the Biscayan port of Gijón. churches, a Protestant church, a synagogue, a new town-hall | and a nunnery existed here until the Conquest, when the place and a gymnasium. Leobschütz existed in the 10th century, became a royal demesne. It was granted by Henry I. to the and from 1524 to 1623 was the capital of the principality of monks of Reading, who built in it a cell of their abbey, and Jägerndorf. under whose protection the town grew up and was exempted See F. Troska, Geschichte der Stadt Leobschütz (Leobschütz, 1892). from the sphere of the county and hundred courts. In 1539 LEOCHARES, a Greek sculptor who worked with Scopas it reverted to the crown; and in 1554 was incorporated, by a on the Mausoleum about 350 B.C. He executed statues of the charter renewed in 1562, 1563, 1605, 1666, 1685 and 1786. The family of Philip of Macedon, in gold and ivory, which were borough returned two members to the parliament of 1295 and set up by that king in the Philippeum at Olympia. He also to other parliaments, until by the Representation Act 1867 it with Lysippus made a group in bronze at Delphi representing lost one representative, and by the Redistribution of Seats Act a lion-hunt of Alexander. Of this the base with an inscription 1885 separate representation. A fair was granted in the time was recently found. We hear of other statues by Leochares of Henry II., and fairs in the seasons of Michaelmas and the of Zeus, Apollo and Ares. The statuette in the Vatican, repre-feasts of St Philip and St James and of Edward the Confessor, senting Ganymede being carried away by an eagle, though in 1265, 1281 and 1290 respectively. Charters to the burghers considerably restored and poor in execution, so closely corre- authorized fairs on the days of St Peter and of St Simon and sponds with Pliny's description of a group by Leochares that St Jude in 1554, on St Bartholomew's day in 1605, in Mid-lent we are justified in considering it a copy of that group, especially week in 1665, and on the feast of the Purification and on the as the Vatican statue shows all the characteristics of Attic 2nd of May in 1685; these fairs have modern representatives. 4th-century art. Pliny (N.H. 34. 79) writes: "Leochares A market was held by the abbey by a grant of Henry I.; Friday made a group of an eagle aware whom it is carrying off in Gany- is now market day. Leominster was famous for wool from the mede and to whom it is bearing him; holding the boy delicately 13th to the 18th century. There were gilds of mercers, tailors, in its claws, with his garment between." (For engraving see drapers, dyers and glovers in the 16th century. In 1835 the GREEK ART, Plate I. fig. 53.) The tree stem is skilfully used as wool trade was said to be dead; and that of glove-making, a support; and the upward strain of the group is ably rendered. which had been important, was diminishing. Hops and apples The close likeness both in head and pose between the Ganymede were grown in 1715. and the well-known Apollo Belvidere has caused some modern archaeologists to assign the latter also to Leochares. With somewhat more confidence we may regard the fine statue of Alexander the Great at Munich as a copy of his gold and ivory portrait at Olympia. (P. G.) LEOFRIC (d. 1057), earl of Mercia, was a son of Leofwine, earl of Mercia, and became earl at some date previous to 1032. Henceforth, being one of the three great earls of the realm, he took a leading part in public affairs. On the death of King Canute in 1035 he supported the claim of his son Harold to the throne against that of Hardicanute; and during the quarrel between Edward the Confessor and Earl Godwine in 1051 he played the part of a mediator. Through his efforts civil war was averted, and in accordance with his advice the settlement of the dispute was referred to the Witan. When he became earl | of Mercia his direct rule seems to have been confined to Cheshire, Staffordshire, Shropshire and the borders of north Wales, but afterwards he extended the area of his carldom. As Chester was his principal residence and the seat of his government, he is sometimes called earl of Chester. Leofric died at Bromley in Staffordshire on the 31st of August 1057. His wife was Godgifu, famous in legend as Lady Godiva. Both husband and wife were noted as liberal benefactors to the church, among their foundations being the famous Benedictine monastery at Coventry. Leofric's son, Ælfgar, succeeded him as earl of Mercia. See G. Townsend, The Town and Borough of Leominster (1863), and John Price, An Historical and Topographical Account of Leominster and its Vicinity (Ludlow, 1715). › LEOMINSTER, a township of Worcester county, Massachusetts, U.S.A., about 45 m. N.W. of Boston and about 20 m. N. by E. of Worcester. Pop. (1890) 7269; (1900) 12,392, of whom 2827 were foreign-born; (1910 census) 17,580. It is a broken, hilly district, 26-48 sq. m. in area, traversed by the Nashua river, crossed by the Northern Division of the New York, New Haven & Hartford railroad, and by the Fitchburg Division of the Boston & Maine, and connected with Boston, Worcester and other cities by interurban electric lines. Along the N.E. border and mostly in the township of Lunenburg are Whalom Lake and Whalom Park, popular pleasure resorts. The principal villages are Leominster, 5 m. S.E. of Fitchburg, and North Leominster; the two adjoin and are virtually one. According to the Special U.S. Census of Manufactures of 1905 the township had in that year a greater diversity of important manufacturing industries than any place of its size in the state, or, probably, in the United States; its 65 manufactories, with a capital of $4,572,726 and with a product for the year valued at $7,501,720 (39% more than in 1900), produced celluloid and horn work (the manufacture of which is a more important industry here than elsewhere in the United States), celluloid combs, furniture, paper, buttons, pianos and piano-cases, children's carriages and sleds, stationery, leatherboard, worsted, woollen and cotton goods, shirts, paper boxes, &c. Leominster owns and operates its water-works. The township was formed from a part of Lancaster township in 1740. | See E. A. Freeman, The Norman Conquest, vols. i. and ii. (1877). LEOMINSTER, a market-town and municipal borough in the Leominster parliamentary division of Herefordshire, England, in a rich agricultural country on the Lugg, 157 m. W.N.W. of LEÓN, LUIS PONCE DE (1527-1591), Spanish poet and London and 12 N. of Hereford on the Great Western and mystic, was born at Belmonte de Cuenca, entered the university London & North-Western railways. Pop. (1901) 5826. Area, of Salamanca at the age of fourteen, and in 1544 joined the 8728 acres. Some fine old timber houses 'lend picturesqueness Augustinian order. In 1561 he obtained a theological chair at to the wide streets. The parish church, of mixed architecture, Salamanca, to which in 1571 was added that of sacred literature. including the Norman nave of the old priory church, and con- He was denounced to the Inquisition for translating the book taining some of the most beautiful examples of window tracery of Canticles, and for criticizing the text of the Vulgate. He in England, was restored in 1866, and enlarged by the addition was consequently imprisoned at Valladolid from March 1572 of a south nave in 1879. The Butter Cross, a beautiful example till December 1576; the charges against him were then of timber work of the date 1633, was removed when the town-abandoned, and he was released with an admonition. He hall was building, and re-erected in the pleasure, ground of the returned to Salamanca as professor of Biblical exegesis, and Grange. Trade is chiefly in agricultural produce, wool and cider, was again reported to the Inquisition in 1582, but without result. as the district is rich in orchards. Brewing (from the produce In 1583-1585 he published the three books of a celebrated of local hop-gardens) and the manufacture of agricultural mystic treatise, Los Nombres de Cristo, which he had written in implements are also carried on. The town is under a mayor, prison. In 1583 also appeared the most popular of his prose four aldermen and twelve councillors. works, treatise entitled La Perfecta Casada, for the use of a Merewald, king of Mercia, is said to have founded a religious lady newly married. Ten days before his death, which occurred house in Leominster (Llanlieni, Leofminstre, Lempster) in 660, at Madrigal on the 23rd of August 1591, he was elected vicar |