BALL, JOHN (d. 1381), an English priest who took a prominent | Guide (London, 1863-1868) being the result of innumerable part in the peasant revolt in 1381. Little is known of his early climbs and journeys and of careful observation recorded in a years, but he lived probably at York and afterwards at Colchester. clear and often entertaining style. He also travelled in Morocco He gained considerable fame as a preacher by expounding the (1871) and South America (1882), and recorded his observations doctrines of John Wycliffe, but especially by his insistence on in books which were recognized as having a scientific value. He the principle of social equality. These utterances brought him died in London on the 21st of October 1889. into collision with the archbishop of Canterbury, and on three occasions he was committed to prison. He appears also to have been excommunicated, and in 1366 all persons were forbidden to hear him preach. His opinions, however, were not moderated, nor his popularity diminished by these measures, and his words had a considerable effect in stirring up the rising which broke out in June 1381. Ball was then in prison at Maidstone; but he was quickly released by the Kentish rebels, to whom he preached at Blackheath from the text, "When Adam delved and Eve span, Who was then a gentleman?" He urged his hearers to kill the principal lords of the kingdom and the lawyers; and he was afterwards among those who rushed into the Tower of London to seize Simon of Sudbury, archbishop of Canterbury. When the rebels dispersed Ball fled to the midland counties, but was taken prisoner at Coventry and executed in the presence of Richard II. on the 15th of July 1381. Ball, who was called by Froissart" the mad priest of Kent," seems to have possessed the gift of rhyme. He undoubtedly voiced the feelings of the lower orders of society at that time.

See Thomas Walsingham, Historia Anglicana, edited by H. T. Riley (London, 1863-1864); Henry Knighton, Chronicon, edited by J. R. Lumby (London, 1889-1895); Jean Froissart, Chroniques, edited by S. Luce and G. Raynaud (Paris, 1869-1897); C. E. Maurice, Lives of English Popular Leaders in the Middle Ages (London, 1875); C. Oman, The Great Revolt of 1381 (Oxford, 1906).

BALL, JOHN (1585-1640), English puritan divine, was born at Cassington, Oxfordshire, in October 1585. After taking his B.A. degree from St Mary's Hall, Oxford, in 1608, he went into Cheshire to act as tutor to the children of Lady Cholmondeley. He adopted Puritan views, and after being ordained without subscription, was appointed to the small curacy of Whitmore in Staffordshire. He was soon deprived by John Bridgeman, the high church bishop of Chester, who put him to much suffering. He became a schoolmaster and earned a wide and high reputation for his scholarship and piety. He died on the 20th of October 1640. The most popular of his numerous works was A Short Catechisme, containing all the Principal Grounds of Religion (14 editions before 1632). His Treatise of Faith (1632), and Friendly Trial of the Grounds tending to Separation (1640), the latter of which defines his position with regard to the church, are also valuable.

BALL, JOHN (1818-1889), Irish politician, naturalist and Alpine traveller, eldest son of an Irish judge, Nicholas Ball, was born at Dublin on the 20th of August 1818. He was educated at the Roman Catholic College at Oscott near Birmingham, and at Christ's College, Cambridge. He showed in early years a taste for natural science, particularly botany; and after leaving Cambridge he travelled in Switzerland and elsewhere in Europe, studying his favourite pursuits, and contributing papers on botany and the Swiss glaciers to scientific periodicals. In 1846 he was made an assistant poor-law commissioner, but resigned in 1847, and in 1848 stood unsuccessfully as a parliamentary candidate for Sligo. In 1849 he was appointed second poor-law commissioner, but resigned in 1852 and successfully contested the county of Carlow in the Liberal interest. In the House of Commons he attracted Lord Palmerston's attention by his abilities, and in 1885 was made under-secretary for the colonies, a post which he held for two years. At the colonial office he had great influence in furthering the cause of natural science, particularly in connexion with equipment of the Palliser expedition in Canada, and with Sir W. Hooker's efforts to obtain a systematic knowledge of the colonial floras. In 1858 he stood for Limerick, but was beaten, and he then gave up politics and devoted himself to natural history. He was first president of the Alpine Club (founded 1857), and it is for his work as an Alpinist that he is chiefly remembered, his well-known Alpine

