BANGASH, a small tribe of Pathans in the Kohat district of branches in Bangkok, The unit of currency is the tical (see the North-West Frontier Province of India. They occupy the SIAM). hills between Thal and Kohat, and number 3000 fighting men. The government of Bangkok is entrusted to the minister of Formerly they owned the whole of Kurram, but owing to the the capital, a member of the cabinet. Under this minister are encroachments of the Turis, they moved eastwards, dispossessed the police, sanitary, harbour master's and revenue offices. The the Orakzais, drove them north and took their territory in the police force is an efficient and well-organized body of 3oco men Kohat district, which they now occupy to the west of the headed by a European commissioner of police. The sanitary Khattak country. The Khattaks and Bangáshes are of excep- department consists of a board of health, a bacteriological tionally good physique and make excellent soldiers.

laboratory and an engineer's office, all managed with expert BANGKOK, the capital of Siam, on the river Me Nam, about European assistance. Under the act of 1905, the want of which 20 m. from its mouth, in 100° 30' E., 13° 45' N. Until modern was long felt, the port and the city water-ways are controlled by times the city was built largely on floating pontoons or on piles the harbour master. Local revenues are collected by the revenue at the edges of the innumerable canals and water-courses which office. The ordinary law courts are under the control of the formed the thoroughfares, but to meet the requirements of ministry of justice, but in accordance with the extra-territorial modern life, well-planned roads and streets have been constructed rights enjoyed by foreign powers in Siam, each consulate has in all directions, crossing the old canals at many points and attached to it a court, having jurisdiction in all cases in which a lined with well-built houses, for the most part of brick, in which subject of the power represented by such consulate is defendant. the greater part of the erstwhile riparian population now resides. The population, which is estimated at 450,000, is mixed. The centre of the city is the royal palace (sce Siam), situated in a Mingling with Siamese and Chinese, who form the major part, bend of the river and enclosed by walls. At a radius of nearly a may be seen persons of almost every race to be found between mile is another wall within which lies the closely packed city Bombay and Japan, while Europeans of different nationalities proper, and beyond which the town stretches away to the royal number over 1000. The death-rate is high, especially among parks on the north and to the business quarter, the warehouses, children, owing to the prevalence of cholera, smallpox and fevers rice-mills, harbour and docks on the south. The whole town during the dry weather. Sanitation, however, is improving and covers an area of over 10 sq. m. Two companies provide much good has resulted from the boring of numerous artesian Bangkok with a complete system of electric tramways, and the wells which yield good water. streets are lined with shade-trees and lit by electricity. All over Before 1769 Bangkok was nothing but an agricultural village the town are scattered beautiful Buddhist temples, which with with a fort on the river bank. In that year, however, it was their coloured tile roofs and gilded spires give it a peculiar and seized by the warrior, Paya Tak, as a convenient point from which notable appearance. Many fine buildings are to be seen-the to attack the Burmese army then in occupation of Siam, and various public offices, the arsenal, the mint, the palaces of upon his tecoming king it was chosen as the capital of the country, various princes and, in addition to these, schools, hospitals, (See SIAM.)

(W.A.G.) markets and Christian churches of many denominations, chiefly BANGOR, a seaport and market-town of Co. Down, Ireland, Roman Catholic. There are four railway stations in Bangkok,the in the north parliamentary division, on the south side of Belfast termini of the lines which connect the provinces with the capital. Lough, 12m. E.N.E. of Belfast, on a branch of the Belfast &

The climate of Bangkok has without doubt recently changed. County Down railway. Pop. of urban district (1901) 5903. It It has become hotter and less humid. Though a minimum carries on a considerable trade in cotton and linen and embroidered temperature below 60° F. is still recorded in January and muslin. It is greatly frequented asa watering-place, especially by December, a maximum of over 100° is reached during the hot the people of Belfast, and there are golf links and important weather months and at the beginning of the rains, whereas up regattas held by the Royal Ulster Yacht Club. Slight remains are to the year 1900 a maximum of 93° was considered unusually to be seen of an abbey of Canons Regular, founded in the middle high. The cause of this change is not known, but it is attributed of the 6th century by St Comgall, and rebuilt, on a scale of magnito extensive drainage and removal of vegetation in the immediate ficence which astonished the Irish, by St Malachy O'Morgair in neighbourhood of the town. The annual rainfall amounts to the first half of the 12th century. Bangor was incorporated by rather over 50 in.

