Collection of all the Dialogues written by Mr Thomas Brown December 1862, while investigating the sea-bottom off Kingston, (London, 1704), p. 297.

435

James's Gazette and for Home Chimes (edited by Mr F. W. Barrie moved to London. He continued to write for the St Robinson). He was soon enlisted by Mr Alexander Riach for the Edinburgh Evening Dispatch, which in turn led to his writing (over the signature “Gavin Ogilvy ") for Dr Robertson Nicoll's British Weekly. Later he became a contributor to the Scots (afterwards National) Observer, edited by W. E. Henley, and also to the Speaker, upon its foundation in 1890. In 1887 he published his first book, Better Dead. It was a mere jeu d'esprit, a specimen of his humorous journalism, elaborated from the St James's Gazette. This was followed in 1888 by Auld Licht Idylls, a collection of the Scots village sketches written for the same paper. They portrayed the life and humours of his native village, idealized as "Thrums," and were the fruits of early observation and of his mother's tales. "She told me everything," Mr Barrie has written, "and so my memories of our little red wholly satisfied with the portrait, but "Thrums " took its place town were coloured by her memories." Kirriemuir itself was not securely on the literary map of the world. In the same year he published An Edinburgh Eleven, sketches from the British Weekly of eminent Edinburgh students; also his first long story, When a Man's Single, a humorous transcription of his experiences was introduced by what was in fact another Thrums "Idyll," on as journalist, particularly in the Nottingham office. a higher level than the rest of the book. In 1889 came A Window The book

son of a farmer. He made his first appearance on the stage at | editor, more Auld Licht "Idylls" followed; and in 1885 Mr Halifax in 1864, and then played his wife, Caroline Heath, in East Lynne. After managerial the provinces alone and with experiences at Leeds and elsewhere, in 1879 he took the management of the old Court theatre, where he introduced Madame Modjeska to London, in an adaptation of Schiller's Maria Stuart, Adrienne Lecouvreur, La Dame aux camelias and other plays. It was not till 1881, however, when he took the Princess's theatre, that he became well known to the public in the emotional drama, The Lights o' London, by G. R. Sims. The play which made him an established favourite was The Silver King by Henry Arthur Jones, perhaps the most successful melodrama ever staged, produced in 1882 with himself as Wilfred Denver, his brother George (an excellent comedian) in the cast, and E. S. Willard (b. 1853) as the "Spider,"-this being the part in which Mr Willard, afterwards a well-known actor both in America and England, first came to the front. Barrett played this part for three hundred nights without a break, and repeated his London success in W. G. Wills's Claudian which followed. In 1884 he appeared in Hamlet, but soon returned to melodrama, and though he had occasional seasons in London he acted chiefly in the provinces. In 1886 he made his first visit to America, repeated in later years, and in 1898 he visited Australia. During these years the London stage was coming under new influences, and Wilson Barrett's vogae in melodrama had waned. But in 1895 he struck a new vein of success with his drama of religious emotion, The Sign of the Cross, which crowded his theatre within Thrums. This beautiful book, and the Idylls, gave the full audiences largely composed of people outside the ordinary circle of playgoers. He attempted to repeat the success with other plays of a religious type, but not with equal effect, and several of his later plays were failures. He died on the 22nd of July 1904. Wilson Barrett was a sterling actor of a robust type and striking physique, not remarkable for intellectual finesse, but extelling in melodrama, and very successful as the central figure on his own stage.

