sufficiency thereof in its several particulars, in order to evince the usefulness and necessity of Revelation (Lond., 1709-1710) and the preface to Bishop Fisher's Funeral Sermon for Margaret, Countess of Richmond and Derby (1708)—both without his name. His valuable manuscript collections relative to the history and antiquities of the university of Cambridge, amounting to thirtynine volumes in folio and three in quarto, are divided between the British Museum and the public library at Cambridge,-the former possessing twenty-three volumes, the latter sixteen in folio and three in quarto.

with the solution of the problem of the Nile sources, the Royal | he published were, Reflections on Learning, showing the In Geographical Society awarded him its gold medal, and a similar distinction was bestowed on him by the Paris Geographical Society. In August 1866 he was knighted. In the same year he published The Albert N'yanza, Great Basin of the Nile, and Explorations of the Nile Sources, and in 1867 The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia, both books quickly going through several editions. In 1868 he published a popular story called Cast up by the Sea. In 1869 he attended the prince of Wales, afterwards King Edward VII., in a tour through Egypt. In the same year, at the request of the khedive Ismail, Baker undertook the command of a military expedition to the equatorial regions of the Nile, with the object of suppressing the slave-trade there and opening the way to commerce and civilization. Before starting from Cairo with a force of 1700 Egyptian troops-many of them discharged convicts - he was given the rank of pasha and major-general in the Ottoman army. Lady Baker, as before, accompanied him. The khedive appointed him governor-general of the new territory for four years at a salary of £10,000 a year; and it was not until the expiration of that time that Baker returned to Cairo, leaving his work to be carried on by the new governor, Colonel Charles George Gordon. He had to contend with innumerable difficultics -the blocking of the river by sudd, the bitter hostility of officials interested in the slave-trade, the armed opposition of the natives-but he succeeded in planting in the new territory the foundations upon which others could build up an administration. He returned to England with his wife in 1874, and in the following year purchased the estate of Sandford Orleigh in South Devon, where he made his home for the rest of his life. He published his narrative of the central African expedition under the title of Ismailia (1874). Cyprus as I saw it in 1879 was the result of a visit to that island. He spent several winters in Egypt, and travelled in India, the Rocky Mountains and Japan in search of big game, publishing in 1890 Wild Beasts and their Ways. He kept up an exhaustive and vigorous correspondence with men of all shades of opinion upon Egyptian affairs, strongly opposing the abandonment of the Sudan and subsequently urging its reconquest. Next to these, questions of maritime defence and strategy chiefly attracted him in his later years. He died at Sandford Orleigh on the 30th of December 1893. See, besides his own writings, Sir Samuel Baker, a Memoir, by T. Douglas Murray and A. Silva White (London, 1895).

BAKER, THOMAS (1656–1740), English antiquary, was born on the 14th of September 1656 at Lanchester, Durham. He was the grandson of Colonel Baker of Crook, Durham, who won fame in the civil war by his defence of Newcastle against the Scots. He was educated at the free school at Durham, and proceeded thence in 1672 to St John's College, Cambridge, where he afterwards obtained a fellowship. Lord Crew, bishop of Durham, collated him to the rectory of Long-Newton in his diocese in 1687, and intended to give him that of Sedgefield with a prebend had not Baker incurred his displeasure by refusing to read James II's Declaration of Indulgence. The bishop who disgraced him for this refusal, and who was afterwards specially excepted from William's Act of Indemnity, took the oaths to that king and kept his bishopric till his death. Baker, on the other hand, though he had opposed James, refused to take the oaths to William; he resigned Long-Newton on the 1st of August 1690, and retired to St John's, in which he was protected till the 20th of January 1716-1717, when he and one- and twenty others were deprived of their fellowships. After the passing of the Registering Act in 1723, he could not be prevailed on to comply with its requirements by registering his annuity of £40, although that annuity, left him by his father, with £20 per annum from his elder brother's collieries, was now his whole subsistence. He retained a lively sense of the injuries he had suffered; and inscribed himself in all his own books, as well as in those which he gave to the college library, socius ejectus, and in some rector ejectus. He continued to reside in the college as commoner-master till his sudden death from apoplexy on the and of July 1740. The whole of his valuable books and manuscripts he bequeathed to the university. The only works

