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sometimes with foliages, but in general with cusped circles or north-west to south-east, along the N.E. boundary of the district, quatrefoils, in which frequently are shields of arms.

for 125 m. In 1901 the population was 631,058, showing a The two small strips of linen, worn at the neck as part of legal, decrease of 11 % in the decade, due to the effects of famine. clerical and academic dress, are known as “bands”; they are The black soil of the district yields crops of which the principal the survival of the falling collar of the 17th century. These are millet, other food-grains, pulse, rice, cotton and oil-seeds. bands are usually of white linen, but the secular clergy of the Banda cotton enjoys a high repute in the market. A branch Roman Church wear black bands edged with white. The light railway from Manikpur to Jhansi traverses the length of the cardboard or chip boxes now used to carry millinery were district, which is also crossed by the East Indian main line to formerly made to carry the neck-bands, whence the name of Jubbulpore. "band-box."

Banda, which forms one of the districts included under the In the sense of company or troop, “band” is probably also general name of Bundelkhand, has formed an arcna of contention connected with bindan, to bind. It came into English from the for the successive races who have struggled for the sovereignty French. The meaning seems to have originated in Romanic, of India. Kalinjar town, then the capital, was unsuccessfully cf. Italian, Spanish and Portuguese banda, and thence came besieged by Mahmud of Ghazni in A.D. 1023; in 1:96 it was into Teutonic. It has usually been taken (see Ducange, Gloss. taken by Kutab-ud-din, the general of Muhammad Ghori; in s.v. banda) to be due to the “band” or sash of a particular 1545 by Shere Shah, who, however, fell mortally wounded in colour worn as a distinctive mark by a troop of soldiers. Others the assault. About the year 1735 the raja of Kalinjar's territory, refer it to the medieval Latin bandum, banner, a strip or "band" including the present district of Banda, was bequeathed to of cloth fastened to a pole. In this sense the chief application Baji Rao, the Mahratta peshwa; and from the Mahrattas it is to a company of musicians (see ORCHESTRA), particularly passed by the treaties of 1802-1803 to the Company. At the time when used in armies or navies, a military band.

of the Mutiny the district, which was poverty-stricken and Military Bands. In all countries bands are organized and over-taxed, joined the rebels. The town of Banda was recovered maintained in each infantry regiment or battalion if the latter by General Whitlock on the 20th of April 1858. The fiscal is the unit. The strength of these bands and the number and system was remodelled, and the district has since cnjoyed a nature of their instruments vary considerably, as also do the greater degree of prosperity only interrupted by famine. rank and status of the bandmaster. The buglers and drummers BANDA ISLANDS, a group of the Dutch East Indies, consisting belonging to the companies are generally massed under the of three chief and several lesser islands in thc Banda Sea, south sergeant-drummer and on the march play alternately with the of Ceram, belonging to the residency of Amboyna. The main band. In action the British custom is to use the bandsmen as islands are Great Banda or Lontor; Banda Neira to its north; stretcher-bearers, but on the continent of Europe the bands are Gunong Api, west of Banda Ncira; Wai or Ai still farther west, as far as possible kept in hand under the regimental commanders with Run on its south-west; Pisang, north of Gunong Api; and play the troops into action; and in all countries the available and Suwangi, north-west again. The total land area is about bands, drums and bugles are ordered to play during the final 16 sq. m. A volcanic formation is apparent in Lontor, a sickleassault. The training of bandmasters for the British service shaped island which, with Neira and Gunong Api, forms part is carried out at Kneller Hall, Hounslow, an institution founded of the circle of a crater. The arrangement is comparable with in 1857 and placed under direct control of the war office in Santorin in the Aegean Sca. Gunong Api (Fire Mountain), 2200 1867. The average strength of the various classes of instrument ft. high, is an active volcano, and its eruptions and earthquakes in the band of a British line regiment has been stated as- have frequently brought destruction, as notably in 1852, when twenty flutes, oboes, clarinets and bassoons, four horns, eight the damage was chiefly due to a huge wave of the sea. Banda, saxhorns, six trumpets and cornets, three trombones, two the chief town, on Neira, is a pleasant settlement, commanded drums. The buglers and drummers are in the proportion of one by two Dutch forts of the early 17th century, Nassau and Belgica. of each per company. The saxophone, which is the character. The largest island, Lontor, was found too unhealthy to be the site istic instrument of military bands in other countries, has not of the principal settlement; but the climate of the islands found favour with the British authorities. Another specially generally, though hot, is not unhealthy. In the space between military instrument, universal in the Russian army and more Lontor, Neira and Gunong Api there is a good harbour, with or less common to others, is the so-called "Jingling Johnny," a entrances on either side, which enable vessels to enter on either frame of small bells that is sharply shaken in the accented parts of the monsoons. Between Gunong Api and Neira there is a of the music. The “glockenspiel " is also fairly common. The third channel, but it is navigable for small vessels only. The peculiar instrument of Scottish regiments is the bagpipes. principal articles of commerce in the Fanda group are nutmegs Cavalry, and more rarely artillery corps in the various armies, and mace. The nutmeg is indigenous. The native population have small bands. The mounted arms, however, have little having been cleared off by the Dutch, the plantations were worked need of music as compared with the infantry, the order and by slaves and convicts till the emancipation of 1860. The introease of whose marching powers are immensely enhanced by the duction of Malay and Chinese labourers subsequently took place. music of a good regimental band. In the navies of various The plantations (perken) were originally held by the conquerers of countries bands are maintained on board flag-ships and sometimes the natives, the government monopolizing the produce at a fixed on board other large ships.