measure of Mr Barrie's gifts of humanity, humour and pathos, with abundant evidence of the whimsical turn of his wit, and of his original and vernacular style. In 1891 he made a collection of his lighter papers from the St James's Gazette and published them as My Lady Nicotine. In 1891 appeared his first long novel, Good Words. It introduced, not with unmixed success, extraneThe Little Minister, which had been first published serially in BARRHEAD, a police burgh of Renfrewshire, Scotland, familiar life of Thrums, but proved the author's possession of a ous elements, including the winsome heroine Babbie, into the situated on the Levern, 73 m. S.W. of Glasgow by the Glasgow considerable gift of romance. In 1894 he published Margaret & South-Western railway. Pop. (1901) 9855. Founded in 1773, Ogilvy, based on the life of his mother and his own relations with it has gradually absorbed the villages of Arthurlie, Dovecothall her, most tenderly conceived and beautifully written, though toc and Grahamston, and become a thriving town. industries include bleaching, calico-printing, cotton-spinning, of great interest to admirers of Mr Barrie's genius. The following The chief intimate for the taste of many. The book is full of revelations weaving, iron and brass founding, engineering and the manu-year came Sentimental Tommy, a story tracing curiously the facture of sanitary appliances. Neilston (pop. 2668), about 2 m. psychological development of the "artistic temperament" in a S.W., has bleachfields and print-works, and 2 m. N. by E. lie Scots lad of the people. R. L. Stevenson supposed himself to be Hurlet, where are important manufactures of alum and other portrayed in the hero, but it may be safely assumed that the chemicals, and Nitshill (pop. 1242) with chemical works, quarries author derived his material largely from introspection. The and collieries. in 1900. The effect of this story was somewhat marred by the story was completed by a sequel, Tommy and Grizel, published comparative failure of the scenes in society remote from Thrums.

vol. viii.

Crichton and Little Mary. The year 1904 produced Peter Pan, a | terms were included in the treaty of Rastatt, between the kind of poetical pantomime, in which the author found scope for emperor and France, signed on the 7th of March 1714. A third some of his most characteristic and permanently delightful gifts. Barrier Treaty was signed in November 1715. In 1905 Alice-Sit-by-the-Fireand in 1908 What Every Woman Knows See Jean Dumont, Corps universel diplomatique, &c. (1726-1731). were added to the list. As dramatist Mr Barrie brought, to a sphere rather ridden by convention, a method wholly uncon

BARRILI, ANTONIO GIULIO (1836– ), Italian novelist, ventional and a singularly fresh fancy, seasoned by a shrewd touch was born at Savona, and was educated for the legal profession, of satirical humour; and in Peter Pan he proved himself a Hans which he abandoned for journalism in Genoa. He was a volunteer Andersen of the stage. In literature, the success of “Thrums” in the campaign of 1859 and served with Garibaldi in 1866 and produced a crop of imitations, christened in derision by W. E. 1867. From 1865 (Capitan Dodero) onwards he published a Henley the “ Kailyard School,” though the imitations were by large number of books of fiction, which had wide popularity, no means confined to Scotland. In this school the Auld Licht his work being commonly compared with that of Victor Cher Idylls and A Window in Thrums remained unsurpassed and buliez. Some of the best of the later ones are Santa Cecilia unapproached. The Scots village tale was no novelty in literature (1866), Come un Sogno (1875), and L'Olmo e l' Edera (1877) His -witness John Galt, the Chronicles of Carlingford and George Raggio di Dio appeared in 1899. Barrili also wrote two plays MacDonald. Yet Mr Barrie, in spite of a dialect not easy to the and various volumes of criticism, including Il rinnommento Southron, contrived to touch a more intimate and more responsive letterario italiano (1890). He was elected to the Italian chamber chord. With the simplest materials he achieved an almost of deputies in 1876; and in 1889 became professor of Italian

unendurable pathos, which yet is never forced; and the pathos literature at Genoa. · is salted with humour, while about the moving homeliness of his BARRING-OUT, a custom, formerly common in English

humanity play the gleams of a whimsical wit. Stevenson, in a schools, of barring the master out of the school premises. A letter to Mr Henry James, in December 1892, said justly of typical example of this practice was at Bromfield school, Barrie that "there was genius in him, but there was a journalist Cumberland, where William Hutchinson says “it was the on his elbow." This genius found its most perfect and character custom, time out of mind, for the scholars, at Fasting's Even istic expression in the humanity of “Thrums" and the bizarre (the beginning of Lent) to depose and exclude the master from and tender fantasy of Peler Pan.

the school for three days.” During this period the school doors See also J. M. Barrie and His Books, by J. A. Hamerton (Horace were barricaded and the boys armed with mock weapons. If Marshall, 1902): and for bibliography up to May 1903. English the master's attempts to re-enter were successful, extra tasks Illustrated Magazine, vol. xxix. (N.S.), p. 208. (W. P. J.)