The life of Baker was written by Robert Masters (Camb., 1784), and by Horace Walpole in the quarto edition of his works. BAKER, VALENTINE [BAKER PASHA) (1827-1887), British soldier, was a younger brother of Sir Samuel Baker (q.v.). He was educated at Gloucester and in Ceylon, and in 1848 entered the Ceylon Rifles as an ensign. Soon transferred to the 12th Lancers, he saw active service with that regiment in the Kaffir war of 1852-53. In the Crimean War Baker was present at the action of Traktir (or Tchernaya) and at the fall of Sevastopol, and in 1859 he became major in the roth Hussars, succeeding only a year later to the command. This position he held for thirteen years, during which period the highest efficiency of his men was reached, and outside the regiment he did good service to his arm by his writings. He went through the wars of 1866 and 1870 as a spectator with the German armies, and in 1873 he started upon a famous journey through Khorassan. Though he was unable to reach Khiva the results of the journey afforded a great deal of political, geographical and military information, especially as to the advance of Russia in central Asia. In 1874 he was back in England and took up a staff appointment at Aldershot. Less than a year later Colonel Baker's career in the British army came to an untimely end. He was arrested on a charge of indecent assault upon a young woman in a railway carriage, and was sentenced to a year's imprisonment and a fine. His dismissal from the service was an inevitable consequence; it must be stated, however, that the view taken of the circumstances by good authorities was that Baker's conduct, when judged by conventional standards, admitted of considerable extenuation. He himself never opened his mouth in self-defence. Two years later, having meanwhile left England, he entered the service of Turkey in the war with Russia. At first in a high position in the gendarmerie, he was soon transferred to Mehemet's staff, and thence took over the command of a division of infantry. With this division Baker sustained the brilliant rearguard action of Tashkessan against the troops of Gourko. Promoted Ferik (lieutenant-general) for this feat, he continued to command Suleiman's rearguard with distinction. After the peace he was employed in an administrative post in Armenia, where he remained until 1882. In this year be was offered the command of the newly formed Egyptian army, which he accepted. On his arrival at Cairo, however, the offer was withdrawn and he only obtained the command of the Egyptian police. In this post he devoted by far the greater amount of his energy to the training of the gendarmerie, which he realized would be the reserve of the purely military forces.

When the Sudan War broke out, Baker, hastening with 3500 men to relieve Tokar, encountered the enemy under Osman Digna at El Teb. His men became panic-stricken at the first rush and allowed themselves to be slaughtered like sheep. Baker himself with a few of his officers succeeded by hard fighting in cutting a way out, but his force was annihilated. British troops soon afterwards arrived at Suakin, and Sir Gerald Graham took the offensive. Baker Pasha accompanied the British force, and guided it in its march to the scene of his defeat, and at the desperately-fought second battle of El Teb he was wounded. He remained in command of the Egyptian police until his death in 1887. Amongst his works may be mentioned Our National Defences (1860), War in Bulgaria, a Narrative of Personal Erperience (London, 1879), Clouds in the East (London, 1876).

BAKER CITY, a city and the county-seat of Baker county, Oregon, U S.A., about 337 m. E. by S. of Portland. Pop. (1890,

BAKEWELL, a market-town in the western parliamentary division of Derbyshire, England, on the river Wye, 25 m. N.N.W. of Derby, on the Midland railway. Pop of urban district (1901) 28 to The church of All Saints is mentioned in Domesday, and tradition ascribes the building of its nave to King John, while the western side of the tower must be older still. Within are some admirable specimens of encaustic tiles, and several monuments of the Vernon and Manners families; while an ancient runic rood-yearly tribute of about £5000. The chiefs of the Bakhtiari in stone stands in the churchyard. Zinc and marble are worked in the neighbourhood The cotton manufacture was established in the town by Sir Richard Arkwright Bakewell is noted for a chalybeate spring, of use in cases of chronic rheumatism, and there are baths attached to it. A kind of jam-cake, called a "Bakewell pudding," gives another sort of fame to the place. The aimshouses, known as St John's hospital, were founded in 1602; and in 1637 a free grammar school was endowed by Lady Grace Manners. Among modern buildings may be mentioned the Bakewell and High Peak Institute, and the town hall and museum. On Castle Hill, in the vicinity, are the remains of an earthwork, said to have been raised by Edward the Eider in 924 Within the parish are included the mansions of Burton Closes

gas.

