credited by H. M. Dexter and others with being the author of the "Marprelate Tracts "; but this is improbable.

AUTHORITIES.-H. M. Dexter, The Congregationalism of the Last Three Hundred Years; F. J. Powicke, Henry Barrowe and the Exiled Church. See also B. Brook, Lives of the Puritans; and Cooper, Athenae Cantabrigienses (1861), vol. ii.

BARROW-IN-FURNESS, a seaport and municipal, county and parliamentary borough of Lancashire, England, 2641 m. N.W. by N. from London, on the Furness railway. Pop. (1891) 51,712; (1901) 57,586. It lies on the seaward side of the hammer-shaped peninsula forming part of the district of Furness, between the estuary of the Duddon and Morecambe Bay, where a narrow channel intervenes between the mainland and the long low island of Walney, on which the erection of a strong fort was undertaken by the War Office in 1904. In 1905 the connexion of Walney with the mainland by a bridge was undertaken. In the channel is Barrow Island (among others) which is connected with the mainland, reclamation having been carried on until only a narrow channel was left, which was utilized as docks. Barrow is of modern and remarkably rapid growth. Its rise was dependent primarily on the existence and working of the veins of pure haematite iron ore in the district of Furness (q.v.). At the outset Barrow merely exported the ore to the. furnaces of South Wales and the midlands. At the beginning of the 19th century this export amounted at most to a few thousand tons, and though by the middle of the century it had reached some 50,000 in 1847 the population of Barrow was only 325. In 1846 the first section of the Furness railway was opened, connecting Barrow with the mines near Dalton; in the ensuing years a great increase in trade justified the opening of further communications, and in 1859 the iron works of Messrs Schneider & Hannay were instituted. The Barrow Haematite Steel Company (1866) absorbed this company, and a great output of steel produced by the Bessemer process was begun. Other industries followed. Of these the shipbuilding works have surpassed the steel works in importance, the celebrated firm of Vickers, Sons & Maxim having a yard where they construct numerous vessels of war as well as others. There are also a

probably to Aylmer, bishop of London. He matriculated at Clare Hall, Cambridge; in November 1566, and graduated B.A. in 1569-1570. Afterwards he "followed the court" for some time, leading a frivolous if not licentious life. He was a member of Gray's Inn for a few years from 1576, but was never called to the bar. About 1580 or 1581 he was deeply impressed by a sermon, whereupon he retired to the country, and was led by study and meditation to the strictest form of Puritanism. Subsequently, in what manner is not known, he came into intimate relations with John Greenwood, the Separatist leader, whose views (probably due, in part at least, to Browne's influence) he adopted without reserve. Though not strictly resident in London at this time, he was associated with "the brethren of the Separation" there, in whose secret meetings his natural earnestness and eloquence made him conspicuous. Greenwood having been imprisoned in the Clink, Barrowe came from the country to visit him, and on the 19th of November 1586 was detained by the gaoler and brought before Archbishop Whitgift. He insisted on the illegality of this arrest, refused either to take the ex officio oath or to give bail for future appearance, and was committed to the Gatehouse. After nearly six months' detention and several irregular examinations before the high commissioners, he and Greenwood were formally indicted (May 1587) for recusancy under an act originally directed against Papists. They were ordered to find heavy bail for comformity, and to remain in the Fleet Prison until it was forthcoming. Barrowe continued a prisoner for the remainder of his life, nearly six years, sometimes in close confinement, sometimes having "the liberty of the prison." He was subjected to several more examinations, once before the privy council at Whitehall on the 18th of March 1588, as a result of petition to the queen. On these occasions he vigorously maintained the principle of separatism, denouncing the prescribed ritual of the Church as "a false worship," and the bishops as oppressors and persecutors. During his imprisonments he was engaged in written controversy with Robert Browne (down to 1588), who had yielded a partial submission to the established order, and whom he therefore accounted a renegade. He also wrote several vigorous treatises in defence of separatism and congregational independency, the most important being:-petroleum storage establishment, a paper-pulp factory, jute A True Description of the Visible Congregation of the Saints, &c. (1589); A Plain Refutation of Mr Gifford's Booke, intituled A Short Treatise Gainst the Donatistes of England (1590–1591), | and A Brief Discovery of the False Church (1591). Others were written in conjunction with his fellow-prisoner, Greenwood. These writings were taken charge of by friends and mostly printed in Holland. By 1590 the bishops thought it advisable to try other means of convincing or silencing these indomitable controversialists, and sent several conforming Puritan ministers to confer with them, but without effect. At length it was resolved to proceed on a capital charge of "devising and circulating seditious books," for which, as the law then stood, it was easy to secure a conviction. They were tried and sentenced to death on the 23rd of March 1593. What followed is, happily, unique in the history of English misrule. The day after sentence they were brought out as if for execution and respited. On the 31st of March they were taken to the gallows, and after the Lopes had been placed about their necks were again respited. Finally they were hanged early on the morning of the 6th of April. The motive of all this is obscure, but there is some evidence that the lord treasurer Burghley endeavoured to save their lives, and was frustrated by Whitgift and other bishops.