BALL, THOMAS (1819- ), American sculptor, was born at Charlestown, Massachusetts, on the 3rd of June 1819. He was the son of a house-and-sign-painter, and after starting, self-taught, as a portrait painter he turned his attention in 1851 to sculpture, his earliest work being a bust of Jenny Lind. At thirty-five he went to Florence for study; there, with an interval of work in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1857-1865, he remained for more than thirty years, being one of the artistic colony which included the Brownings and Hiram Powers. He returned to America in 1897, and lived in Montclair, New Jersey, with a studio in New York City. His work includes many early cabinet busts of musicians (he was an accomplished musician himself, and was the first in America to sing "Elijah "), and later the equestrian statue of Washington in the Boston public gardens, probably his best work; Josiah Quincy in City Hall Square, Boston; Charles Sumner in the public gardens of Boston; Daniel Webster in Central Park, New York City; the Lincoln Emancipation group at Washington; Edwin Forrest as Coriolanus," in the Actors' Home, Philadelphia, and the Washington monument in Methuen, Massachusetts. His work has had a marked influence on monumental art in the United States and especially in New England. In 1891 he published an autobiographical volume, My Three Score Years and Ten.

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BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with 'bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. follis, and Gr. wáλλa), any rounded body, particularly one with a smooth surface, whether used for games, as a missile, or applied to such rounded bodies as the protuberance at the root of the thumb or the big toe, to an enarthrosis, or " ball socket" joint, such as that of the hip or shoulder, and the like. A ball, as the essential feature in nearly every form of game requiring physical exertion, must date from the very earliest times. A rolling object appeals not only to a human baby but to a kitten and a puppy. Some form of game with a ball is found portrayed on Egyptian monuments, and is played among the least advanced of savage tribes at the present day. In Homer, Nausicaa was playing at ball with her maidens when Odysseus first saw her in the land of the Phaeacians (Od. vi. 100). And Halios and Laodamas performed before Alcinous and Odysseus with ball play, accompanied with dancing (Od. viii. 370). The Hebrews, the least athletic of races, have no mention of the ball in their scriptures. Among the Greeks games with balls (opaîpai) were regarded as a useful subsidiary to the more violent athletic exercises, as a means of keeping the body supple, and rendering it graceful, but were generally left to boys and girls. Similarly at Rome they were looked upon as an adjunct to the bath, and were graduated to the age and health of the bathers, and usually a place (sphaeristerium) was set apart for them in the baths (thermae). Of regular rules for the playing of ball games, little trace remains, if there were any such. The names in Greek for various forms, which have come down to us in such works as the 'OvoμaσTKOV of Pollux of Naucratis, imply little or nothing of such; thus, &róppaĝis only means the putting of the ball on the ground with the open hand, oupavia the flinging of the ball in the air to be caught by two or more players; paivivoa would seem to be a game of catch played by two or more, where feinting is used as a test of quickness and skill. Pollux (i. x. 104) mentions a game called ério kupos, which has often been looked on as the origin of football. It seems to have been played by two sides, arranged in lines; how far there was any form of " goal seems uncertain. Among the Romans there appear to have been three types or sizes of ball, the pila, or small ball, used in catching games, the paganica, a heavy ball stuffed with feathers, and the follis, a leather ball filled with air, the largest of the three. This was struck from player to player, who wore a kind of gauntlet on the arm. There was a game known as trigon, played by three players standing in

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"118 of a dancrutin Later, the word, in the form of Ingebote Alliando il became :be icchacal term for a particular form of

odul.lashewned French poetry, remarkable for its involved and

recurring rhymes. “ Laisse moi aux Jeux Floraux de Toulouse | imitated or corrupted. But this theory fails to account, among toutes ces vieux poésies Françoises comme ballades," says other things, for the universal sameness of tone, of incident, of Joachim du Bellay in 1550; and Philaminte, the lady pedant of legend, of primitive poetical formulae, which the Scottish ballad Molière's Femmes Savantes, observes

possesses, in common with the ballads of Greece, of France, of "La ballade, à mon goût, est une chose fade,