rate; but in 1873 the government monopoly was abolished. BANDA, a town and district of British India, in the Allahabad The production amounts annually to nearly 1,500,000 lb of division of the United Provinces. The town is near the right nutmegs, and 350,000 tb of mace. The nutmegs are grown, bank of the river Ken, 95 m. S. W. of Allahabad. The population in accordance with natural conditions, under the shade of in 1901 was 22,565. The town possesses 65 mosques and 168 other trees, usually the canari. Jalti or jatti wood is cultivated Hindu temples. It was formerly, but is no longer, a military on the small island of Rosingen. The total population of the

islands is about 9500, of which some 7000 are descendants of The district is the most barren and backward portion of the the natives introduced as slaves from neighbouring islands, and province. It contains an area of 3061 sq. m. In some parts it are Christians or Mahommedans. rises into irregular uplands and elevated plains, interspersed The Banda Islands were discovered and annexed by the with detached rocks of granite; in others it sinks into marshy Portuguese Antonio D'Abreu in 1512; but in the beginning of lowlands, which frequently remain under water during the rainy the 17th century his countrymen were expelled by the Dutch. season. The sloping country on the bank of the Jumna is full In 1608 the British built a factory on Wai, which was demolished of ravines. To the S.E. the Vindhya chain of hills takes its by the Dutch as soon as the English vessel left. Shortly after, origin in a low range not exceeding soo ft. in height, and forming however, Banda Neira and Lontor were resigned by the natives a natural boundary of the district in that direction. The to the British, and in 1620 Run and Wai were added to their principal river of the district is the Jumna, which flows from l dominions; but in spite of treaties into which they had entered

cantonment.

the Dutch attacked and expelled their British rivals. In 1654 | he resided for many years before his death in 1562. Bandello they were compelled by Cromwell to restore Run, and to make satisfaction for the massacre of Amboyna; but the English settlers not being adequately supported from home, the island was retaken by the Dutch in 1664. They remained in undisturbed possession until 1796, when the Banda Islands were taken by the British. They were restored by the treaty of Amiens in the year 1800, again captured, and finally restored by the treaty of Paris concluded in 1814.

BANDANA, or BANDANNA, a word probably derived through the Portuguese from the Hindustani bandknü, which signified a primitive method of obtaining an effect in dyeing by tying up cloth in different places to prevent the particular parts from receiving the dye. The name was given to richly coloured silk handkerchiefs produced by this process, of which bright colours were characteristic. Bandanas are now commonly made of cotton and produced in Lancashire, whence they are exported. The effect is also produced by a regular process in calico printing, in which the pattern is made by discharging the colour.

),

wrote a number of poems, but his fame rests entirely upon his extensive collection of Novelle, or tales (1554, 1573), which have been extremely popular. They belong to that species of literature of which Boccaccio's Decameron and the queen of Navarre's Heptameron are, perhaps, the best known examples. The common origin of them all is to be found in the old French fabliaux, though some well-known tales are evidently Eastern, and others classical. Bandello's novels are esteemed the best of those written in imitation of the Decameron, though Italian critics find fault with them for negligence and inelegance of style. They have little value from a purely literary point of view, and many of them are disfigured by the grossest obscenity. Historically, however, they are of no little interest, not only from the insight into the social life of the period which they afford, but from the important influence they exercised on the Elizabethan drama. The stories on which Shakespeare based several of his plays were supplied by Bandello, probably through Belleforest or Paynter.

BANDER ABBASI (also BENDER ABBAS, and other forms), a town of Persia, on the northern shore of the Perisan Gulf in 27° 11′ N., and 56° 17′ E., forming part of the administrative division of the "Persian Gulf ports," whose governor resides at Bushire. It has a population of about 10,000, an insalubrious climate and bad water.