the process of preparing bread, and is also applied to the harden- includes the Kuba plain on the north-east slope of the Caucasus; ing by heat or firing" of pottery, carthenware or bricks. (See the eastern extremity of that range from the Shad-dagh (13,960 BREAD; CERAMICS and BRICK.)

st.) and the Bazardyuz (14,727 ft.) to the Caspian, where it terBAKIS (i.e. "speaker," from Báśw), a general name for the minates in the Apsheron peninsula; the steppes of the lower Kura inspired prophets and dispensers of oracles who flourished in and Aras on the south of the Caucasus, and a narrow coast-belt Greece from the 8th to the 6th century B.C. Suidas mentions between the Anti-Caucasus and the Caspian. The last-mentioned three: a Boeotian, an Arcadian and an Athenian. The first, region "lies partly round the Kizil-agach Bay, opening to the who was the inost famous, was said to have been inspired by south. Area of government, 15,172 sq. m. Both slopes of the the nymphs of the Corycian cave. His oracles, of which speci- Caucasus are very fertile and well irrigated, with fine forests, mens are extant in Herodotus and Pausanias, were written in fields of rice and other cereals, and flourishing gardens. The hexameter verse, and were considered to have been strikingly steppes of the Kura are also fertile, but require artificial irrigafulfilled. The Arcadian was said to have cured the women oftion, especially for cotton. In addition to agriculture and cattleSparta of a fit of madness. Many of the oracles which were breeding, the vine and mulberry are extensively grown. The current under his name have been attributed to Onomacritus. Apsheron peninsula is dry and bare of vegetation; but within

Herodotus viii. 20, 77, ix. 43; Pausanias iv. 27, ix. !7, X. 12; it are situated the famous petroleum wells of Baku. These, Schol. Aristoph. Pax, 1070; see Göttling. Opuscula Academica (1869) which go down to depths of 700 to 1700 ft., yield crude naphtha,

BAKÓCZ, TAMÁS, CARDINAL (1442-1521), Hungarian ecclesi- from which the petroleum or kerosene is distilled; while the astic and statesman, was the son of a wagoner, adopted by his heavier residue mazut) is used as lubricating oil and for fuel, uncle, who tratned him for the priesthood and whom he succeeded for instance in the locomotives of the Transcaspian railway. as rector of Tétel (1480). Shortly afterwards he became one of Whereas in 1863 the output was only 5500 tons of crude naphtha, the secretaries of King Matthias I., who made him bishop of in 1904 it amounted to 9,833,600 tons; but business was much Gyor and a member of the royal council (1490). Under injured by a serious fire in 1905. The oil-fields lie around the Wladislaus II. (1490-1516) he became successively bishop of town of Baku: the largest, that of Balakhany-Sabunchi-Romany Eger, the richest of the Hungarian sees, archbishop of Esztergom (6 sq. m.), is 84 m. north of the town; that of Bibi-Eybat, is (1497), cardinal (1500), and titular patriarch of Constantinople m. south; the "black town" (Nobel's) is 2 m.-south-east; (1510). From 1490 to his death in 1521 he was the leading and beyond the last names is the " white town” (Rothschild's). statesman of Hungary and mainly responsible for her foreign The lighter oil is conveyed to Batum on the Black Sea in pipes, policy. It was solely through his efforts that Hungary did not and is there shipped for export; the heavier oils reach the same accede to the league of Cambrai, was consistently friendly with port and the ports of Novorossiysk and Poti, also on the Black Venice, and formed a family compact with the Habsburgs. He Sea, in tank railway-cars. At Surakhani, 13 m. east of the town, was also the only Magyar prelate who seriously aspired to the

the now disused temple of the Parsee fire-worshippers, who papal throne. In 1513, on the death of Julius II., he went to

were attracted thither by the natural fountains of inflammable Rome for the express purpose of bringing about his own election as pope. He was received with more than princely pomp, and all but succeeded in his design, thanks to his extraordinary of which are Baku (the capital of the government), Geok-chai