Provence, of Portugal, of Denmark and of Italy. The object, Ce n'en est plus la mode, elle sent son vieux temps" therefore, of this article is to prove that what has long been In England the term has usually been applied to any simple acknowledged of nursery lales, of what the Germans call Marchen, tale told in simple verse, though attempts have been made to namely, that they are the immemorial inheritance at least of all confine it to the subject of this article, namely, the literary form European peoples, is true also of some ballads. Their present of popular songs, the folk-tunes associated with them being form, of course, is relatively recent: in centuries of oral recitation treated in the article Soxo. By popular songs we understand the language altered automatically, but the stock situations and what the Germans call Volkslieder, that is, songs with words ideasof many romantic ballads are of dateless age and world-wide composed by members of the people, for the people, handed diffusion. The main incidents and plots of the fairy tales of down by oral tradition, and in style, taste and even incident, Cells and Germans and Slavonic and Indian peoples, their common to the people in all European countries. The beauty unknown antiquity and mysterious origin, are universally recogof these purely popular ballads, their directness and freshness, nized. No one any longer attributes them to this or that author, has made them admired even by the artificial critics of the most or to this or that date. The attempt to find date or author for artificial periods in literature. Thus Sir Philip Sydney confesses a genuine popular song is as futile as a similar search in the case of that the ballad of Cheay Chase, when chanted by "a blind | a Märchen. It is to be asked, then, whether what is confessedly crowder," stirred his blood like the sound of trumpet. Addison true of folk-tales,- of such stories as the Sleeping Beauty and devoted two articles in the Specialor to a critique of the same Cinderella, -is true also of folk-songs Are they, or have they poem. Montaigne praised the narrole of the village carols; and been, as universally sung as the fairy tales have been narrated? Malherbe preferred a rustic chansonnelle to all the poems of Do they, too, bear traces of the survival of primitive creeds and Roncard. These, however, are rare instances of the taste for primitive forms of consciousness and of imagination? Are they, popular poetry, and though the Danish ballads were collected like Märchen, for the most part, little influenced by the higher and printed in the middle of the 16th century, and some Scottish religions, Christian or polytheistic? Do they turn, as Manchen collections date from the beginning of the 18th, it was not till the do, on the same incidents, repeat the same stories, employ the publication of Allan Ramsay's Evergreen and Tea Teble Mis same machinery of talking birds and beasts? Lastly, are any cellany, and of Bishop Percy's Reiques (1765), that a serious specimens of ballad literature capable of being traced back to effort was made to recover Scottish and English folk songs from extreme antiquity? It appears that all these questions may be the recitation of the old people who still knew them by heart. answered in the affirmative; that the great age and universal At the time when Percy was editing the Reliques, Madame de diffusion of the ballad may be proved; and that its birth, from Chénier, the mother of the cek-brated French poet of that name, the lips and heart of the people, may be contrasted with the composed an essay on the ballads of her native land, modern origin of an artistic poetry in the demand of an aristocrary for Greece; and later, Herder and Grimm and Goethe, in Germany, a separate epic literature destined to be its own possession, and did for the songs of their country what Scott did for those of to be the first development of a poctry of personality,-a record Liddesdale and the Forest. It was fortunate, perhaps, for of individual passions and emotions. After bringing forward poetry, though unlucky for the scientific study of the ballads, examples of the identity of features in European ballad poetry, that they were mainly regarded from the literary point of view. we shall proceed to show that the carlier genre of ballads with The influence of their artless melody and straightforward diction acfrain sprang from the same primitive custom of dance, accommay be felt in the lyrics of Goethe and of Coleridge, of Words- panied by improvised song, which still exists in Greece and worth, of Heinc and of André Chénier. Chénier, in the most Russia, and even in valleys of the Pyrenees. affected age even of French poetry, translated some of the There can scarcely be a better guide in the examination of Romaic ballads; onc, as it chanced, being almost identical with the notes or marks of popular poetry than the instructions which that which Shakespeare borrowed from some English reciter, and M. Ampère gave to the committee appointed in 1852-1853 to put into the mouth of the mail Ophelia. The beauty of the search for the remains of ballads in France. M. Ampère bade ballads and the interest they excited led to numerous forgeries the collectors look for the following characteristics - The use and modern interpolations, which it is seldom difficult to detect of assonance in place of rhyme, the brusque character of the with certainty. Editors could not resist the temptation to recital, the textual repetition, as in Homer, of the speeches of interpolate, to restore, and to improve the fragments that came the persons, the constant use of certain numbers, -as three and in their way. The marquis de la Villemarqué, who first drew seven,-and the representation of the commonest objects of attention to the ballads of Brittany, is not wholly free from this every day life as being made of gold and silver." M. Ampère fault. Thus a very general scepticism was awakened, and when might have added that French ballads would probably employ a questions came to be asked as to the date and authorship of the bird chorus," the use of lalking-birds as messengers; that they Scottish traditional ballads, it is sarcely to be wondered at that would repeat the plots current in other countries, and display Dr Chambers attributed most of them to the accomplished Lady the same non-Christian idea of death and of the future world Wardlaw, who live in the middle of the 18th century.