James I. and returned two members to the Irish parliament. A four-mile reach of the Me Nam, immediately below the city BANGOR, a city, port of entry, and the county-seat of proper, forms the port of Bangkok: From 250 to 400 yds. Penobscot county, Maine, U.S.A., at the confluence of the broad and of good depth right up to the banks, the river offers | Kenduskeag stream with the Penobscot river, and at the head every convenience for the berthing and loading of ships, though of navigation on the Penobscot, about 60 m. from the ocean, and a bar at its mouth, which prevents the passage of vessels drawing about 75 m. N.E. of Augusta. Pop. (1890) 19,103; (1900) more than 12 ft., necessitates in the case of large ships a partial 21,850, of whom 3726 were foreign-born and 176 were negroes; loading and unloading from lighters outside. The banks of the (1910, census) 24,803. A bridge (about 1300 ft. long) across port are closely lined with the offices, warehouses and wharves the Penobscet connects Bangor with Brewer (pop. in 1910, 5667). of commercial houses, with timber yards and innumerable rice- Bangor is served directly by the Maine Central railway, several mills, while the custom house, the harbour master's office and important branches radiating from the city, and by the Eastern many of the foreign legations and consulates are also situated Steamship line; the Maine Central connects near the city with here. Of the 750 stcamships which cleared the port in 1904, the Bangor & Aroostook railway (whose general offices are here) three out of every seven were German, two were Norwegian and with the Washington County railway. The business portion and one was British, but in 1905 two new companies, one British of the city lies on both sides of the Kenduskeag and for about 3 m. and the other Japanese, arranged for regular services to Bangkok, along the W. bank of the Penobscot, which is here quite low, thereby altering these proportions. It is notable that the heavy while many fine residences are on the hillsides farther back. Irade with Singapore shows a tendency to decrease in favour of Bangor is the seat of three state institutions—the Eastern Maine direct trade with Europe. A fleet of small steamers, schooners general hospital, the Eastern Maine insane hospital and the and junks, carries on trade with the towns and districts on the law school of the University of Maine-and of the Bangor east and west coasts of the Gulf of Siam. The trade of Bangkok Theological Seminary (Congregational), incorporated in 1814. is almost entirely in the hands of Europeans and Chinese. The opened at Hampden in 1816, removed to Bangor in 1819, and principal exports are rice and teak, and the principal imports, empowered in 1905 to confer degrees in divinity. The city has cotton and silk goods and gold-leaf. The value of trade, which several public parks, a public library and various charitable more than doubled between the years 1900 and 1907, amounted institutions, among whieh are a children's home, a home for in the latter year to £5,600,000 imports and 17,100,000 exports. aged men, a home for aged women and a deaconesses' home. of the total trade, 75% is with the British empire. Many of Among the principal buildings are the county court house, the the best known mercantile firms and banks of the Far East have l Federal building, the city hall and the opera house. The Eastern

Bangor has been identified by some antiquarians as the site of the mythical city of Norumbega, and it was reported in 1656 that Fort Norombega, built by the French, was standing here; but the authentic history of Bangor begins in 1769 when the first settlers came. The settlement was at first called Conduskeag and for a short time was locally known as Sunbury. In 1791 the town was incorporated, and through the influence of the Rev. Seth Noble, the first pastor, the name was changed to Bangor, the name of one of his favourite hymn-tunes. During the war of 1812 a British force occupied Bangor for several days (in September 1814), destroying vessels and cargoes. Bangor was chartered as a city in 1834. In 1836 a railway from Bangor to Old Town was completed; this was the first railway in the state; Bangor had, also, the first electric street-railway in Maine (1889), and one of the first iron steamships built in America ran to this port and was named "Bangor."

