Academic departments) as its educational institution; those of
Manitoba and the North-west, with Brandon College as its educa-
tional institution; and those of British Columbia, Canadian
Baptists numbered 120,000 in 1909, and are considered in the above
general estimates.
(A. H. N.)

BAR, FRANÇOIS DE (1538-1606), French scholar, was born at Scizencourt, near St Quentin, and having studied at the university of Paris entered the order of St Benedict. He soon became prior of the abbey of Anchin, near Pecquencourt, and passed much of his time in the valuable library of the abbey, studying ecclesiastical history, especially that of Flanders. He also made a catalogue of the manuscripts at Anchin and annotated many of them. During the French Revolution his manuscripts passed to the library at Douai. Bar died at Anchin on the 25th of March 1606.

See J. Lelong, Bibliothèque historique de la France (Paris, 17681778); C. C. A. Dehaisnes, "Catalogue des manuscrits de Douai, in the Catalogue général des manuscrits des bibliothèques des départements, t. vi. (Paris, 1849-1885).

BAR, a town of Russia, in the government of Podolia, 50 m. N.E. of Kamenets, on an affluent of the Bug. Pop. (1897) 10,614. It was formerly called Rov. Its present designation was bestowed upon it in memory of Bari in Italy (where she was born) by Bona Sforza, the consort of Sigismund I. of Poland, who rebuilt the town after its destruction in 1452 by the Tatars. From 1672 to 1699 it remained in possession of the Turks. In 1768 a confederation of the Polish nobles (see next article) against the Russians was formed in the town, which was shortly after taken by storm, but did not become finally united to Russia till the partition of 1793.

BAR, CONFEDERATION OF, a famous confederation of the Polish nobles and gentry formed at the little fortress of Bar in Podolia in 1768 to defend the internal and external independence of Poland against the aggressions of the Russian government as represented by her representative at Warsaw, Prince Nicholas Repnin. The originators of this confederation were Adam Krasinski, bishop of Kamenets, Osip Pulawski and Michael Krasinski. King Stanislaus was at first inclined to mediate between the confederates and Russia; but finding this impossible, sent a force against them under the grand hetman Ksawery Branicki and two generals, who captured Bar. Nevertheless, a simultaneous outbreak of a jacquerie in Little-Russia contributed to the extension of the confederation throughout the eastern province of Poland and even in Lithuania. The confederates, thereupon, appealed for help abroad and contributed to bring about a war between Russia and Turkey. So serious indeed was the situation that Frederick II. advised Catherine to come to terms with the confederates. Their bands under Ignaty Malchewsky, Michael Pac and Prince Charles Radziwill ravaged the land in every direction, won several engagements over the Russians, and at last, utterly ignoring the king, sent envoys on their own account to the principal European powers. In 1770 the Council of the Confederation was transferred from its original seat in Silesia to Hungary, from whence it conducted diplomatic negotiations with France, Austria and Turkey with the view of forming a league against Russia. The court of Versailles sent Dumouriez to act as commander-in-chief of the confederates, but neither as a soldier nor as a politician did this adroit adventurer particularly distinguish himself, and his account of his experiences is very unfair to the confederates. Among other blunders, he pronounced King Stanislaus a tyrant and a traitor at the very moment when he was about to accede to the Confederation. The king thereupon reverted to the Russian faction and the Confederation lost the confidence of Europe. Nevertheless, its army, thoroughly reorganized by Dumouriez, gallantly maintained the hopeless struggle for some years, and it was not till 1776 that the last traces of it disappeared.

to navigation. When a river enters a tidal sea its rate of flow is checked and the material it carries in suspension is deposited in a shifting bar crossing the channel from bank to bank. Where the channel is only partly closed, a spur of this character is called a "spit." A bar may be produced by tidal action only in an estuary or narrow gulf (as at Port Adelaide) where the tides sweep the loose sand backwards and forwards, depositing it where the motion of the water is checked. Nahant Bay, Mass., is bordered by the ridge of Lynn Beach, which separates it from Lynn Harbor, and ties Nahant to the mainland by a bar formed in this way.