Bander Abbasi was called Gombrun (Gombroon, Gamaroon; Cambarão, Comorão of Portuguese writers) until 1622, when it received its present name (the "port of Abbas") in honour of the reigning shah, Abbas I., who had expelled the Portuguese in 1614, and destroyed the fort built by them in 1612. The English, however, were permitted to build a factory there, and about 1620 the Dutch obtained the same privilege. On the capture of the island of Hormuz (Ormus) in 1622 by the English and Persians a large portion of its trade was transferred to Bander Abbasi. During the remainder of the 17th century the traffic was considerable, but in the 18th prosperity declined and most of the trade was removed to Bushire. In 1759 the English factory was destroyed by the French, and though afterwards re-established it has long been abandoned. The ruins of the factory and other buildings lie west of the present town. About 1740 Nadir Shah granted the town and district with the fort of Shamil and the town of Minäb, together with the islands of Kishm, Hormuz (Ormus) and Lärak, to the Arab tribe of the Beni Ma'ini in return for a payment of a yearly rent or tribute. About 40 years later Sultan bin Ahmad, the ruler of Muscat, having been appealed to for aid by the Arab inhabit

BANDELIER, ADOLPH FRANCIS ALPHONSE (1840American archaeologist, was born in Bern, Switzerland, on the 6th of August 1840. When a youth he emigrated to the United States. After 1880 he devoted himself to archaeological and ethnological work among the Indians of the south-western United States, Mexico and South America. Beginning his studies in Sonora (Mexico), Arizona and New Mexico, he made himself the leading authority on the history of this region, and-with F. H. Cushing and his successors-one of the leading authorities on its prehistoric civilization. In 1892 he abandoned this field for Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru, where he continued ethnological, archaeological and historical investigations. In the first field he was in a part of his work connected with the Hemenway Archaeological Expedition and in the second worked for Henry Villard of New York, and for the American Museum of Natural History of the same city. Bandelier has, shown the falsity of various historical myths, notably in his conclusions respecting the Inca civilization of Peru. His publications include: three studies" On the Art of War and Mode of Warfare of the Ancient Mexicans," "On the Distribution and Tenure of Lands and the Customs with respect to Inheritance among the Ancient Mexicans," and "On the Social Organization and Mode of Government of the Ancient Mexicans" (Harvard University, Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Annual Reports, 1877, 1878, 1879); Historical Introduction to Studies among the Sedentary Indians of New Mexico, and Report on the Ruins of the Pueblo of Pecos (1881); Report of an Archaeological Tour in Mexico in 1881 (1884); Final Report of Investiga-ants of the place against Persian misrule, occupied the town, tions among the Indians of the South-western United States (18901892, 2 vols.); Contributions to the History of the South-western Portion of the United States carried on mainly in the years from 1880 to 1885 (1890),—all these in the Papers of the Archaeological Institute of America, American Series, constituting vols. i.-v.; "The Romantic School of American Archaeologists" (New York Historical Society, 1885); The Gilded Man (El Dorado) and other Pictures of the Spanish Occupancy of America (1893); and a report On the Relative Antiquity of Ancient Peruvian Burials (American Museum of Natural History, Bulletin, v. 30, 1904). He also edited The Journey of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca from Florida to the Pacific, 1528-1536 (1905), translated into English by his wife.

...

BANDELLO, MATTEO (1480-1562), Italian novelist, was born at Castelnuovo, near Tortona, about the year 1480. He received a very careful education, and entered the church, though he does not seem to have prosecuted his theological course with great zeal. For many years he resided at Mantua, and superintended the education of the celebrated Lucrezia Gonzaga, in whose honour be composed a long poem. The decisive battle of Pavia, which gave Lombardy into the hands of the emperor, compelled Bandello to fly; his house at Milan was burnt and his property confiscated. He took refuge with Cesare Fregoso, an Italian general in the French service, whom he accompanied into France. In 1550 he was raised to the bishopric of Agen, a town in which

and obtained a firman from the Persian government confirming him in his possession on the condition of his paying a yearly rent of a few thousand tomans. The islands were considered to be the property of Muscat. In 1852 the Persians expelled the Muscat authorities from Bander Abbasi and its district, but retired when Muscat agreed to pay an increased rent. By a treaty concluded between Persia and Muscat in 1856 it was stipulated that Bander Abbasi town and district and the islands were to be considered Persian territory and leased to Muscat at an annual rent of 14,000 tomans (£6000). The treaty was to have been in force for twenty years, but in 1866 the Persians took advantage of the assassination of Seyed Thuweini, the sultan of Muscat, to instal as governor of Bander Abbasi and district a nominee of their own who agreed to pay a rent of 20,000 tomans per annum. Further difficulties arising between Persia and Muscat, and the ruler of the latter, then in possession of a powerful fleet, threatening to blockade Bander Abbasi, the Persian government solicited the good offices of the British government, and the lease was renewed for another eight years upon payment of 30,000 tomans per annum (then about £12,000). This was in 1868. In the same year, however, the sultan of Muscat was expelled by a successful revolt, and the Persian government, in virtue of a clause in the lease allowing them to cancel the contract if a conqueror obtained possession of Muscat, installed their own governor at Bander Abbasi and

have retained possession of the place ever since (see Curzon, seize a warship and bombard Messina. But having been betrayed Persia, ii. 424).