Maine Music Festival is held in Bangor in October of each year. | churchmen. Benjamin Hoadly (q.v.), the newly-appointed The rise of the tide here to a height of 17 ft. makes the Penobscot bishop of Bangor, scented the opportunity and wrote a speedy navigable for large vessels; the Kenduskeag furnishes good and able reply, Preservative against the Principles and Practices water-power; and the city is the trade centre for an extensive of Non-Jurors, in which his own Erastian position was recomagricultural district. The Eastern Maine State Fair is held here mended and sincerity proposed as the only test of truth. This annually. Bangor is one of the largest lumber depots in the was followed by his famous sermon, preached before George I. United States, and also ships considerable quantities of ice. The on the 31st of March 1717, on The Nature of the Kingdom or Church city's foreign trade is of some importance; in 1907 the imports of Christ. In this discourse "he impugned the idea of the were valued at $2,7 20,594, and the exports at $1,272,247. Bangor existence of any visible church at all, ridiculed the value of any has various manufactures, the most important of which (other tests of orthodoxy, and poured contempt upon the claims of the than those dependent upon lumber) are boots and shoes (including church to govern itself by means of the state." He identified moccasins); among others are trunks, valises, saws, stoves, the church with the kingdom of Heaven-it was therefore "not ranges and furnaces, edge tools and cant dogs, saw-mill machinery, of this world," and Christ had not delegated His authority to brick, clothing, cigars, flour and dairy products. In 1905 the any representatives. Both book and sermon were reported on city's factory products were valued at $3,408,355. The muni- by a committee appointed by the Lower House of Convocation cipality owns and operates the water-works (the water-supply in May, and steps would have been taken by the archbishop and being drawn from the Penobscot by the Holly system) and an bishops had not the government stepped in (Hoadly denied that electric-lighting plant; there is also a large electric plant for this was at his request) and prorogued Convocation till November. generation of electricity for power and for commercial lighting, Hoadly himself wrote A Reply to the Representations of Convocaand in Bangor and the vicinity there were in 1908 about 60 m. tion and also answered his principal critics, among whom were of electric street-railway. Thomas Sherlock (q.v.), then dean of Chichester, Andrew Snape, provost of Eton, and Francis Hare, then dean of Worcester. These three men, and another opponent, Robert Moss, dean of Ely, were deprived of their royal chaplaincies. Hoadly was shrewd enough not to answer the most brilliant, though comparatively unknown, of his antagonists, William Law. Though the controversy went on, its most important result had already been achieved in the silencing of Convocation, for that body, though it had just "seemed to be settling down to its proper work in dealing with the real exigencies of the church" when the Hoadly dispute arose, did not meet again for the despatch of business for nearly a century and a half. (See CONVOCATION.) BANGWEULU, a shallow lake of British Central Africa, formed by the head streams of the Congo. It lies between 10° 38′ and 11° 31′ S. and is cut by 30° E. Bangweulu occupies the north-west part of a central basin in an extensive plateau, and is about 3700 ft. above the sea. The land slopes gently to the depression from the south, east and north, and into it drain a considerable number of streams, turning the greater part into a morass of reeds and papyrus. The term Bangweulu is sometimes applied to the whole depression, but is properly confined to the area of clear water. Only on its south-west and western sides are the banks of the lake clearly defined. The greatest extent of open water is about 60 m. N. to S. and 40 m. E. to W. Long narrow sandbanks almost separate Chifunawuli, the western part of the lake, from the main body of water, while the water surface is further diminished by a number of islands. The largest of these islands, Kirui (Chiru), lies on the east side of the lake close to the swamp. Kisi (Chishi) is a small island occupying a central position just south of 11° S., and Mbawali, 20 m. long by 3 broad, lies south of Kisi. South of Bangweulu the swamp extends to 12° 10' S. Into this swamp on its east side flows the Chambezi, the most remote head stream of the Congo. Without entering the lake the Chambezi mingles its waters in the swamp with those of the Luapula. The Luapula, which leaves Bangweulu at its most southern point, is about a mile wide at the outflow, but soon narrows to 300 or so yds. West of the Luapulu and near its outflow lies Lake Kampolombo, 20 m. long and 8 broad at its southern end. A sandy track separates Bangweulu from Kampolombo, and a narrow forest-clad tongue of land called Kapata intervenes between the Luapula and Kampolombo. Various channels lead, however, from the river to the lake. The Luapula flows south through the swamp some 50 m. and then turns west and afterwards north (see CONGO). The flood waters of the Chambezi and other streams, which deposit large quantities of alluvium, are gradually solidifying the swamp, while the Luapula is believed to be, though very slowly, draining Bangweulu. The waters of the lake do not appear to be anywhere more than 15 ft. deep.

BANGOR (formerly BANGOR FAWR, as distinguished from several other towns of this name in Wales, Ireland, Brittany, &c.), a city, municipal (1883) and contributory parliamentary borough (Carnarvon district), seaport and market-town of Carnarvonshire, N. Wales, 240 m. N.W. of London by the London & North Western railway. Pop. (1901) 11,269. It consists of Upper and Lower, the Lower practically one street. Lying near the northern entrance of the Menai Straits, it attracts many visitors. Buildings include the small cathedral, disused bishop's palace, deanery, small Roman Catholic church and other churches, the University College of N. Wales (1883), with female students' hall, Independent, Baptist, Normal and N. Wales Training Colleges. The cruciform cathedral, with a low pinnacled tower, stands on the site of a church which the English destroyed in 1071 (dedicated to, and perhaps founded, about 525, by St Deiniol). Sir G. Scott restored the present cathedral, 1866-1875, after it had been burned in the time of Owen Glendower, destroyed in 1211, and, in 1102 and 1212, severely handled. Bishop Dean (temp. Henry VII.) rebuilt the choir, Bishop Skevyngton (1532) added tower and nave. Lord Penrhyn's slate-quarries, at Bethesda, 6 m. off, supply the staple export from Port Penrhyn, at the mouth of the stream Cegid.