BAR, THE. This term, as equivalent to the profession o barrister (q.v.), originated in the partition or bar dividing the English law-courts into two parts, for the purpose of separating the members and officials of the court from the prisoners or suitors, their advocates and the general public. Theoretically. this division of the court is still maintained in England, those who are entitled to sit within the bar including king's counsel, barristers with patents of precedence, serjeants (till the order died out) and solicitors, while the other members of the bar and the general public remain without. Parties in civil suits who appear in person are allowed to stand on the floor within the bar instead of, as formerly, appearing at the bar itself. In criminal

trials the accused still stands forward at the bar. There is also a bar in parliament. In the House of Commons it remains literally a bar-a long brass rod hidden in a tube from which it is pulled out when required to mark the technical boundary of the House. Before it appear those who are charged with having violated the privileges of the House; below it also sit those members who have been returned at bye-elections, to await their introduction to the House and the taking of the oath of allegiance. In the House of Lords the place where Mr Speaker and the members of the House of Commons stand when summoned by Black Rod is called "the bar."

The "call to the bar " in England, by which a law student at one of the Inns of Court is converted into a barrister, is dealt with under INNS OF COURT. The exclusive privilege of calling to the bar belongs to those bodies, which also exercise disciplinary power over their members; but it was widely felt by members of the bar in recent years that the benchers or governing body with their self-elected members did not keep a sufficiently watchful eye on the minutiae of the profession. Consequently, in 1883, a bar committee was formed for the purpose of dealing with all matters relating to the profession, such as the criticizing of proposed legal reforms, and the expression of opinions on matters of professional etiquette, conduct and practice. In 1894 the committee was dissolved, and succeeded by the general council of the bar, elected on a somewhat wider basis. It is composed of a due proportion of king's counsel and outer barristers elected by voting-papers sent to all barristers having an address in the Law List within the United Kingdom. Its expenses are paid by contributions from the four Inns of Court. Its powers are not disciplinary, but it would draw the attention of the benchers to any gross violation of the professional etiquette of the bar.

Each state in America has its own bar, consisting of all attorneys-at-law residing within it who have been admitted to practice in its courts. Generally attorneys are admitted in one court to practice in all courts. Each of the United. States courts has a bar of its own. An attorney of a state cannot practise in a court of the United States unless he has been admitted to it, or to one of the same class in another district or circuit. He cannot appear in the Supreme Court of the United States unless specially admitted and sworn as an attorney of that court, which is done on motion in case of any one who has practised See Alexander Kraushar, Prince Repnin in Poland (Pol.) (Warsaw, for three years in the highest courts of his state and is in good 1900); F. A. Thesby de Belcour, The Confederates of Bar (Pol.) standing at its bar. In most of the states there is a state bar (Cracow, 1895); Charles François Dumouriez, Mémoires et corres-association, and in some cities and counties local bar associations, pondance (Paris, 1834).

(R. N. B.) BAR (O. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown), in physical geography, a ridge of sand or silt crossing an estuary under water or raised by wave action above sea-level, forming an impediment |

These consist of such members of its bar as desire thus to associate, the object being to guard and advance the standards of the profession. Some own valuable libraries. These associations have no official recognition, but their influence is considerable in

from Berberi, i.e. people of Berber, or as identical with Barabara, figuring in the inscription on a gateway of Tethmosis I. as the name of one of the 113 tribes conquered by him. In a later inscription of Rameses II. at Karnak (c. 1300 B.C.) Beraberata is given as that of a southern conquered people. Thus it is suggested that Barabra is a real ethnical name, confused later with Greek and Roman barbarus, and revived in its proper meaning subsequent to the Moslem conquest. A tribe living on the banks of the Nile between Wadi Halfa and Assuan are called Barabra. (See further NUBIA.)

recommending and shaping legislation respecting the judicial | modified by negro crossings. The word is variously derived establishment and procedure. They also serve a useful purpose in instituting or promoting proceedings to discipline or expel unworthy attorneys from the bar. There is an American Bar Association, founded in 1878, composed of over 3500 members of different states of like character and position. Some of these associations publish annually a volume of transactions. The rights, duties and liabilities of counsellor-at-law are stated under ATTORNEY. As members of the bar of the state in which they practise they are subject to its laws regulating such practice, e.g. in some states they are forbidden to advertise for divorce cases (New York Penal Code [1902] § 148a) (1905, People v. Taylor [Colorado], 75 Pac. Rep. 914). It is common throughout the United States for lawyers to make contracts for "contingent fees," i.c. for a percentage of the amount recovered. Such contracts are not champertous and are upheld by the courts, but will be set aside if an unconscionable bargain be made with the client (Deering v. Scheyer [N.Y.], 58 App. D. 322). So also by the U.S. Supreme Court (Wright v. Tebbets, 91 U.S. 252; Taylor v. Benis, 110 U.S. 42). The reason for upholding such contracts is that otherwise poor persons would often fail of securing or protecting their property or rights. In fact such contracts are seldom set aside, though no doubt the practice is capable of abuse.

