the next page (p. 71, 1. 28), women bun with childer "-the women labouring of child" of our English litany-it cannot be "bun," ready or about to be delivered, for we have the corresponding phrase in the Bedes for the Sonday in the Festival" in our ladyes bonds,(1) and with child," and the meaning is still more clearly brought out by the form in a MS. Sarum Missal (about 1400), printed by Dr Henderson: "And for alle wymmen þat beth in oure lady byndes that God for his mercy so hem vubynde as hit be best to lyf and to soule."(2)

P. 71, 1. 13. Suthwell. The county of Nottingham was then within the diocese of York. Cf. ante, p. 66, 1. 14, where the three great churches in Yorkshire only are mentioned.

1. 15. godhede. Goodness here, rather than Godhead.

"Evrich thing mai losen his godhede

Mid unmethe and mid over-dede."

Owl and Nightingale, 351-2.

"pat is pe perfeccion and pe guodhedde."-Ayenb. 79.
Contra-" pat bifallep to Godes godhede

As wel as to his manhede."-Castel off Love, 81-2. 1. 17. maste to goddes louing, ad majorem Dei gloriam. Louing may have been out of use in the sense of praise, when this Bidding Prayer was printed in the following century; for in the printed manual (ante, p. 78, 1. 23) we have "plesure;" and so also "welfare" instead of heill.

1. 25. kirkwarke, or what in later times, as at York, was called the fabric fund. Philippa, Countess of March, in 1381, devises "al overaigne de mesme l'eglise (Austin Canons at Bisham), deux centz livres a tiel entent qe les priour et covent de la dite maison teignront solempement le jour de mon anniuersaire as tou3 jours."(3) John of Croxton of York in 1383, "wytes to Saynte Peter warke x s."(4) And so Robert Willoughby in 1433, wills "To pe kyrkesense of ready, and, if I do not mistake, often with a further sense of duty or necessity. I may illustrate this by the way in which the word was lately used by both parties to a quarrel I was able to make up. One said, "I'se bun (ready) to shake hands," and the other, "I'll own I'se bun (bound) to submit."

(1) This may be explained by a devotion in the York Horæ, f. clxxvi:

. For women trauaylynge of chylde. Ps. Beatus [Ps. i, with Gloria Patri] Maria peperit Christum. Anna Mariam. Elizabeth iohannem. Cilina remigium. Sic me feliciter parere concedat omnipotens deus in perfecto maturitatis tempore. Amen. De Sancta Maria. Antiphona. Sub tuam protectionem confugimus, ubi infirmi acceperunt virtutem ; propter hoc tibi psallimus dei genetrix virgo. versus. Sancta dei genetrix virgo semper Maria, Reponsorium. Intercede pro nobis ad dominum

deum nostrum."

(2) York Manual, Surtees Society, p. 221. (3) Nichol's Royal Wills, 99.

(4) Test. Ebor. I, 185.

werke xl.s."(1) In 1444, we have a legacy "Fabricæ ecclesiæ Cathedralis Eboracensis xl s."(2) In 1448, Johnson "laborer," leaves "Ad opus ecclesiæ meæ, xx s."(3)

P. 72, 1. 3. hayls. This word is specially applicable to the use of the Ave Maria, which, as has been pointed out, p. 184, as used in the Church of England before the reformation, did not include any prayer.

Here for the first time we have the use of the Ave without the Paternoster, as the use of it with the Pater-noster was an innovation on the older form. Cf. p. 61, ll. 7, 12, &c.

P. 74. BIDDING PRAYER IV.

This form is written in a later hand, on a blank leaf at the end of MS. Manual, from which Form III is printed. It will be observed that it leaves out the Latin devotions of the priest and clerks, and is in other ways much shorter than the other forms.

1. 20. nyde. In the Festival the corresponding phrase is "that haue most nede and leste helpe." Cf. p. 72, 1. 2, where the living who have need of prayer are mentioned.