they fled to Corfu early in 1844. Rumours reached them there of Bander Abbāsi has a lively trade, exporting much of the agitation in the Neapolitan kingdom, where the people were produce of central and south-eastern Persia and supplying represented as ready to rise en masse at the first appearance of a imports to those districts and Khorasan. It has telegraph and leader; the Bandieras, encouraged by Mazzini, consequently post offices, and the mail steamers of the British India Steam determined to make a raid on the Calabrian coast. They got Navigation Company call at the port weekly. Great Britain together a band of about twenty men ready to sacrifice their lives and Russia are represented there by consuls. From 1890 for an idea, and set sail on their desperate venture on the 12th of 1905 the total value of the exports and imports from and into June 1844. Four days later they landed near Cotrone, intending Bander Abbasi averaged about £660,000 per annum, £260,000 to go to Cosenza, liberate the political prisoners and issue their (£155,000 British) being for exports, £400,000 (£340,000 British) proclamations. But they did not find the insurgent band which imports. Of the 255,000 tons of shipping which in 1905'entered they had been told awaited them, and were betrayed by one of Bander Abbâsi 237,000 were British.

(A. H.-S.) their party, the Corsican Boccheciampe, and by some peasants BANDER LINGAH, or LINGA, a town of Persia on the northern who believed them to be Turkish pirates. A detachment of shore of the Persian Gulf and about 300 m. by sea from Bushire, gendarmes and volunteers was sent against them, and after a in 26° 33' N., 54° 54' E. Pop. about 10,000. It forms part of short fight the whole band were taken prisoners and escorted to the administrative divisions of the “ Persian Gulf ports," whose Cosenza, where a number of Calabrians who had taken part in a governor resides at Bushire. The annual value of the exports previous rising were also under arrest. First the Calabrians were and imports from and into Bander Lingah from 1890 to 1905 tried by court-martial, and a large number condemned to death averaged about £800,000, but nearly half of that amount is or the galleys. The raiders' turn came next, and the whole party, represented by pearls which pass in transit from the fisheries save the traitor Boccheciampe, were condemned to be shot, but on the Arab coast to Bombay. Like many other Persian Gulf in the case of eight of them the sentence was commuted to the ports, Bander Lingah was for many generations a hereditary galleys. On the 23rd of July the two Bandieras and their nine patrimony of the Sheikh of an Arab tribe, in this case the companions were executed; they cried Viva l'Italial as they Juvasmi tribe, and it was only in 1898 that the Arabs were fell. expelled from the place by a Persian force. It is the chief port The Neapolitan government was undoubtedly within its right for the Persian province of Láristan (under Fars), and has a in executing the Bandicras, and the material results of this heroic thriving trade with Bahrein and the Arab coast. It has a British but unpractical attempt were nil. But the moral cffect was post office, and the steamers of the British India Company call enormous throughout Italy, the action of the authorities was there weekly. Of the 133,000 tons of shipping which in 1905 universally condemned, and the martyrdom of the Bandieras bore entered the port 104,500 were British.

fruit in subsequent revolutions. It also created a great impression BANDEROLE (Fr. for a "little banner "), a small flag or in England, where it was believed that the Bandieras'correspondstreamer carried on the lance of a knight, or flying from the ence with Mazzini (9.0.) had been tampered with, and that mast-head of a ship in battle, &c.; in heraldry, a streamer information as to the proposed expedition had been forwarded hanging from beneath the crook of a bishop's crosier and folding to the Austrian and Neapolitan governments by the British over the staff; in architecture, a band used in decorative sculp- foreign office; recent publications, however, especially the ture of the Renaissance period for bearing an inscription, &c. biography of Sir James Graham, tend to exculpate the British Bannerol, in its main uses the same as banderole, is the term government. especially applicd to the square banners carried at the funerals See G. Ricciardi, Storia dei Fralelli Bandiera (Florence, 1863); of great men and placed over the tomb.

F. Venosta, 1 Fratelli Bandiera (Milan, 1863); and Carlo Tivaroni's BANDICOOT, any animal of the marsupial genus Perameles, L'Italia durante il dominio austriaco, vol. iii. p. 149 (Turin, 1894) which is the type of a family Peramelidae. The species, about

(L. V.") a dozen in number, are widely distributed over Australia, BANDINELLI, BARTOLOMMEO or BACCIO (1493–1560), Tasmania, New Guinca and several of the adjacent islands. Florentine sculptor, was the son of an eminent goldsmith, and They are of small size and live entirely on the ground, making from him Bandinelli obtained the first elements of drawing. Shownests of dried leaves, grass and sticks in holiow places and ing a strong inclination for the fine arts, he was early placed under forming burrows in which they pass a great part of the day. Rustici, a sculptor, and a friend of Leonardo da Vinci, with whom Though feeding largely on worms and insects they ravage he made rapid progress. The ruling motive in his life seems to gardens and fields, on which account they are detested by the have been jealousy both of Benvenuto Cellini and of Michelcolonists. The name is often extended to the family.