BARA BANKI, a town and district of British India in the Fyzabad division of the United Provinces. The town, which forms one municipality with Nawabganj, the administrative headquarters of the district, is 17 m. E. of Lucknow by railway. The population of Bara Banki alone in 1901 was 3020. There is some trade in sugar and cotton.

BARACALDO, a river-port of north-eastern Spain, in the province of Biscay; on the left bank of the river Nervion or Ansa (in Basque, Ibaizabal), 5 m. by rail N.W. of Bilbao. Pop. (1900) 15,013. Few Spanish towns have developed more rapidly than Baracaldo, which nearly doubled its population between 1880 and 1900. During this period many immigrant labourers settled here; for the ironworks and dynamite factory of Baracaldo prospered greatly, owing to the increased output of the Biscayan mines, the extension of railways in the neighbourhood, and the growth of shipping at Bilbao. The low flat country round Baracaldo is covered with maize, pod fruit and vines.

BARACOA, a seaport city of N.E. Cuba, in Santiago province. Pop. (1907) 5633. The town lies under high hills on a small circular harbour accessible to small craft. The country round about is extremely rugged. The hill called the "Anvil of Baracoa " (about 3000 ft.) is remarkable for its extremely regular formation. It completely dominates the city's background, and is a well-known sailors' landmark. The town is the trading centre of a large plantation region behind it and is the centre of the banana and cocoanut export trade. There is a fort dating from the middle of the 18th century. Baracoa is the oldest town in Cuba, having been settled by Diego Velazquez in 1512. It held from its foundation the honours of a city. From 1512 to 1514 it was the capital of the island, and from 1518 to 1522 its church was the cathedral of the island's first diocese. Both honours were taken from it to be given to Santiago de Cuba; and for two centuries after this Baracoa remained an obscure village, with little commerce. In the 16th century it was re

The district has an area of 1753 sq. m. It stretches out in a level plain interspersed with numerous jhils or marshes. In the upper part of the district the soil is sandy, while in the lower part it is clayey and produces finer crops. The principal rivers are the Gogra, forming the northern boundary, and the Gumti, flowing through the middle of the district. In 1856 it came, with the rest of Oudh, under British rule. During the Sepoy war of 1857-1858 the whole of the Bara Banki talukdars joined the mutineers, but offered no serious resistance after the capture of Lucknow. The cultivators are still, for the most part, tenants-peatedly plundered by pirates until it came to terms with them, at-will, rack-rented and debt-ridden. In 1901 the population was 1,179,323, showing an increase of 4% in the decade. The principal crops are rice, wheat, pulse and other food-grains, sugar-cane and opium. Both the bordering rivers are navigable; and the district is traversed by two lines of the Oudh and Rohilkhand railway, with branches. Trade in agricultural produce is active.

BARABOO, a city and the county-seat of Sauk county, Wisconsin, U.S.A., about 37 m. N.W. of Madison, on the Baraboo river, a tributary of the Wisconsin. Pop. (1890) 4605; (1900) 5751, of whom 732 were foreign-born; (1905) 5835; (1910) 6324. The city is served by the Chicago & North-Western railway, which maintains here an engine house and extensive machine shops, and of which it is a division headquarters. Baraboo has an attractive situation on a series of hills about 1000 ft. above sea-level. In the vicinity are Devil's Lake (3 m. S.) and the famous Dells of the Wisconsin river (near Kilbourn, about 12 m. N.), two summer resorts with picturesque scenery. The principal public buildings are the court-house (in a small public park), the public library and a high school. Dairying and the growing of small fruits are important industries in the surrounding region; and there is a large nursery here. Stone quarried in the vicinity is exported, and the city is near the centre of the Sauk county iron range. Among the manufactures are woollen goods, towels, canned fruit and vegetables, dairy products, beer, and circus wagons (the city is the headquarters of the Ringling and the Gollmar circuses). The first permanent settlement here was made in 1839. Baraboo was named in honour of jean Baribault, an early French trapper, and was chartered as a city in 1882.