The government is divided into six districts, the chief towns adroitness and the command of an almost unlimited bribing-fund. (pop. 2247 in 1897), Kuba (15,346), Lenkoran (8768), Salyany But Venice and the emperor played him false, and he failed. (10,168), in district of Jevat, and Shemakha (20,008). The He returned to Hungary as papal legate, bringing with him the population numbered 828,511 in 1897, of whom the major part bull of Leo X. proclaiming a fresh crusade against the Turks. But the crusade degenerated into a jacquerie which ravaged of the Tates (89,519) and Talysh (34,994), Armenians (52,233)

were Tatars; other races were Russians, the Iranian tribes the whole kingdom, and much discredited Bakócz. He lost and the Caucasian mountaineers known as Kurins. some of his influence at first after the death of Wladislaus, but continued to be the guiding spirit at court, till age and infirmity in Russian Transcaucasia, on the south side of the peninsula

BAKU, the chief town of the government of the same name, confined him almost entirely to his house in the last three years of Apsheron, in 40° 21' N. and 49° So' E. It is connected by of his life. Bakócz was a man of great ability but of no moral rail with the south

Russian railway system at Beslan, the junction principle whatever. His whole life was a tissue of treachery. for Vladikavkaz (400 m.), via Derbent and Petrovsk, with Batum He was false to his benefactor Matthias, false to Matthias's son (560 m.) and Poti (536 m.) on the Black Sea via Tiflis. A long János Corvinus (9.0.), whom he chicaned out of the throne, and stone quay next the harbour is backed by the new town climbing false to his accomplice in that transaction, Queen Beatrice. His rapacity disgusted even an age in which every one could up the slopes behind. To the west is the old town, consisting of be bought and sold. His attempt to incorporate the wealthy appearance. 'Here are the ruins of a palace of the native khans,

steep, narrow, winding streets, and presenting a decidedly oriental diocese of Transylvania with his own primatial province was built in the 16th century; the mosques of the Persian shahs, one of the principal causes of the spread of the Reformation built in 1078 and now converted into an arsenal; nearer the sea in Hungary. He left a fortune of many millions. His one re- the "maidens' tower,” transformed into a lighthouse; and not deeming feature was a love of art; his own cathedral was a far from it remains of ancient walls projecting above the sea, veritable Pantheon. See Vilmos Fraknoi, Tamás Bakóca (Hung.) (Budapest, 1889).

and showing traces of Arabic architecture of the 9th and roth

(R. N. B.) centuries. Beside the harbour are engineering works, dry docks BAKRI [AbQ 'Ubaid 'Abdallah ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz ul-Bakri), and barracks, stores and workshops belonging to the Russian (1040-1094), Arabian geographer, was born at Cordova. His Caspian fleet. Besides the petroleum refineries the town possesses best-known work is the dictionary of geographical names which oil-works (for fuel), flour-mills

, sulphuric acid works and tobacco occur in the poets, with an introduction on the seats of the factories. Owing to its excellent harbour Baku is a chief depot Arabian tribes. This has been edited by F. Wüstenfeld for merchandise coming from Persia and Transcaspia-raw (Göttingen, 1876-1877). Another of his works was a general cotton, silk, rice, wine, fish, dried fruit and timber-and for geography of the world, which exists in manuscript. The part Russian manufactured goods. The climate is extreme, the referring to North Africa was edited by M'G. de Slane (Algiers, mean temperature for the year being 58° F., for January 38°, 1857).

for July 80°; annual rainfall 9-4 in. A wind of exceptional See C. Brockelmann's Gesch. der Arab. Litteratur (Weimar, 1898). violence blows sometimes from the N.N.W. in winter. Pop. vol. i. p. 476.