angelo, one of whose cartoons he is said to have torn up and BANDICOOT-RAT, the Anglo-Indian name for a large rat destroyed. He is regarded by some as inferior in sculpture (.Vesocia bandicota), inhabiting India and Ceylon, which measures only to Michelangelo, with whom a comparison unfavourable to from 12 to 15 in. to the root of the tail, while the tail itself Bandinelli is tempted in such works as the marble colossal group measures from 11 to 13 in. The name is said to be a corruption of Hercules and Cacus in the Piazza del Gran Duco, and the group of the Telegu pandi-koku. It differs from typical rats of the genus of Adam and Eve in the Bargello. Among his best works must Mus by its broader incisors, and the less distinct cusps on the be reckoned the bassi-rilieti in the choir of the cathedral of molars. Other species of the genus are found from Palestine Florence; his copy of the Laocoon: and the figures of Christ and to Formosa, as well as in central Asia. The typical species Nicodemus on his own tomb. frequents villages, towns and cultivated grounds all over India BANDINI, ANGELO MARIA (1726–1800), Italian author, was and Ceylon, but is specially common in the south of the born at Florence on the 25th of September 1726. Having been peninsula. (See RODENTIA.)

left an orphan in his infancy, he was supported by his uncle, BANDIERA, ATTILIO (1811-1844) and EMILIO (1819-1844), Giuseppe Bandini, a lawyer of some note. He received his educaItalian patriots. The brothers Bandiera, sons of Baron Bandiera, tion among the Jesuits, and showed a special inclination for the an admiral in the Austrian navy, were themselves members of study of antiquities. His first work was a disscrtation, De that service, but at an early age they were won over to the idcas Veterum Saltationibus (1749). In 1747 he undertook a journey of Italian freedom and unity, and corresponded with Giuseppe to Vienna, in company with the bishop of Volterra, to whom he Mazzini and other members of the Giorane Italia (Young Italy), acted in the capacity of secretary. He was introduced to the a patriotic and revolutionary secret society. During the year emperor and took the opportunity of dedicating to that monarch 1843 the air was full of conspiracies, and various ill-starred his Specimen Litteraturae Florentinae, which was then printing at attempts at rising against the Italian despots were made. The Florence. On his return he took orders, and settled at Rome, Bandieras tegan to make propaganda among the officers and men passing the whole of his time in the library of the Vatican, and in of the Austrian navy, nearly all Italians, and actually planned to those of the cardinals Passionei and Corsini. The famous obelisk

spent in the west. His last achievement was an audacious
coup-de-main on the Danube. Breaking camp in mid-winter (a
very rare event in the 17th century) he united with the French
under the comte de Guébriant and surprised Regensburg,
where the diet was sitting. Only the break-up of the ice pre-
vented the capture of the place. Banér thereupon had to
retreat to Halberstadt. Here, on the 10th of May 1641, he
died, after designating Torstensson as his successor.
He was
much beloved by his men, who bore his body with them on the
field of Wölfenbuttel. Banér was regarded as the best of
Gustavus's generals, and tempting offers (which he refused)
were made him by the emperor to induce him to enter his
service. His son received the dignity of count.

of Augustus, at that time disinterred from the ruins of the Campus | and invaded Bohemia itself. The winter of 1640-1641 Banér Martius, was described by Bandini in a learned folio volume De Obelisco Augusti. Shortly after he was compelled to leave Rome on account of his health and returned to Florence, where he was appointed librarian to the valuable library bequeathed to the public by the abbé Marucelli. In 1756 he was preferred by the emperor to a prebend at Florence, and appointed principal librarian to the Laurentian library. During forty-four years he continued to discharge the duties of this situation, and died in 1800, generally esteemed and regretted. On his deathbed he founded a public school, and bequeathed the remainder of his fortune to other charitable purposes. The most important of his numerous works are the Catalogus Codd. MSS. Graec., Lat., Ital., Bib., Laurent, 8 vols (1767–1778), and the Vita e Letlere d' Amerigo Vespucci, 1745.

BANDOLIER, or BANDOLEER (from Fr. bandoulière, Ital. bandoliera, a little band), a belt worn over the shoulder, particularly by soldiers to carry cartridges. In the 17th century wooden cases were hung to the belt to contain powder charges. The modern bandolier carries the cartridges either in loops sewn to the belt, or in small pouches, similarly attached, containing strips of several cartridges. It has been extensively adopted in the British army, especially for mounted troops.

BANDON, or BANDONBRIDGE, a market-town of county Cork, Ireland, in the south-cast parliamentary division, picturesquely situated in a broad open valley on both sides of the river Bandon. Pop. (1901) 2830. It is 20 m. S.W. of the city of Cork by the Cork, Bandon & South Coast railway. It is an important agricultural centre and there are distilleries, breweries and flour-mills. The open park of Castle Bernard (earl of Bandon), on the riverside, is attractive, and 2 m. below Bandon on the river is Innishannon, the head of navigation. Bandon was founded early in the 17th century by Richard Boyle, earl of Cork, and was incorporated by James I. It returned two members to the Irish parliament and thereafter one to the Imperial parliament until 1885. After the destruction of the walls by the Irish in 1689, Bandon long resisted the admission of Catholic inhabitants.