BARABRA, a name for the complex Nubian races of the Egyptian Sudan, whose original stock is Hamitic-Berber, long

gave them welcome harbourage, and based a less precarious existence upon continuous illicit trade. Until the middle of the 18th century Baracoa was almost without connexion with Havana and Santiago. In the wars of the end of the century it was a place of deposit for French and Spanish corsairs. At this time, too, about 100 fugitive immigrant families from Santo Domingo greatly augmented its industrial importance. In 1807 an unsuccessful attack was made upon the city by an English force. In 1826 the port was opened to foreign commerce.

BARAHONA DE SOTO, LUIS (1535?-1595), Spanish poet, was born about 1535 at Lucena (Cordova), was educated at Granada, and practised as a physician at Córdova. His principal poem is the Primera parte de la Angélica (1586), a continuation of the Orlando furioso; the second part was long believed to be lost, but fragments of it have been identified in the anonymous Diálogos de la monteria, first printed in 1890; the Diálogos also embody fragments of a poem by Barahona entitled Los Principios del mundo, and many graceful lyrics by the same writer have been published by Francisco Rodriguez Marín. Cervantes describes Barahona as "one of the best poets not only in Spain, but in the whole world"; this is friendly hyperbole. Nevertheless Barahona has high merits: poetic imagination, ingenious fancy, and an exceptional mastery of the methods transplanted to Spain from Italy. His Angélica has been reproduced in facsimile (New York, 1904) by Archer M. Huntington.

See F. Rodriguez Marín, Luis Barahona de Soto, estudio biográfico, bibliografico, y critico (Madrid, 1903); Diálogos de la monteria, edited (J. F.-K.) by F. R. de Uhagón (Madrid, 1890).

BARANTE, AMABLE GUILLAUME PROSPER BRUGIÉRE, BARON DE (1782-1866), French statesman and historian, the son of an advocate, was born at Riom on the 10th of June 1782. At the age of sixteen he entered the Ecole Polytechnique at

Paris, and at twenty obtained his first appointment in the civil the army, and settled in 1827 near Moscow. There he completed service. His abilities secured him rapid promotion, and in 1806 his chief work The Gipsy, a poem written in the style of Pushkin. he obtained the post of auditor to the council of state. After He died in 1844 at Naples, whither he had gone for the sake of being employed in several political missions in Germany, Poland the milder climate. and Spain, during the next two years, he became prefect of A collected edition of his poems appeared at St Petersburg, in Vendée. At the time of the return of Napoleon I. he held the 2 vols. in 1835; later editions, Moscow 1869, and Kazan 1884. prefecture of Nantes, and this post he immediately resigned. BARB. (1) (From Lat. barba, a beard), a term used in various On the second restoration of the Bourbons he was made councillor senses, of the folds of mucous membrane under the tongue of of state and secretary-general of the ministry of the interior. horses and cattle, and of a disease affecting that part, of the After filling for several years the post of director-general of wattles round the mouth of the barbel, of the backward turned indirect taxes, he was created in 1819 a peer of France and was points of an arrow and of the piece of folded linen worn over the prominent among the Liberals. After the revolution of July 1830, neck by nuns. (2) (From Fr. barbe, meaning "from Barbary'), M. de Barante was appointed ambassador to Turin, and five a name applied to a breed of horses imported by the Moors into years later to St Petersburg. Throughout the reign of Louis Spain from Barbary, and to a breed of pigeons. Philippe he remained a supporter of the government; and after BARBACENA, an inland town of Brazil, in the state of Minas the fall of the monarchy, in February 1848, he withdrew from Geraes, 150 m. N.N.W. of Rio de Janeiro and about 3500 ft. political affairs and retired to his country seat in Auvergne. above sea level. The surrounding district is chiefly agricultural, Shortly before his retirement he had been made grand cross of producing coffee, sugar-cane, Indian corn and cattle, and the the Legion of Honour. Barante's Histoire des ducs de Bourgogne town has considerable commercial importance. It is also noted de la maison de Valois, which appeared in a series of volumes for its healthiness and possesses a large sanatorium much frebetween 1824 and 1828, procured him immediate admission to quented by convalescents from Rio de Janeiro during the hot the French Academy. Its narrative qualities, and purity of season. Barbacena was formerly a principal distributing centre style, won high praise from the romantic school, but it exhibits for the mining districts of Minas Geraes, but this distinction a lack of the critical sense and of scientific scholarship. Amongst was lost when the railways were extended beyond that point. his other literary works are a Tableau de la littérature française BARBADOS, or BARBADOES, an island in the British West au dixhuitième siècle, of which several editions were published; Indies. It lies 78 m. E. of St Vincent, in 13° 4' N. and 59° 37' W.; Des communes et de l'aristocratie (1821); a French translation is 21 m. long, 14) m. at its broadest, and 166 sq. m. (106,470 acres) of the dramatic works of Schiller; Questions constitutionnelles in extent (roughly equalling the Isle of Wight). Its coasts are (1850); Histoire de la Convention Nationale, which appeared encircled with coral reefs, extending in some places 3 m. seaward. in six volumes between 1851 and 1853; Histoire du Directoire In its configuration the island is elevated but not mountainous. de la République française (1855); Études historiques et bio- Near the centre is its apex, Mount Hillaby (1100 ft.), from which graphiques (1857); La Vic politique de M. Royer-Collard (1861). the land falls on all sides in a series of terraces to the sea. So The version of Hamlet for Guizot's Shakespeare was his work. gentle is the incline of the hills that in driving over the wellHe died on the 22nd of November 1866.