The opinions of Browne and Barrowe had much in common, but were not identical. Both maintained the right and duty of the Church to carry out necessary reforms without awaiting the permission of the civil power; and both advocated congregational Independency. But the ideal of Browne was a spiritual democracy, towards which separation was only a means. Barrowe, on the other hand, regarded the whole established church order as polluted by the relics of Roman Catholicism, and insisted on separation as essential to pure worship and discipline (see further CONGREGATIONALISM). Barrowe has been

works, and engineering and wagon works.

The docks in the strait between Barrow Island and the mainland were constructed in 1867, and named the Devonshire and Buccleuch docks. The Ramsden docks are a subsequent extension. These are 24 ft. in depth. There are also a graving dock 500 ft. long, a depositing dock accommodating vessels of 16 ft. draught, and two electric cranes each able to lift 150 tons. The Furness railway company is the dock authority. Passenger steamers run on weekdays to Belfast.

The town is laid out in rectangular form, and contains several handsome churches, municipal buildings, exchange and other public buildings. An electric tramway service connects the outskirts and the centre. There are statues of Lord Frederick Cavendish (assassinated at Dublin, 1882), in front of the townhall, and of Sir James Ramsden (d. 1896), managing director of the Furness railway and first mayor of Barrow, to whom, together with the dukes of Devonshire and Buccleuch, the town owed much of its rise in the middle of the 19th century. The cottage inhabited by George Romney the painter from 1742 to 1755 has been preserved from demolition and retained as a memorial. Educational institutions include a school of science and art, a girls' high school and a technical school. Barrow is a suffragan bishopric in the diocese of Carlisle. The parliamentary borough (1885), falling within the North Lonsdale division of the county, returns one member. The town was incorporated in 1867, and became a county borough in 1888. The corporation consists of a mayor, 8 aldermen and 24 councillors. Area, 11,023 acres.

BARRY, SIR CHARLES (1795-1860), English architect, was born in London on the 23rd of May 1795, the son of a stationer. He was articled to a firm of architects, with whom he remained till 1817, when he set out on a three years' tour in Greece and Italy, Egypt and Palestine for the purpose of studying

architecture. On his return to England in 1820 he settled in | Thames at Charing Cross and Cannon Street. In 1867 he began London. One of the first works by which his abilities as an to practise on his own account, and soon gained an extensive architect became generally known was the church of St Peter at connexion with railway companies, both in Great Britain and Brighton, completed in 1826. He built many other churches; but in other countries. Among the works on which he was engaged the marked preference for Italian architecture, which he acquired were extensions of the Metropolitan District railway, the St during his travels, showed itself in various important undertakings Paul's station and bridge of the London, Chatham & Dover of his earlier years. In 1831 he completed the Travellers' Club railway, the Barry Docks of the