In the Sarum Prymer of 1538, is "A prayer to God for them that be departed, hauyng none to praye for them. Miserere quæsumus Domine Deus. Haue mercy (we beseche the lorde god) thorough the precyous passyon of thy onely begotten sonne our lorde Jesu Christe, haue mercy on those soules that haue no intercessours unto the to haue them in remembraunce, whiche haue neyther hope nor comforte in theyr tormentes, but onely for that they be formyd after thy ymage and likenes, and insigned with the sygne of faythe, which eyther by neglygence of them that be lyuynge, or longe process of tyme, are forgotten of theyr frendes and posteryte. Spare them, lorde, and defende thy creacyon, neyther despyse thou the worke of thyne handes, but extende thy ryght hande on them, and delyuer them frome the dures of theyr paynes, and bryng them into the company of the celestyall cytezens, thorough thy excedyng greate mercyes, whiche are most excellent aboue all thy workes. Which lyuest and reygnest, god, worlde without ende. So be it."(4)

P. 75.

YORK BIDDING PRAYER V, from the edition of 1510,(5) with

(3) Id. II, 121.

(4) Maskell, M. R. II, 174, and see the rest of the note there.

(5) This edition is in small quarto (94×7). The colophon (fol. 103 b) is as follows: "Manuale insignis ecclesie Eboracensis impressum per Wynandum de Worde commorantem londonii in vico nuncupato fletestrete sub intersignio solis: vel in cimiterio sancti pauli sub ymagine dive marie pietatis (pro Johanne gachet et Jacobo ferrebouc sociis). Finit Anno domini millesimo quingentesimo nono quarto ydus Februarii.

Sane hoc volumen digessit arte magister
Wynandus de worde incola londinii."

Dr Henderson (York Missal, II, 258) enumerates copies as known to be

the addition of marginal notes, but without any alteration in the punctuation, the contractions only being expanded in Italic, and the Latin broken into lines and paragraphs. A comparison with the older manuscripts shows and this may also be observed in the printed Ebor Hora, and north country wills, and formal documents from the latter part of the fourteenth century downwards(1) -that the northern dialect had ceased to be intentionally used as the written language of northern clerks, though the strangeness of the southernizing process is betrayed by the overlooking of several northern peculiarities, or rather northern peculiarities other than those which have been adopted in the common tongue.

In addition to the usual substitution of more modern words for those which had become obsolete or obsolescent the following may be instanced as being more properly dialectic changes:

extant in the five following libraries-Bodleian (Z. 13, Th. Seld.); Ripon Minster; St Cuthbert's College, Ushaw; Beresford Hope, Esq.; and Magdalen College, Cambridge. That in the Ripon Library is very closely cut, but is otherwise perfect, and was lent to me for the purpose of this edition by the kindness of Dr Hugh McNeile, the then Dean of that cathedral.

Dr Henderson mentions another edition of the manual (Gachet, without date) in Archbishop Marsh's Library, Dublin.

(1) In 1493, “ I, Robert Calverley of Calverley, esquier, being in good mynd, maketh my testament in this forme. .... to be beried in the church of Calverley." -Test. Ebor., IV, 157. In 1541, Sir Richard Towgall, a chantrypriest at Gateshead, Durham, "to be buryed within the church of gatyshead, where my father and mother doithe lye."- Wills & Invent., S. S. I, 117.

1545. "I Thomas maners whol of mynd and remembrance maiketh this my testament . . . to be buryd in the quere of the Churche of Holye Elande [Holy Island], wher my predecessors doy the lye with soulle messe and derege."-Ib. I, 122.

On the 13th April, 1513, the tower of St Mary's, Beverley, gave way and fell through the roof in the time of service. It is commemorated by an inscription carved on a beautiful oak skreen, not later than 1530, which, not without the protest of Sir Gilbert Scott, who tempered the recent restoration, has now ceased to ornament the church. The northern saules has held its ground, though church has taken the place of kirk: "Pray God haue merce of all the sawllys . . . . slayn at the fauling of thys ccherc."

On the other hand the -s in the singular and plural of the present tense and the -and of the participle retain their ground, though the southern hath has supplanted the older has, and the final -s has been discarded in the imperative. It will be noticed that the following are in the plural:

redys gives

singes
sendes

worshippes
upholdes

Does (not doth) occurs in the singular; and land-tylland remains unaltered.

P. 75, 1. 9. Trewe to the kynge. As the specification of the "true" cardinals was due to the schism in the papacy (note, p. 340), there can be little doubt that this addition to the earlier forms must have dated from the Wars of the Roses.