constructed roads the ascent is scarcely noticeable. The only His Souvenirs were published by his grandson (Paris, 1890-99). natural harbour is Carlisle Bay on the south-western coast, See also the article by Guizot in the Revue des deux Mondes, July 1867. which, however, is little better than a shallow roadstead, only

BARASAT, a subdivisional town in the district of the Twenty- accessible to light draught vessels. four Parganas, Bengal, India. For a considerable time Barasat Geology.---The oldest rocks of Barbados, known as the Scotland town was the headquarters of a joint magistracy, known as the series, are of shallow water origin, consisting of coarse grits, brown "Barasat District," but in 1861, on a readjustment of boundaries sandstones and sandy clays, in places saturated with petroleum Barasat district was abolished by order of government, and and traversed by veins of manjak. They have been folded and was converted into a subdivision of the Twenty-four Parganas. denuded, so as to form the foundation on which rest the later beds Pop. (1901) 8634. It forms a striking illustration of the rural of the island. Upon the denuded edges of the Scotland beds lies character of the so-called " towns.” in Bengal, and is merely the Oceanic series. It includes chalky limestones, siliceous an agglomeration of 41 separate villages, in which all the opera-earths, red clay, and, at the top, a layer of mudstone composed tions of husbandry go on precisely as in the adjacent hamlets. mainly of volcanic dust. The limestones contain Globigerina

BARATIER, JOHANN PHILIPP (1721-1740), German scholar and other Foraminifera, the siliceous beds are made of Radiolaria, of precocious genius, was born at Schwabach near Nuremberg sponge spicules and diatoms, while the red clay closely resembles on the roth of January 1721. His early education was most the red clay of the deepest parts of the oceans. There can be no carefully conducted by his father, the pastor of the French doubt that the whole series was laid down in deep waters. The church at Schwabach, and so rapid was his progress that by the Oceanic series is generally overlaid directly, and unconformably, time he was five years of age he could speak French, Latin by coral limestones; but at Bissex Hill, at the base of the coral and Dutch with ease, and read Greek fluently. He then studied limestones, and resting unconformably upon the Oceanic series, Hebrew, and in three years was able to translate the Hebrew there is a Globigerina marl. The Coral Limestone series lies Bible into Latin or French. He collected materials for a dictionary indifferently upon the older beds. Although of no great thickness of rare and difficult Hebrew words, with critical and philological it covers six-sevenths of the island, rising in a series of steps or observations; and when he was about eleven years old trans- platforms to a height of nearly 1100 ft. lated from the Hebrew Tudela's Itinerarium. In his fourteenth Even the Scotland series probably belongs to the Tertiary year he was admitted master of arts at Halle, and received into system, but owing to the want of characteristic fossils, it is the Royal Academy at Berlin. The last years of his short life impossible to determine with any degree of certainty the precise he devoted to the study of history and antiquities, and had homotaxis of the several formations. Jukes-Browne and collected materials for histories of the Thirty Years' War and Harrison ascribe the Scotland beds to the Eocene or Oligocene of Antitrinitarianism, and for an Inquiry concerning Egyptian period, the Oceanic series to the Miocene, the Bissex Hill marls Antiquities. His health, which had always been weak, gave to the Pliocene, and the coral limestones partly to the Pliocene way completely under these labours, and he died on the 5th of and partly to the Pleistocene. But these correlations rest upon October 1740. He had published eleven separate works, and imperfect evidence. left a great quantity of manuscript.