were inflicted as a penalty, and willingly performed by the boys. BARRIE; the capital of Simcoe county, Ontario, Canada, On the third day terms of capitulation, usually in Latin verse, 56 m. N. of Toronto, on Lake Simcoe, an important centre on the were signed, and these always conceded the immediate right Grand Trunk railway. It contains several breweries, carriage to indulge in football and a cockfight. The custom was long factories, boat-building and railway shops, and manufactories retained at Eton and figures in many school stories. of woollens, stoves and leather. It is also a summer resort and BARRINGTON, DAINES (1727-1800),Englishlawyer, antiquary the starting point for the numerous Lake Simcoe steamers. and naturalist, was born in 1727, fourth son of the first Viscount Pop. (1901) 5949.

Barrington. He was educated for the profession of the law, and BARRIÈRE, THÉODORE (1823-1877), French dramatist, was after filling various posts, was appointed a Welsh judge in 1757 born in Paris in 1823. He belonged to a family of map engravers and afterwards second justice of Chester. Though an indifferent which had long been connected with the war department, and judge, his Observations on the Slalutes, chiefly the more ancieni, spent nine years in that service himself. The success of a from Magna Charta to 21st James I., cap. 27, with an appendix, vaudeville he had performed at the Beaumarchais and which being a proposal for new-modelling the Slutules (1766), had a high was immediately snapped up for the repertory of the Palais reputation among historians and constitutional antiquaries. In Royal, showed him his real vocation. During the next thirty 1773 he published an edition of Orosius, with Alfred's Saxon years he signed, alone or in collaboration, over a hundred plays; version, and an English translation with original notes. His among the most successful were: La Vie de bohème (1849), Tracts on the Probability of reaching the North Pole (1775) adapted from Henri Murger's book with the novelist's help; were written in consequence of the northern voyage of discovery Manon Lescaut (1851); Les Filles de marbre (1853); L'Héritage undertaken by Captain C. J. Phipps, afterwards Lord Mulgrave de Monsieur Plumci (1858); Les Faux Bonshommes (1856) with (1744-1792). Barrington's other writings are chiefly to be found Ernest Capendu; Malheureux vaincus (1865), which was forbidden in the publications of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies, of by the censor; Le Gascon (1878). Barrière died in Paris on the both of which he was long a member, and of the latter vice16th of October 1877.

president. Many of these were collected by him in a quarto See also Revue des deux mondes (March 1857).

volume entitled Miscellanics on various Subjects (1781). He BARRIER TREATY, the name given first to the treaty signed contributed to the Philosophical Transactions for 1780 an account on 29th of October 1709 between Great Britain and the states of Mozart's visit at eight years of age to London. In his Miscelgeneral of the United Netherlands, by which the latter engaged lanies on varied subjects he included this with accounts of four to guarantee the Protestant succession in England in favour of other prodigies, namely, Crotch, Charles and Samuel Wesley, and the house of Hanover; while Great Britain undertook to procure Garrett Wellesley, Lord Mornington. Among the most curious for the Dutch an adequate

barrier on the side of the Netherlands, and ingenious of his papers are his Experiments and Observations consisting of the towns of Furnes, Nieuport, Ypres, Menin, Lille, on the Singing of Birds, and his Essay on the Language of Birds. Tournai, Condé, Valenciennes, Maubeuge, Charleroi, Namur, He died on the 14th of March 1800 and was buried in the Halle, Damme, Dendermond and the citadel of Ghent. The Temple church. treaty was based on the same principle of securing Holland BARRINGTON, GEORGE (b. 1755), an Irishman with a curious against French aggression that had inspired that of Ryswick in history, was born at Maynooth on the 14th of May 1755, the 1698, by the terms of which the chief frontier fortresses of the son of a working silversmith named Waldron. In 1771 he robbed Netherlands were to be garrisoned by Dutch troops. A second his schoolmaster at Dublin and ran away from school, becoming a Barrier Treaty was signed between Great Britain and Holland on member of a touring theatrical company under the assumed 29th of January 1713, by which the strong places designed for the name of Barrington. At Limerick races he joined the manager of barrier were reduced to Furnes, the fort of Knocke, Ypres, Menin, the company in pocket-picking. The manager was detected and Tournai, Mons, Charleroi and the citadel of Ghent, and certain sentenced to transportation, and Barrington fled to London, fortresses in the neighbourhood of that city and of Bruges; Great where he assumed clerical dress and continued his pocketBritain undertaking to obtain the right for the Dutch to garrison picking. At Covent Garden theatre he robbed the Russian them from the future sovereign of the Spanish Netherlands. Its prince Orlov of a snuff-box, said to be worth £30,000. He was