BANEBERRY, or HERB CHRISTOPHER, popular names for Actaea spicata (nat. ord. Ranunculaceae), a poisonous herb with long-stalked compound leaves, small white flowers and black berries, found wild in copses in limestone districts in the north of England. It is widely distributed in the north temperate

zone.

BANÉR (BANNER, BANIER), JOHAN (1596-1641), Swedish soldier in the Thirty Years' War, was born at Djursholm Castle on the 23rd of June 1596. Entering the Swedish army, he served with distinction in the wars with Russia and Poland, and had reached high rank when, in 1630, Gustavus Adolphus landed in Germany. As one of the king's chief subordinates, Banér served in the campaign of north Germany, and at the first battle of Breitenfeld he led the right wing of Swedish horse. He was present at the taking of Augsburg and of Munich, and rendered conspicuous service at the Lech and at Donauwörth. At the unsuccessful assault on Wallenstein's camp at the Alte Veste Banér received a wound, and, soon afterwards, when Gustavus marched towards Lützen, his general was left in command in the west, where he was opposed to the imperial general Aldringer. Two years later, as Swedish field-marshal, Banér, with 16,000 men, entered Bohemia, and, combined with the Saxon army, marched on Prague. But the complete defeat of Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar in the first battle of Nördlingen stopped his victorious advance. After this event the peace of Prague placed the Swedish army in a very precarious position, but the victories won by the united forces of Banér, Wrangel and Torstensson, at Kyritz and Wittstock (4th Oct. 1636), restored the paramount influence of Sweden in central Germany. Even the three combined armies, however, were decidedly inferior in force to those they defeated, and in 1637 Banér was completely unable to make headway against the enemy. Rescuing with great difficulty the beleaguered garrison of Torgau, he retreated beyond the Oder into Pomerania. In 1639, however, he again overran northern Germany, defeated the Saxons at Chemnitz

See Baners Bref till Axel Oxenstjerna (Stockholm, 1893); B. P. von Martin Veibull, Sveriges Storhedsted (Stockholm, 1881); Lundblad, Chemnitz, Königlichen Schwedscher in Deutschland geführten Kriegs; Johan Banér (Stockholm, 1823); Ardwisson, Trillioariga Krigets maerkvaerdigasie personer (Stockholm, 1861).

BANFF, a royal, municipal and police burgh, seaport and capital of Banffshire, Scotland. Pop. (1901) 7161. It is beautifully situated on high ground, on the left bank of the mouth of the Deveron, 50 m. N.W. of Aberdeen by the Great North of Scotland railway. It is a place of great antiquity, its first charter having been granted by Malcolm IV. in 1163, and further privileges were conferred by Robert Bruce in 1324 and Robert II. in 1372. Of the old castle on the hill by the sea, in which Archbishop Sharp was born, scarcely a trace remains; but upon its site was erected the modern Banff Castle, belonging to the earl of Seafield. The chief public edifices include the county buildings; town hall, surmounted by a spire 100 ít. high; Chalmers hospital (founded by Alexander Chalmers of Clunie, a merchant and shipowner of the town); a masonic hall of tasteful design; and the academy, a modern structure in the Grecian style, to which there is attached an extensive museum, containing examples of the early mechanical genius of James Ferguson, the astronomer. Of the museum, which originally belonged to the defunct Banff Institution and was afterwards taken over by the town council, Thomas Edwardthe “. working naturalist," whose life was so sympathetically written by Samuel Smiles-was curator for a few years. The principal manufactures comprise woollens, leather, rope and sails, and there are also breweries, distilleries, iron foundries, brick-yards and timber-yards, besides some ship-building. The fishing trade is also important. The exports mainly consist of grain, cattle, fish, dairy produce and potatoes; the imports of coal and timber. There is a railway station at Bridge of Banff communicating, via Inveramsay, with Aberdeen, and another at the harbour, communicating with Portsoy and Keith. The burgh is under the jurisdiction of a provost and council, and unites with Macduff, Elgin, Cullen, Inverurie, Kintore and Peterhead in returning one member to parliament. The Cassie Gift arose out of a bequest by Alexander Cassie of London, a native of Banff, who left £20,000 to the poor of the town-the interest being divided twice a year. Duff House, immediately adjoining the town, is a scat of the duke of Fife. It was built in 1740-1745, after designs by Robert Adam, at a cost of £70,000. The duke of Cumberland rested here on the way to Culloden. The house contains a fine collection of pictures and an interesting armoury. The park is nearly ten miles in circumference. The house, together with that portion of the park immediately surrounding it (about 140 acres), was presented to the towns of Banff and Macdufi by the duke of Fife in November 1906.