(see "The Lyke-wake Dirge "), the same ghostly superstitions The vexed and dull controversy as to the origin of Scottish and stories of metamorphosis, and the same belief in elves and folk-songs was due to ignorance of the comparative method, and firies, as are found in the ballads of Greece, of Provence, of of the ballad literature of Eumpe in general. The result of the Brittany, Denmark and Scotland We shall now examine these discussion was to leave a vague impression that the Scottish supposed common notes of all genuine pupular song, supplying ballads were perhaps as old as the time of Dunbar, and were a few out of the many instances of curious identity. As to the production of a class of professional minstrels. These brusqueness of recital, and the use of assonance instead of minstrels are a stumbling-block in the way of the student of the rhyme, as well as the aid to memory given by reproducing growth of ballads. The domestic annals of Scotland show that speeches verbally, these are almost unavoidable in all simple her kings used to keep court-bards, and also that strollers, poetry preserved by oral tradition. In the matter of recurJongleurs, as they were called, went about singing at the doors of ring numbers, we have the eternalfarm-houses and in the streets of towns. Here were two sets of

"Trois belles filles minstrels who had apparently left no poetry; and, on the other

L'y en a'z une plus belle que le jour," side, there was a number of ballads that claimed no author. It who appear in old French ballads, as well as the " Three Sailors," was the easiest and must satisfactory inference that the courtly whose adventures are related in the Lithuanian and Provençal minstrels made the verses, which the wandering cruwders I originals of Thackeray's Little Billee. Then there is " the league,

where, in Lake Wendouree, pisciculture is carried on with great should be connected with the story but is more commonly incisuccess. The school of mines is the most important in Australia dental. The French word was found to be so comprehensive as and is affiliated to the university of Melbourne. Ballarat is an to require further definition, and thus the above-described would important railway centre and its industries include woollen- be distinguished as the balle d'action or pantomime ballet, while milling, brewing, iron-founding, four-milling and distilling a single scene, such as that of a village festival with its dances, Owing to its elevation of 1438 ft. it has an exceptionally cool would now be termed a divertissement and healthy climate. Although the district is principally devoted The ballet d'action, to which the changed meaning of the word to mining it is well adapted for sheep-farming, and some of the is to be ascribed, and therewith the introduction of modern ballet, finest wool in the world is produced near Ballarat. The existence has been generally attributed to the 15th century. Novelty of of the towns is due to the heavy immigration which followed entertainment was then sought for in the splendid courts of Italy, upon the discovery of the gold-fields in 1851. In 1854, in their in order to celebrate events which were thought great in their resistance of an arbitrary tax, the miners came into armed conflict time, such as the marriages of princes, or the triumphs of their with the authorities; but a commission was appointed to in- arms. Invention was on the rack for novelty, and the skill of the vestigate their grievances; and a charter was granted to the machinist was taxed to the utmost. It has been supposed that town in 1855. In 1870 Ballarat was raised to the rank of a city. the art of the old Roman pantomimi was then revived, to add to

BALLAST (O. Swed. barlast, perhaps from bar, bare or the attractions of court-dances. Under the Roman empire the mere, and last, load), heavy material, such as gravel

, stone pantomimi had represented either a mythological story, or perhaps or metal, placed in the hold of a ship in order to immerse her a scene from a Greek tragedy, by mute gestures, while a chorus, sufficiently to give adequate stability. In botany "ballast- placed in the background, sang cantica to narrate the fable, or to plants" are so-called because they have been introduced into describe the action of the scene. The question is whether mute countries in which they are not indigenous through their seeds pantomimic action, which is the essence of modern ballet, was being carried in such ballast. A ship“ in ballast" is one which carried through those court entertainments, in which kings, carries no paying cargo. In modern vessels the place of ballast queens, princes and princesses, took parts with the courtiers; or is taken by water tanks which are filled more or less as required whether it is of later growth, and derived from professional dances to trim the ship. The term is also applied to materials like gravel, upon the stage. The former is the general opinion, but the court broken slag, burnt clay, &c., used to form the bed in which the entertainments of Italy and France were masques or masks sleepers or ties of a railway track are laid, and also to the sand which included declamation and song, like those of Ben Tonson which a balloonist takes up with him, in order that, by throwing with Inigo Jones for the court of James I. portions of it out of the car from time to time, he may lighten The earliest modern ballet on record was that given by his balloon when he desires to rise to a higher level.