detected and arrested, but as Prince Orlov declined to prosecute, | duke's flag-captain became rear-admiral and went to the West was discharged, though subsequently he was sentenced to three Indies, while in conjunction with the army he took the island of years' hard labour for pocket-picking at Drury Lane theatre. On Santa Lucia from the French, and repulsed the attempt of the his release he was again caught at his old practices and sentenced Comte d'Estaing to retake it. Superseded after a time by to five years' hard labour, but influence secured his release on Byron, he remained as that officer's second-in-command and the condition that he left England. He accordingly went for a was present at Grenada and St. Kitts (6th and 22nd of July short time to Dublin, and then returned to London, where he 1779). On his return home, he was offered, but refused, the was once more detected pocket-picking, and, in 1790, sentenced command of the Channel fleet. His last active service was the to seven years' transportation. On the voyage out to Botany relief of Gibraltar in October 1782. As admiral he flew his flag Bay a conspiracy was hatched by the convicts on board to seize for a short time in 1790, but was not employed in the French the ship. Barrington disclosed the plot to the captain, and the revolutionary wars. He died in 1800. latter, on reaching New South Wales, reported him favourably to the authorities, with the result that in 1792 Barrington obtained a warrant of emancipation (the first issued), becoming subsequently superintendent of convicts and later high constable of Paramatta. In 1796 a theatre was opened at Sydney, the principal actors being convicts, and Barrington wrote the prologue to the first production. This prologue has obtained a wide publicity. It begins:

"From distant climes, o'er widespread seas, we come,
Though not with much éclat or beat of drum;
True patriots we, for, be it understood,

We left our country for our country's good."
Barrington died at a ripe old age at Paramatta, but the exact
date is not on record. He was the author of A Voyage to Botany
Bay (London, 1801); The History of New South Wales (London,
1802); The History of New Holland (London, 1808).

See Ralfe, Naval Biographies, i. 120; Charnock, Biographia Navalis, vi. 10.

BARRINGTON, SHUTE (1734-1826), youngest son of the 1st Viscount Barrington, was educated at Eton and Oxford, and after holding some minor dignities was made bishop of Llandaff in 1769. In 1782 he was translated to Salisbury and in 1791 to Durham. He was a vigorous Protestant, though willing to grant Roman Catholics "every degree of toleration short of political power and establishment." He published several volumes of sermons and tracts, and wrote the political life of his brother, Viscount Barrington.

BARRINGTON, WILLIAM WILdman shute, 2ND VISCOUNT (1717-1793), eldest son of the 1st Viscount Barrington, was born on the 15th of January 1717. Succeeding to the title in 1734, he spent some time in travel, and in March 1740 was returned to parliament as member for Berwick-upon-Tweed. Having taken his seat in the Irish House of Lords in 1745, he was appointed one of the lords commissioners of the admiralty in 1746, and was one of the "managers" of the impeachment of Simon, Lord Lovat. In 1754 he became member of parliament for Plymouth, in 1755 was made a privy councillor and secretary at war, and in 1761 was transferred to the office of chancellor of the exchequer. In 1762 he became treasurer of the navy, and in 1765 returned to his former position of secretary at war. He retained this office until December 1778, and during four months in 1782 was joint postmaster-general. He married in 1740 Mary, daughter of Mr Henry Lovell, but left no children. He died at Becket on the 1st of February 1793, and was buried in Shrivenham church. See Shute Barrington, Political Life of William Wildman, Viscount Barrington (London, 1814).