Sandstone, and clays suitable for brick-making, are found in BARATYNSKI, JEWGENIJ ABRAMOVICH (1800-1844), the district of Scotland, so called from a fancied resemblance to Russian poet, was educated at the royal school at St Petersburg the Highlands of North Britain. The only other mineral product and then entered the army. He served for eight years in is manjak, a species of asphalt, also found in this district and to Finland, where he composed his first poem Eda. Through the some extent exported. interest of friends be obtained leave from the tsar to retire from Climate, &c.—The climate of Barbados is pleasant. The

by her father who was opposed to her marriage; that she was raids on the Spanish coast. They also pushed their fortunes by converted to Christianity by a follower of Origen, and that fighting for, or murdering and supplanting, the native African when her father learnt this, he beheaded her. The place of her princes. Their headquarters were in the island of Jerba in the martyrdom is variously given as Heliopolis, as a town of Tuscany, Gulf of Gabes. They attempted in 1912 to take Bougie from the and as Nicomedia, Bithynia, about the year 235. St Barbara is Spaniards, but were beaten off, and Arouj lost an arm, shattered the patron saint of armourers and gunsmiths, and her protection by an arquebus shot. In 1514 they took Jijelli from the Genoese, is sought specially against lightning.

and after a second beating at Bougie in 1515 were called in by BARBARIAN (Gr. Bápßapos), the name among the early the natives of Cherchel and Algiers to aid them against the Greeks for all foreigners. The word is probably onomatopoctic, Spaniards. They occupied the towns and murdered the designed to represent the uncouth babbling of which languages native ruler who called them in. The Spaniards still held the other than their own appeared to the Greeks to consist. Even little rocky island which gives Algiers its name and forms the the Romans were included in the term. The word soon harbour. In 1518 Arouj was drawn away to take part in a assumed an evil meaning, becoming associated with the vices civil war in Tlemcen. He promptly murdered the prince he and savage natures of which they believed their enemies to came to support and seized the town for himself. The rival be possessed. The Romans adopted the word for all peoples party then called in the Spaniards, by whom Arouj was expelled other than those under Graeco-Roman influence and domination and slain while fleeing at the Rio Salado. Khuir-ed-Din clung It has long become synonymous with a general lack of civilization. to his possessions on the coast and appealed to the sultan Selim I.

BARBARO, ERMOLAO (HERMOLAUS BARBARUS) (1454-1493), He was named beylerbey by the sultan, and with him began the Italian scholar, was born at Venice on the 21st of May 1451. establishment of Turkish rule in northern Africa. For years he At an early age he was sent to Rome, where he studied under was engaged in subduing the native princes, and in carrying on Pomponius Laetus. He completed his education at the uni- warfare with the Christians. In 1519 he repelled a Spanish versity of Padua, where he was appointed professor of philosophy attack on Algiers, but could not expel

his enemies from the island in 1477. Two years later he revisited Venice, but returned to till 1529. As a combatant in the forefront of the war with the Padua when the plague broke out in his native city. He was Christians he became a great hero in Islam, and dreaded by its sent on various missions to persons of high rank, amongst them enemies under his name of Barbarossa. In 1534 he seized Tunis, Pope Innocent VIII., by whom he was nominated to the im- acting as capitan pasha for the sultan Suleiman. The emperor portant office of patriarch of Aquileia (1491). The Venetian Charles V. intervened on behalf of the native prince, retook the senate, however, refused to ratify the appointment, which, town, and destroyed great part of Barbarossa's flect. The corsair contrary to the law, he had accepted without first obtaining its retaliated by leading what remained of his navy on a plundering sanction. He was banished and forced to resign the patriarchate, raid to the Balearic Islands. During the remainder of his lifeunder the threat of being punished vicariously by the confiscation till 1547—Barbarossa, though still beylerbey of northern Africa, of his father's property. Barbarus remained at Rome, in receipt was mainly engaged as capitan pasha in co-operating with the of a small pension from the pontifical government, until his death armies of the sultan Suleiman in the east. He was absent from (probably from the plague) on the 14th of June 1493 (according Algiers when it was attacked by Charles V. in 1541. In 1543-1544 to some, two years later). He edited and translated a number he commanded the fleet which Suleiman sent to the coast of of classical works, of which the most important were: Castiga- Provence to support Francis I. Barbarossa would not allow the tiones Plinianae (1492), in which he boasted of having made 5000 bells of the Christian churches to be rung while his fleet was at corrections in the text of Pliny's Natural History; Themistius' anchor in the ports. He plundered the coast of Italy on his Paraphrases of certain 'works of Aristo:le (1480); Aristotle's way back to Constantinople. When he died in his palace at Rhetorica (published in 1544); Castigationes in Pomponium Melam Constantinople he was succeeded as beylerbey of Africa by his (1493).