BANFFSHIRE, a north-eastern county of Scotland, bounded N. by the Moray Firth, E. and S. by Aberdeenshire, and W. by Elgin and Inverness. It has an area of 403,364 acres, or 6331 sq. m. The surface is diversified. The northern half is mostly a fine, open, undulating country of rich, highly-cultivated soil. The southern is mountainous, but extensive farms are found in its fertile glens. Some of the mountains are thick with forests, some present a beautiful intermixture of rock and copse, while others are covered with brown heath. The principal mountains are all in the south; among them are Cairngorm, on the confines

the

| from the high grounds west of the Moray Firth. In the brickclays at Blackpots to the north-west of Banff, fragments of shells also corded near the Ord south of Tillynaught near Portsoy, and shells occur together with Jurassic fossils. Shelly sands have been rehave been found in stratified deposits on the shore near Gamrie. Agriculture. The soil is in general rich and productive, yielding fair crops of wheat, and excellent crops of barley, oats, &c.; and dominant crop, but the demands of distillers keep up the acreage grass and green crops are equally abundant. Oats is the preof barley. The cattle and stock hold a high character and form the staple agricultural industry. There is also a considerable amount agricultural enterprise and to plant and reclaim lands, were the carls of dairy farming. Among landlords who did much to encourage of Fife and the earls of Findlater, afterwards carls of Seafield. It was a Seafield who, in 1846, received the honorary gold medal of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, for his immense and thriving plantations of useful timber-trees, in the counties of Banff, Moray and Nairn. From the year 1811 to 1845. he had planted 18,938,224 Scots firs, 11,904.798 larches, 843.450 hardwoods; making the enormous aggregate of 31.686.472 forest trees, cultural Association holds shows periodically for all sorts of stock planted in 8223 acres of enclosed ground. The Banffshire Agriand produce and agricultural implements.

of the shires of Banff and Inverness (4084 ft.), famous for its amber-coloured quartz crystals, the "cairngorms" of Scots jewelry; Ben Rinnes (2775 ft.); Corryhabbie (2563); Cook's Cairn (2478); Carn an t-Saidhe (2401); and the Buck of Cabrach (2368). No great rivers belong wholly to Banffshire. For a considerable part of their courses the Spey forms the western and the Deveron the eastern boundary of the county. But Banffshire streams are comparatively short, the chief being the Avon, Fiddich, Isla, Buckie, Deskford-with a series of cascades -and Livet. Most of them are stocked with trout and the Spey and Deveron are famous for their salmon. The great glens are distinguished for their romantic scenery, the chief being Glen Avon, Glen Barry, Glen Fiddich, Glen Isla, Glen Livet, and Glen Rinnes. The largest lochs are in the extreme south: Loch Avon (2500 ft. above the sea), Loch Builg (1586) and Loch Etchachan (3100).

Geology-The geology of Banffshire is closely connected with that of the neighbouring counties of Aberdeen and Elgin, from which it is divided by no natural boundaries. The greater portion is occupied by crystalline schists of sedimentary origin belonging to the Eastern Highland sequence. The groups which are typically developed comprise (1) slates, black schists and phyllites with thin black limestone, sometimes containing tremolite, (2) the main limestone, (3) the quartzite (Schiehallion). These form subparallel belts trending north-east and south-west from the seacoast between Cullen and Portsoy southwards by Keith and Dufftown to the head waters of the Avon beyond Tomintoul. Some excellent sections of the phyllites are to be seen on the shore between Sandend, near Portsoy, and Findlater Castle, near Cullen, and in the railway cutting near Mulben, west of Keith. The main limestone has been worked at Fordyce, near Grange cast of Keith, and at Keith and Dufftown. The quartzite, which is regarded as probably the highest member of the series, forms prominent ridges due to the more rapid erosion of the phyllites, mica-schists and limestones occupying the intervening hollows. It appears on the coast between Cullen and Buckie, it forms the Durn Hill near Portsoy, the Binn of Cullen, the Knock Hill, Ben Aigan and various ridges trending southwards from Grange by Glen Fiddich towards Tomintoul. In the north-cast part of the county there is a large development of slate with interbedded greywackes and pebbly grits, which occupies the coast section between Macduff and Troup Head except a small part at Gamrie. The slate has been quarried for roofing purposes. No fossils have been found in these strata and their age is uncertain. The metamorphic sediments have been pierced by acid and basic igneous intrusions, partly before and partly after the folding and metamorphism of the strata. The older acid and basic materials appear as sheets injected along the lines of bedding of the sediments and are traceable for considerable distances. They are foliated in places, the planes of schistosity being more or less parallel with the planes of bedding in the schists. The older acid rocks are represented by the sills of granite and augengneiss occurring west of Portsoy, south of Fordyce and near Keith, while the older basic rocks are illustrated by the belt of gabbro, epidiorite and hornblende-schist which stretches southwards from the coast at Portsoy, by Rothiemay to Huntly in Aberdeenshire. Veins and bosses of serpentine are associated with these basic in trusions at Portsoy and near Grange, one of the veins being traceable at intervals from the shore southwards in the direction of Knock Hill. The later intrusions are represented by the Ben Rinnes mass of granite and its basic modification, the Netherly diorite, east of Rothes. Various mineral localities occur throughout the county. of which some of the most important occur on the shore at Portsoy, as for example the gabbro masses in Portsoy Bay with enstatite, hypersthene and labradorite, the graphic granite with microcline, muscovite and tourmaline at East Head, the chiastolite-schist west of the marble quarry, the mottled serpentine with strings of chrysotile. Resting unconformably on these metamorphic rocks, Old Red sandstone strata are met with in a few places. Thus, they cross the Spey and appear in the Tynet Burn cast of Fochabers, and extend eastwards to Buckie. Outliers of these beds appear on the shore near Cullen and south of Fordyce, while the largest area extends from Gamrie east by Pennan on the north coast of Aberdeenshire to Aberdeen. The strata consist mainly of conglomerates and red sandstones, which, at Gamrie and at Tynet, are associated with a band of limestone nodules embedded in a clayey matrix, containing fish remains. The more abundant species occurring at Gamrie, as determined by Dr R. H. Traquair, are Diplacanthus striatus, Rhadinacanthus, Cheiracanthus Murchisoni, Plerichthys Milleri, Coccosteus decipiens. In view of the fossil evidence these beds have been referred to the middle or Orcadian division of this formation. In the interior near Tomintoul, another large deposit, composed of conglomerate and sandstone, occurs, which may be of the same age, though no fossils have as yet been obtained from these beds. There is a widespread covering of boulder clay especially in the northern part bordering the shore, where it contains fragments of shells and includes numerous boulders which have been carried castwards