BARRINGTON, JOHN SHUTE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1678-1734), English lawyer and theologian, was the son of Benjamin Shute, merchant, and was born at Theobalds, in Hertfordshire, in 1678. He received part of his education at the university of Utrecht; and, after returning to England in 1698, studied law in the Inner Temple. In 1701 he published several pamphlets in favour of the civil rights of Protestant dissenters, to which class he belonged. On the recommendation of Lord Somers he was employed to induce the Presbyterians in Scotland to favour the union of the two kingdoms, and in 1708 he was rewarded for this service by being appointed to the office of commissioner of the customs. From this, however, he was removed on the change of administration in 1711; but his fortune had, in the meantime, been improved by the bequest of two considerable estates,-one of them left him by Francis Barrington of Tofts, whose name he assumed by act BARRISTER, in England and Ireland the term applied to of parliament, the other by John Wildman of Becket. Barrington the highest class of lawyers who have exclusive audience in all now stood at the head of the dissenters. On the accession of the superior courts, the word being derived from the "bar" George I. he was returned to parliament for Berwick-upon-Tweed; (q.v.) in the law courts. Every barrister in England must be and in 1720 the king raised him to the Irish peerage, with the title a member of one of the four ancient societies called Inns of Court, of Viscount Barrington of Ardglass. But having unfortunately viz. Lincoln's Inn, the Inner and Middle Temples, and Gray's engaged in the Harburg lottery, one of the bubble speculations of Inn, and in Ireland, of the King's Inns. The existence of the the time, he was expelled from the House of Commons in 1723,- English societies as schools can be traced back to the 13th a punishment which was considered much too severe, and was century, and their rise is attributed to the clause in Magna thought to be due to personal malice of Walpole. In 1725 he Carta, by which the Common Pleas were fixed at Westminster published his principal work, entitled Miscellanea Sacra or a New instead of following the king's court, and the professors of law Method of considering so much of the History of the Apostles as were consequently brought together in London. Associations of is contained in Scripture, 2 vols. 8vo,-afterwards reprinted with lawyers acquired houses of their own in which students were additions and corrections, in 3 vols. 8vo, 1770, by his son Shute. educated in the common law, and the degrees of barrister (correIn the same year he published An Essay on the Several Dispensa-sponding to apprentice or bachelor) and sergeant (corresponding tions of God to Mankind. He died on the 14th of December 1734. BARRINGTON, SAMUEL (1729-1800), British admiral, was the fourth son of the 1st Viscount Barrington. He entered the navy at an early age and in 1747 had worked his way to a postcaptaincy. He was in continuous employment during the peace of 1748-1756, and on the outbreak of the Seven Years' War served with Hawke in the Basque roads in command of the "Achilles " (60). In 1759 the " Achilles "captured a powerful French privateer, after two hours' fighting. In the Havre-de-Grace expedition of the same year Barrington's ship carried the flag of Rear-Admiral Rodney, and in 1760 sailed with John Byron to destroy the Louisburg fortifications. At the peace in 1763 Barrington had been almost continuously afloat for twenty-two years. He was next appointed in 1768 to the frigate " Venus as governor to the duke of Cumberland, who remained with him in all ranks from midshipman to rear-admiral. In 1778 the

to doctor) were conferred. These schools of law are now represented by the Inns of Court (q.v.).

Students are admitted as members of the Inns of Court, on paying certain fees and on passing a general (elementary) examination or (alternatively) producing evidence of having passed a public examination at a university; their subsequent call to the bar depends on their keeping twelve terms (of which there are four in each year), and passing certain further examinations (see ENGLISH LAW ad fin.). A term is "kept" by dining six times (three for a student whose name is on the books of a university) in hall. This is a relic of the older system in which examinations were not included, the only requisite being a certificate from a barrister that the student had read for twelve months in his chambers. Dining in hall then applied a certain social test, which has now become unmeaning. The profession of barrister is open to almost every one; but no person connected