(1860) 13,381; (1897) 112,253; (1900) 179,133. The town is BAKU, a government of Russian Transcaucasia, stretching mentioned by the Arab geographer, Masudi, in the oth century, along the west coast of the Caspian Sea from 41° 50' to 38° 30' From 1509 it was in the possession of the Persians. The Russians N. lat., and bounded on the W. by the government of Elisavetpol captured it from them in 1723, but restored it in 1735; it was and the province of Daghestan, and on the S. by Persia. It incorporated in the Russian empire in 1806. In 1904-1905.

in consequence of the general political anarchy, serious conflicts took place here between the Tatars and the Armenians, and two-thirds of the Balakhani and Bibi-Eybat oil-works were burned.

BA-KWIRI, a Bantu nation of German Cameroon, West Africa. According to tradition they are migrants from the eastward. The " Brushmen," for that is the meaning of their name, are grouped in about sixty separate clans. They are a Lively intelligent people, brave fighters and daring hunters, and in their love of songs, music and elocution are superior to many negro races. Their domestic affections are strongly developed. Their chief physical peculiarity is the great disparity between the size and complexion of the sexes, most of the women being much shorter and far lighter in colour than the men. The BaKwiri are generous and open-handed among themselves; but the law of blood for blood is mercilessly fulfilled, even in cases of accidental homicide. Their religion is ancestor-worship blended with witchcraft and magic. They believe in good and evil spirits, those of the forests and seas being especially feared. In common with their neighbours the Dualla (q.v.) the Ba-Kwiri possess a curious drum language. By drum-tapping news is conveyed from clan to clan. Slaves and women are not allowed to master this language, but all the initiated are bound to repeat it so as to pass the messages on. The Ba-Kwiri have also a horn language peculiar to themselves.

See Marvin, The Region of the Eternal Fire (ed. 1891) and J. D. Henry, Baku, an Eventful History (1906). (P.A. K.) BAKUNIN, MIKHAIL (1814-1876), Russian anarchist, was born of an aristocratic family at Torjok, in the government of Tver, in 1814. As an officer of the Imperial Guard, he saw service in Poland, but resigned his commission from a disgust of despotism aroused by witnessing the repressive methods employed against the Poles. He proceeded to Germany, studied Hegel, and soon got into touch with the leaders of the young German movement in Berlin. Thence he went to Paris, where he met Proudhon and George Sand, and also made the acquaintance of the chief Polish exiles. From Paris he journeyed to Switzerland, where he resided for some time, taking an active share in all socialistic movements. While in Switzerland he was ordered by the Russian government to return to Russia, and on his refusal his property was confiscated. In 1848, on his return to Paris, he published a violent tirade against Russia, which caused his expulsion from France. The revolutionary movement of 1848 gave him the BALA, a market-town and urban district of Merionethshire, opportunity of entering upon a violent campaign of democratic N. Wales, at the north end of Bala Lake, 17 m. N.E. of Dolgelley agitation, and for his participation in the Dresden insurrection (Dolgellau). Pop. (1901) 1554. It is little more than one wide of 1849 he was arrested and condemned to death. The death street. Its manufactures are flannel, stockings, gloves and sentence, however, was commuted to imprisonment for life, hosiery (for which it was well known in the 18th century). The and he was eventually handed over to the Russian authorities, Tower of Bala (some 30 ft. high by 50 diameter) is a tumulus by whom he was imprisoned and finally sent to eastern Siberia or "moat-hill," formerly thought to mark the site of a Roman in 1855. He received permission to remove to the Amur region, camp. The theological college of the Calvinistic Methodists whence he succeeded in escaping, making his way through Japan and the grammar school (endowed), which was founded in 1712, and the United States to England in 1861. He spent the rest are the chief features, together with the statue of the Rev. of his life in exile in western Europe, principally in Switzerland. Thomas Charles, the distinguished theological writer, to whom In 1869 he founded the Social Democratic Alliance, which, how-was largely due the foundation of the British and Foreign Bible ever, dissolved in the same year, and joined the International Society. Bala Lake, the largest in Wales (4 m. long by some m. (9.). In 1870 he attempted a rising at Lyons on the principles wide), is subject to sudden and dangerous floods, deep and clear, afterwards exemplified by the Paris Commune. At the Hague and full of pike, perch, trout, eel and gwyniad. The gwyniad congress of the International in 1872 he was outvoted and (Caregonus) is peculiar to certain waters, as those of Bala Lake, expelled by the Marx party. He retired to Lugano in 1873 and is fully described by Thomas Pennant in his Zoology (1776). and died at Bern on the 13th of June 1876. The lake (Llyn Tegid) is crossed by the Dee, local tradition having it that the waters of the two never mix, like those of Alpheus and the sea. BALAAM ( Bil'am; Baλaáμ; Vg. Balaam; the etymology of the name is uncertain), a prophet in the Bible. Balaam, the son of Beor, was a Gentile seer; he appears in the history of the Israelites during their sojourn in the plains of Moab, east of Jordan, at the close of the Forty Years' wandering, shortly before the death of Moses and the crossing of the Jordan Israel had conquered two kings of eastern Palestine-Sihon, king of the Amorites, and Og, king of Bashan. Balak, king of Moab, became alarmed, and sent for Balaam to curse Israel; Balaam came after some hesitation, but when he sought to curse Israel Yahweh compelled him to bless them.