Manufactures and Trade.-Woollen factories are found in Dufftown, Rothiemay and Gollachy, and engineering works in Banff, Portsoy and Keith. Distilleries are numerous and their product has a high repute. A fishing and miscellaneous trade is done at the harbours of Banff, Macduff, Buckie, Gardenstown, Portsoy, Cullen and Port Gordon; but fishing is also carried on at numerous creeks or harbours along the coast. The herring season lasts from June to September, white fishing all the year round. The fishery districts centre in Banff and Buckie. Banffshire contains large limestone deposits, and granite is also quarried.

railways serve the chief towns of the county and provide com The systems of the Great North of Scotland and the Highland munication in one direction with Aberdeen, and in another with Elgin, Nairn and Inverness.

The population of Banffshire in 1891 was 61,684, and in 1901 61,488, or 97 to the square mile. In 1901 there were 499 persons speaking Gaelic and English. The chief towns are Banff (pop. in 1901, 7161), Buckie (6549), and Keith (4753), with Cullen (1936), Portsoy (1878) and Dufftown (1823). The county returns one member to parliament; the royal burghs, Banff and Cullen, belonging to the Elgin group of parliamentary burghs. Banffshire; with Aberdeen and Kincardine shires, forms a sheriffdom, and there is a resident sheriff-substitute at Banff, who sits also at Keith, Buckie and Dufftown. Most of the schools are under school-board jurisdiction. Several of them earn grants for higher education, and the county council, out of the residue grant," subsidizes classes in agriculture, navigation, veterinary science and cookery and laundry work. The teachers of the county, with those of the shires of Aberdeen and Elgin. benefit by the bequest of James Dick (17431828), a West India merchant, who left over £110,000 to promote the higher learning of the schoolmasters of these shires. The annual income of £4000 is distributed among the dominies who have qualified by examination to become beneficiaries.

History. Of the northern Picts who originally possessed the land few remains now exist beyond the cairns that are found in the districts of Rothiemay, Ballindalloch, Boharm, Glen Livet and elsewhere. "Cairn "also occurs in many place names. The advance of the Romans was practically prevented by the mountains in the south, but what is believed to have been a Roman camp may still be made out in Glen Barry. Danish invaders were more persevering and more successful. Many bloody conflicts took place between them and the Scots. Near Cullen a fierce encounter occurred in 960, and a sculptured stone at Mortlach is said to commemorate a signal victory gained by Malcolm II. over the Norsemen in 1010. The shire was the scene of much strife after the Reformation. In Glen Livet the Roman Catholics, under the marquess of Huntly, worsted the Protestants under the earl of Argyll. From 1624 to 1645 was a period of almost incessant struggle, and the Covenanting troubles, combined with the frequent conflicts of the clans, were productive of serious evils. But the Jacobite risings of 1715 and 1745 left the county comparatively untouched, and thereafter it became settled.

See W. Cramond, Annals of Banff (New Spalding Club) (Aberdeen, 1891): Dr Gordon, Chronicles of Keith, Grange, &c. (Glasgow, 1880); Banffshire Year-Book (Banff); Professor Dickie, Batanist's Guide to Aberdeen, Banff, &c. (Aberdeen, 1860); Inventory of Charters of Cullen (Banff, 1887); and Inventory of Charters of Banff (Banff); Robertson's Collections for a History of the Shires of Aberdeen and Banff (Spalding Club); W. Watt, Aberdeenshire and Banff (Edinburgh, 1900).

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