The Myyrian Archaeology (408-484) gives the three principal bangor (college) institutions as follows:-the bangor of Illtud Farchawg at Caer Worgorn (Wroxeter); that of Emrys (Ambrosius) at Caer Caradawg; bangor wydrin (glass) in the glass isle, Afallach; bangor Illud, or Llanilltud, or Llantwit major (by corruption), being a fourth. In each of the first three were 420 saints, succeeding each other (by hundreds), day and night, in their pious offices.

BANGORIAN CONTROVERSY, a theological dispute in the early 18th century which originated in 1716 with the posthumous publication of George Hickes's (bishop of Thetford) Constitution of the Christian Church, and the Nature and Consequences of Schism, in which he excommunicated all but the non-juring

Though heard of by the Portuguese traveller, Francisco de Lacerda, in 1798, Bangweulu was first reached in 1868 by David Livingstone, who died six years later among the swamps to the

south. It was partially surveyed in 1883 by the French traveller, | narrow defile, shut in by steep hills on the east and west but er. Victor Giraud, and first circumnavigated by Poulett Weatherley panding on the north to meet the valley of the Save. A small in 1896.

stream called the Crkvina enters the Vrbas from the north-east and See P. Weatherley in Geog. Journ. vol. xii. (1898) and vol. xiv. in the angle thus formed stand the citadel and barracks, with the by O.L. Beringer. Giraud's Les Lacs de l'Afrique équatoriale (Paris, 16th-century Ferhadiya Jamia, largest and most beautiful of more 1890) and Livingstone's Last Journals (1874) may also be consulted: than 40 mosques in the city. The celebrated Roman baths are

BANIM, JOHN (1798-1842), Irish novelist, sometimes called all in ruins, except one massive, domed building, dating from the the “Scott of Ireland," was born at Kilkenny on the 3rd of April 6th century and still in use, although modern baths are also 1798. In his thirteenth year he entered Kilkenny College open, for the development of the hot springs. Other noteworthy and devoted himself specially to drawing and painting. He buildings are the Franciscan and Trappist monasteries, a girls' pursued his artistic education for two years in the schools con- school, belonging to the Sisterhood of the Sacred Blood of nected with the Royal Society at Dublin, and afterwards taught Nazareth, a real-school and a Turkish bazaar. Coal, iron, silver drawing in Kilkenny, where he fell in love with one of his pupils. and other minerals are found in the adjoining hills; and the city His affection was returned, but the parents of the young lady possesses a government tobacco-factory, a brewery, cloth-mills, interfered and removed her from

Kilkenny. She pined away gunpowder-mills, a model farm and many corn-mills, worked by and died in two months. Her death made a deep impression on the two rapid rivers. Banim, whose health suffered severely and permanently. In Banjaluka is probably the Roman fort, marked, in the Tabula 1820 he went to Dublin and settled finally to the work of literature. Peutingcriana, as Castra, on the river Urbanus and the road from He published a poem, The Cells' Paradise, and his Damon and Salona on the Adriatic to Servitium in Pannonia. The origin Pythias was performed at Covent Garden in 1821. During a of its later name, meaning the "Baths of St Luke," is uncertain. short visit to Kilkenny he married, and in 1822 planned in In the 15th century, the fall of Jajce, a rival stronghold 22 m. conjunction with his elder brother MICHAEL (1796-1874), a S., led to the rapid rise of Banjaluka, which was thenceforward series of tales illustrative of Irish life, which should be for Ireland the scene of many encounters between Austrians and Turks; what the Waverley Novels were for Scotland. He then set out notably in 1527, 1688 and 1737. No Bosnian city had greater for London, and supported himself by writing for magazines and prosperity or importance in the last half of the 18th century. for the stage. A volume of miscellaneous essays was published in 1831, Hussein Aga Borberli, called the “ Dragon of Bosnia," anonymously in 1824, called Revelations of the Dead Alive. In or Zmaj Bosanski, set forth from Banjaluka on his holy wat April 1825 appeared the first series of Tales of the O'Hara Family, against the sultan Mahmud II. (See BOSNIA.) which achicved immediate and decided success. One of the