The main passage concerning Balaam in Num. xxii-xxv.; it consists of a narrative which serves as a framework for seven oracular poems, the first four being of some length and the last three very brief. The story is doubtless based on ancient traditions, current in various forms; the Old Testament references are not wholly consistent.

Nothing can be clearer or more frank and comprehensive in its destructiveness than the revolutionary anarchism of Bakunin. He rejects all the ideal systems in every name and shape, from the idea of God downwards; and every form of external authority, whether emanating from the will of a sovereign or from universal suffrage. "The liberty of man," he says in his Dieu Elat (published posthumously in 1882) "consists solely in this, that he obeys the laws of nature, because he has himself recognized them as such, and not because they have been imposed upon him externally by any foreign will whatsoever, human or divine, collective or individual." In this way will the whole problem of freedom be solved. that natural laws be ascertained by scientific discovery, and the knowledge of them be universally diffused among the masses. Natural laws being thus recognized by every man for himself, he cannot but obey them, for they are the laws also of his own nature; and the need for political organization,administration and legislation will at once disappear. Nor will he admit of any privileged position or class, for "it is the peculiarity of privilege and of every privileged position to kill the intellect and heart of man. The privileged man, whether he be privileged politically or economically, is a man depraved in intellect and heart." "In a word, we object to all legislation, all authority, and all influence, privileged, patented, official and legal, even when it has proceeded from universal suffrage, convinced that it must always turn to the profit of a dominating and exploiting minority, against the interests of the immense majority enslaved." Bakunin's methods of realizing his revolu- The present narrative, therefore, is not really a single continuous tionary programme are not less frank and destructive than his story, but may be resolved into two older accounts. In combinprinciples. The revolutionist, as he would recommend himing these two and using them as a framework for the poems, to be, is a consecrated man, who will allow no private interests or feelings, and no scruples of religion, patriotism or morality, to turn him aside from his mission, the aim of which is by all available means to overturn the existing society. (See ANARCHISM.)

The narrative in Num. xxii. ff. is held to be compiled with editorial additions from the two ancient documents (900-700 B.C.) commonly denoted by the symbols J and E. The distribution of the material between the two documents is uncertain, but some such scheme as the following is not improbable. The references to portions the origin of which is especially uncertain are placed in brackets ().

the compilers have altered, added and omitted. Naturally, when both documents made statements which were nearly identical, one might be omitted; so that neither account need be given in full in the composite passage. The two older accounts

as far as they are given here, may have run somewhat thus: | from their loyalty to Yahweh. Later on he is slain in restorations of supposed omissions are given in square brackets []. battle, fighting in the ranks of Midian.