son Hassan. Hassan Barbarossa, like his father, spent most of BARBAROSSA ("Redbeard"), the name given by the Christians his life in the Levant, but was occasionally in Africa when the to a family of Turkish admirals and sea rovers of the 16th century, influence of his family was required to suppress the disorders of -Arouj and Khizr (alias Khair-ed-Din) and Hassan the son of the Turkish garrisons. He left it for the last time in 1567, and is Khair-ed-Din. As late as 1840, Captain Walsin Esterhazy, said by Hammer-Purgstall to have been present at Lepanto in author of a history of the Turkish rule in Africa, ventured the 1571. His last years are obscure. guess that “ Barbarossa ” was simply a mispronunciation of AUTHORITIES. - The History of the Ottoman Empire, by Joseph von Babá Arouj, and the supposition has been widely accepted. contains accounts of the Barbarossas, but requires to be corrected

Hammer-Purgstall (French translation J. J. Hellert, 1835-1843), But the prefix Bábá was not applied to Arouj by contemporaries. by other authorities. See La Fondation de la régence d'Alger, His name is given in Spanish or Italian form as “ Orux” or histoire des Barberousse, chronique arabe du XVIème siècle pub"Harrach " or "Ordiche.” The contemporary Arab chronicle lished by Sander Rang and Ferdinand Denis, Paris, 1837—for a published by S. Rang and F. Denis in 1837 says explicitly that curious Moslem version of their

story. H. D. de Gramniont has Barbarossa was the name applied by Christians to Khair-ed-Din. he discusses the origin of the name in a paper contributed to the It was no doubt a nickname given to the family on account of Révue Africains, No. 171. Their campaigns are told in a readable their red or tawny beards (Lat. barba). The founder of the family way with the advantage of technical knowledge by Ad. Jurien de was Yakub, a Roumeliot, probably of Albanian blood, who la Gravière in Les Corsaires barbaresques et la marine de Soliman le settled in Mitylene after its conquest by the Turks. He was a

Grand (1887), and Doria et Barberousse (1886). The History of the

Maritime Wars of the Turks, by Hajji Khalifa (translated by J. coasting trader and skipper, and had four sons—Elias, Isaak, Mitchell for the Oriental Translation Fund, 1831), is said to have Arouj and Khizr, all said to have been born after 1482. Khizt been founded on evidence collected by order of the sultan Suleiman. became a potter and Isaak a trader. Elias and Arouj took to BARBAROUX, CHARLES JEAN MARIE (1767-1794), French sea roving. In an action with a galley of the Knights of Saint revolutionist, was educated at first by the Oratorians of Marseilles, John, then established at Rhodes, Elias was killed and Arouj then studied law, and became a successful advocate. Ilc was taken prisoner; the latter was ransomed by a Turkish pasha appointed secretary (greffier) to the commune oi Marseilles, and and returned to the sea. For some time he served the Mamelukes in 1792 was commissioned to go to the Legislative Assembly and who still held Egypt. During the conflict between the Mamelukes demand the accusation of the directory of the department of and the sultan Selim I., he considered it more prudent to transfer Bouches-du-Rhone, as accomplice in a royalist movement in himself to Tunis. The incessant conflicts among the Berber Arles. At Paris he was received in the Jacobin club and entered princes of northern Africa gave him employment as a mercenary, into relations with J. P. Brissot and the Rolands. It was at his which he varied by piratical raids on the trade of the Christians. instigation that Marseilles sent to Paris the battalion of volunteers At Tunis he was joined by Khizr, who took, or was endowed with, which contributed to the insurrection of the roth of August 1792 the name of Khair-ed-Din. Isaak soon followed his brothers. against the king. Returning to Marseilles he helped to repress Arouj and Khair-ed-Din joined the exiled Moors of Granada in a royalist movement at Avignon and an ultra-Jacobin movement