1. 10. In 1534, when Henry VIII. finally broke with the pope, he directed his name and the word pope "to be utterly razed" out of all prayers, calendars, church books, &c.; and he was thereafter designated simply as the "Bishop of Rome," in all acts of parliament and other formal documents. In the June of this year there was issued a special document, limiting this part of the bidding prayer, "word for word."

In 1542 the Upper House of the Convocation of Canterbury considered the question of correcting and reforming portesses, missals, and other books; and the more complete rasing and abolishing of the names of the Roman pontiffs and Thomas Becket by all priests. It continued to be one of the questions at visitations down to the year 1547, "Whether they have put out of their church books this word papa, and the name and service of Thomas Becket."

The danger of arbitrary punishment was so great that the presence or absence of these proscribed names may be looked for as a proof of a manuscript or book being English, or, at least, of its having been in this country until the danger was past. Of the large number which I have examined, I have never seen a service book which did not shew at least a colourable obedience. (1) In the beautiful Sherborne missal, (2) of which, by the kindness of its noble owner, I have made a renewed examination after these pages had been sent to the press, I noticed that this obedience had been carried to a great extreme-possibly because in this case the danger was very great-unless indeed it was the vandal act of some prying visitor or king's commissioner thereto authorized, who was searching for a pretext to fill the royal exchequer or his own. The page containing the musical notes of

(1) See above, p. 102, Il. 11, 18; p. 104, 1. 23; and (where one might not have expected to find it) in the Vernon MS., p. 136, 1. 294; p. 137, 1. 325, and p. 139, 1. 389.

(2) Above, p. 257, n.; 306, n., &c.

the Gloria in excelsis (p. 359) is ornamented in the margin with a series of most exquisite miniatures of pope, cardinal, patriarch, archbishop, &c.; which remain uninjured except that the tiara on the pope's head has been roughly defaced. The only other miniature which appears to have been subjected to maltreatment is one in the mass (p. 44), "Sancti t[ho]m[e] martiris" (Dec. 29), where in a miniature of the archbishop, in the initial D of the collect, the jewels on the front of the mitre appear to have been purposely washed off, though the form of mitre has been allowed to remain, and the face is uninjured.

P. 76, 1. 2. quene.

Elsewhere the omission of a prayer for the queen (C 183), or the pope (B 362), has furnished a note of time. Henry VIII. was married to Catharine of Arragon on the 3rd June, 1509. The manual from which this form is printed was finished(1) on the 10th February, 1510. His queen was therefore prayed for, and it will be observed that it is equally exact in not praying for royal children. (2)

1. 20. The print inserts " our lady," and reads sayntes for the halouse of the earlier text, p. 71, 1. 27.

P. 78, 1. 23. plesure. This change proves that the "louing" of the earlier form (p. 71, 1. 17) was already losing its first sense of praise. P. 80, 1. 13. Ye or I be bounde to pray for. Cf. "pro quibus exorare jussi et debitores sumus."-Missa pro animabus quibus tenentur, Collect, Miss. Ebor., II, 188.

This is expressed more fully in the Bidding Prayer for the Diocese of London (MS. Harl. 335), printed by Dr Henderson : "Also yee shall pray speciale for the soules for which ye have had any gode by yefte or by qwest, whereby that ye have your lyvynge and your sustenance."--York Manual, 225*.

THE YORK HOURS OF THE CROSS.

The Hours of the Cross must not be confounded with the older Office of the Cross, (3) or the Cursus de Sancta Cruce, mentioned by Udalric. They do not appear to be earlier than the beginning of the

(1) See the colophon, ante, p. 344, n.

(2) Cf. ante, p. 62, 1. 8: "þe kynges childer."

(3) The Cotton MS. Titus D. XXVII. contains Offices of the Trinity and the Cross. The date is 1012 X 1020. See description with the photograph, No. 60, of the plates of the Palæographic Society. Fol. 66-73 are devotions for those who desire to pray before the Crucified (“si vis orare ante crucifixum "), first ad pedem dextram; then ad pedem sinistrum, and so on ad dexteram manum―ad sinistram manum—ad os eius—in medio pectore-ad aures eius.