BANJERMASIN (Dutch Bandjermasin), the chief town in the most powerful of them, Crohoore of the Bill Hook, was by Michael Dutch portion of the island of Borneo, East Indies, on the river Banim. In 1826 a second series was published, containing that Martapura, near its junction with the Barito, 24 m. from the excellent Irish novel, The Nowlans. John's health had given way, mouth of the Barito in a bay of the south coast. The town is the and the next effort of the “O'Hara family " was almost entirely seat of the Dutch resident of South and East Borneo. Its the production of his brother Michael. The Croppy, a Tale of buildings stand on either bank of the river, but many of the 1798 (1828) is hardly equal to the earlier tales, though it con- inhabitants (who number nearly 50,000) occupy houses either tains some wonderfully vigorous passages. The Denounced, the floating on, or built on piles in the river. As large vessels can Mayor of Windgap, The Ghost Hunter (by Michael Banim), and sail up to the town, it is a trade centre for the products of the The Smuggler followed in quick succession, and were received districts along the banks of the Barito and Martapura, such as with considerable favour. John Banim, meanwhile, had become benzoin, rattans, wax, gold, diamonds, iron and weapons. In much straitened in circumstances. In 1829 he went to France, 1700 the East Indian Company established a factory here; but and while he was abroad a movement to relieve his wants was the place was found to be unhealthy, and the Company's

servants set on foot by the English press, headed by John Sterling in The were finally attacked by the natives, whom they repulsed with Times. A sufficient sum was obtained to remove him from any great difficulty. The settlement was abandoned. The English danger of actual want, and to this government added in 1836 a again seized Banjermasin in 1811, but restored it in 1817. Of the pension of £150. He returned to Ireland in 1835, and settled in commercial community the Chinese are a very important portion, Windgap Cottage, a short distance from Kilkenny; and there, and there is also a considerable number of Arabs. The district of a complete invalid, he passed the remainder of his life, dying on Banjermasin was incorporated by the Dutch in consequence of the 13th of August 1842. Michael Banim had acquired a con- the war of 1860, in regard to the succession in the sultanate, siderable fortune which he lost in 1840 through the bankruptcy which had been under their protection since 1787. The town of of a firm with which he had business relations. After this disaster Martapura was the seat of the sultan from 1771. The inland he wrote Father Connell (1842), Clouch Fionn (1852), The Town portion of the district is covered with forest, while the flat of the Cascades (1862). Michael Banim died at Booterstown on and swampy seaboard is largely occupied by rice-fields. The the zoth of August 1874.

inhabitants are mostly Dyaks. The true place of the Banims in literature is to be estimated BANJO, a musical instrument with strings plucked by fingers from the merits of the O'Hara Tales; their later works, though of or plectrum, popular among the American negroes and introduced considerable ability, are sometimes prolix and are marked by too by them into Europe. The word is either a corruption of evident an imitation of the Waverley Novels. The Tales, how- "bandore" or "pandura" (9.0.), an instrument of the guitar ever, are masterpieces of faithful delineation. The strong passions, type, or is derived from "bania," the name of a similar primitive the lights and shadows of Irish peasant character, have rarely Senegambian instrument. been so ably and truly depicted. The incidents are striking, The banjo consists of a body composed of a single piece of sometimes even horrible, and the authors have been accused vellum stretched like a drum-head over a wooden or metal hoop of straining after melodramatic effect. The lighter, more to ensure the requisite degree of resonance; the parchment may joyous side of Irish character, which appears so strongly in be tightened or slackened by means of a series of screws disposed Samuel Lover, receives litue attention from the Banims.

round the circumference of the hoop. Attached to the body, See P. J. Murray, Life of John Banim (1857).

which has no back, is a long neck, terminating in a flat head BANJALUKA (sometimes written BANIALUKA, Or BAINALUKA), acting as a peg-box and bent back slightly at an obtuse angle the capital of a district bearing the same name, in Bosnia. Pop. from the neck. There are five, six or nine strings to the banjo; (1895) 13,666, of whom about 7000 were Moslems. Banjaluka they are fastened to a tail-piece as in the violin, pass over a low lies on the river Vrbas, and at the terminus of a military railway bridge, on the body, and are strained over the nut or ridge at the which meets the Hungarian state line at Jasenovac, 30 m. N.N.W. end of the neck, where they are threaded through holes and Banjaluka is the seat of Roman Catholic and Orthodox bishops, wound round the tuning-pegs fixed in the back of the head in a district court, and an Austrian garrison. It is at the head of a Oriental fashion, as in the lute (9.0.). The strings are stopped