Bergonzio di Botta at Tortona to celebrate the marriage of the BALLATER (Gaelic for “the town on a sloping hill"), a duke of Milan in 1489. The ballet, like other forms of dancing, village in the parish of Glenmuick, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, was developed and perfected in France; it is closely associated 670 it. above the sea, on the left bank of the Dee, here crossed with the history of the opera; but in England it came much later by a fine bridge, 434 m. by rail W. by S. of Aberdeen. It is than the opera, for it was not introduced until the 18th century, the terminus of the Deeside railway and the station for Balmoral, and in the first Italian operas given in London there was no ballet. 9 m. to the W. Founded in 1790 to provide accommodation During the regency of Lord Middlesex a ballet-master was for the visitors to the mineral wells of Pannanich, m. to the E., appointed and a corps of dancers formed. The ballet has had it has since become a popular summer resort. It contains the three distinct stages in its development. For a long time it was Albert Memorial Hall and the barracks for the sovereign's body to be found only at the court, when princely entertainments were guard, used when the king is in residence at Balmoral. Red granite given to celebrate great occasions. At that time ladies of the is the chicf building material of the houses. Ballatrich farm, highest rank performed in the ballet and spent much time in where Byron spent part of his boyhood, lies some 4 m. to the E. practising and perfecting themselves for it. Catherine de Medici Ballater has a mean temperature of 44:6° F., and an average introduced these entertainments into France and spent large sums annual rainfall of 33'4 in.

of money on devising performances to distract her son's attention BALLENSTEDT, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Anhalt, from the affairs of the state. Baltasarini, otherwise known as on the river Getel, 20 m. E. of Quedlinburg by rail. Pop. (1900) Beaujoyeulx, was the composer of a famous entertainment given 5423. It is pleasantly situated under the north-eastern declivity by Catherine in 1581 called the "Ballet Comique de la Reyne." of the larz mountains. The inhabitants are mostly cngaged This marks an era in the history of the opera and ballet, for we in agriculture and there is practically no other industry. The find here for the first time dance and music arranged for the palace of the dukes of Anhalt, standing on an eminence, contains display of coherent dramatic ideas. Henry IV., Louis XIII. and a library and collections of various kinds, including a good XIV. were all lovers of the ballet and performed various picture gallery. It is approached by a fine avenue of trees and characters in them, and Richelieu used the ballet as an instrument is surrounded by a well-wooded park. In the Schlosskirche for the expression of political purposes. Lully was the first to the grave of Albert the Bear, margrave of Brandenburg (1100 make an art of the composition of ballet music and he was the 1170) has been discovered.

first to insist on the admission of women as ballet dancers, BALLET, a performance in which dancing, music and panto-feminine characters having hitherto been assumed by men mime are involved. Originally derived from the (Sicilian) Gr. dressed as women. When Louis XIV. became too fat to dance, BaXMS&V, to dance, the word has passed through the the ballet at court became unpopular and thus was ended the Med. Lat. ballare (with ballator as synonymous with saltator) first stage of its development. It was then adopted in the to the Ital. ballare and ballata, to the Fr. balld, to the colleges at prize distributions and other occasions, when the Eng. word ballette, and to ballod. In O. Fr., according to ballets of Lully and Quinault were commonly performed. The Rousseau, ballet signifies" to dance, to sing, to rejoice "; and third period in the history of the hallet was marked by its appear. thus it incorporates three distinct modern words, “ballet, ballance on the stage, where it has remained ever since. It should be and ballad." Through the gradual changes in the amusements added that up till the third period dramatic poems had accomof different ages, the meaning of the first two words has at length panied the ballet and the dramatic meaning was helped out with become limited to dancing, and the third is now confined to speech and song; but with the advent of the third period speech singing. But, although ballads are no longer the vocal accomo disappeared and the purely pantomime performance, or ballet paniments to dances round the maypole, old ballads are still sung d'action, was instituted. io dance tunes. The present acceptation of the word ballet is-- The father of ballet dancing as we know it at the present day theatrical representation in which a story is told only by gesture, was Jean Georges Noverre (9.0.). The ballet d'action was really accompanied by music, which should be characterized by stronger invented by him; in fact, the ballet has never advanced beyond emphasis than would be employed with the voice. The dancing the stage to which he brought it; it has rather gone back. The.