Barry railway company near in Pall Mall, a splendid work in the Italian style and the first of Cardiff, and the Tower and new Kew bridges over the Thames. its kind built in London. In the same style and on a grander on the completion of the Tower Bridge in 1894, he was made a scale he built in 1837 the Reform Club. He was also engaged C.B., becoming K.C.B. three years later. He served on several on numerous private mansions in London, the finest being royal commissions, including those on Irish Public Works (1886Bridgewater House (1847). Birmingham possesses one of his 1890), Highlands and Islands of Scotland (1889-1890), Accidents best works in King Edward's grammar school, built in the Tudor to Railway Servants (1899-1900), Port of London (1900–1902), style between 1833 and 1836. For Manchester he designed the and London Traffic (1903-1905). He was elected president of Royal Institution of Fine Arts (1824) and the Athenaeum (1836); the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1896, and published books on and for Halifax the town-hall. He was engaged for some years Railway Appliances (1874), and, with Sir F. J. Bramwell, on in reconstructing the Treasury buildings, Whitehall. But his Railways and Locomotives (1882). masterpiece, notwithstanding all unfavourable criticism, is the BARRY, ELIZABETH (1658–1713), English actress, of whose Houses of Parliament at Westminster (1840-1860). Barry was early life the details are meagre. At first she was so unsuccessful elected A.R.A. in 1840 and R.A. in the following year. His on the stage as to be more than once dismissed; but she was genius and achievements were recognized by the representative coached by her lover the earl of Rochester, who had laid a wager artistic bodies of the principal European nations; and his name that in a short time he would make a first-rate actress of her, and was enrolled as a member of the academies of art at Rome, the results confirmed his judgment. Mrs Barry's performance Berlin, St Petersburg, Brussels and Stockholm. He was chosen as Isabella, queen of Hungary, in the earl of Orrery's Mustapha, F.R.S. in 1849 and was knighted by Queen Victoria in 1852. was said to have caused Charles II. and the duke and duchess He died suddenly at Clapham near London on the 12th of May of York so much delight that the duchess took lessons in English 1860, and his remains were interred in Westminster Abbey. As from her, and when she became queen she gave Mrs Barry her a landscape gardener he was no less brilliant than as an architect, coronation robes in which to appear as Elizabeth in Banks's and in connexion with the building of the Houses of Parliament Earl of Essex. Mrs Barry is said to have created over 100 parts, he formed schools of modelling, stone and wood carving, cabinet- and she was particularly successful in the plays of Thomas Otway. making, metal-working, glass and decorative painting, and of Betterton says that her acting gaye " success to plays that encaustic tile-making. In 1867 appeared a life of him by his son would disgust the most patient reader." Dryden pronounced Bishop Alfred Barry. A claim was thereupon set up on behalf her " always excellent.” Cibber is authority for the statement of Pugin, the famous architect, who was dead and who had been that it was on her behalf that benefits, which up to that time Barry's assistant, to a much larger share in the work of designing were reserved for authors, were first established for actors by the Houses of Parliament than was admitted in Dr Barry's command of James II. Mrs Barry had a child by Lord Rochester narrative. The controversy raged for a time, but without and a second by Sir George Etheredge, both of whom were substantiating Pugin's claim.

provided for by their fathers. In 1709 she retired from the stage His second son, ALFRED BARRY (1826- '), was educated at and died on the 7th of November 1713. King's College, London, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where BARRY, JAMES (1741–1806), English painter, was born at he was 4th wrangler and gained a first-class in the classical tripos Cork on the 11th of October 1741. His father had been a builder, in 1848. He was successively sub-warden of Trinity College, and, at one time of his life, a coasting trader between the two Glenalmond (1849-1854), head-master of Leeds grammar school countries of England and Ireland. To this business of trader (1854-1862), principal of Cheltenham College (1862-1868), and James was destined, and he actually made when a boy several principal of King's College, London (1868-1883). He was canon voyages; but he manifested such an aversion to the life and of Worcester from 1871 to 1881, and of Westminster from 1881 habits of a sailor as to induce his father to suffer him to pursue to 1884. From 1884 to 1889 he served as bishop of Sydney and his own inclinations, which led strongly towards drawing and primate of Australia, and on his return to England he was study. At the schools in Cork to which he was sent he was assistant bishop in the diocese of Rochester from 1889 to 1891, regarded as a prodigy. About the age of seventeen he first and rector of St James's, Piccadilly, from 1895 to 1900. He was attempted oil-painting, and between that and the age of twentyappointed canon of Windsor in 1891 and assistant bishop in two, when he first went to Dublin, he produced several large West London in 1897. Besides the life of his father mentioned pictures, which decorated his father's house, such as "Aencas above, he published numerous theological works.

escaping with his Family from the Flames of Troy,”"Susanna and Another son, EDWARD MIDDLETON BARRY (1830-1880), was the Elders," " Daniel in the Lions' Den," &c. At this period he also an architect. He acted as assistant to his father during also produced the painting which first brought him into public the latter years of Sir Charles's life. On the death of his father, notice, and gained him thcacquaintanceand patronagcof Edmund the duty of completing the latter's unfinished work devolved Burke. The picture was founded on an old tradition of the landupon him. Amongst other buildings thus completed were the ing of St Patrick on the sca-coast of Cashel, and of the conversion Houses of Parliament at Westminster (scc ARCHITECTURE, fig. and baptism of the king of that district by the patron saint of 91, and Plate X. fig. 118), and Halifax town-ball (Id. fig. 90). Ireland. It was exhibited in London in 1762 or 1763. In 1861 he was elected an associate of the Royal Academy; and By the liberality of Burke and his other friends, Barry in the in 1869 a full academician. From 1873 till his death he held the latter part of 1765 was enabled to go abroad. Ile went first to Academy's professorship of architecture. Among other buildings Paris, then to Rome, where he remained upwards of three years, designed by him were Covent Garden theatre, Charing Cross and from Rome to Florence and Bologna, and thence home through Cannon Street hotels, the Birmingham and Midland Institute, Venice. His letters to the Burkes, giving an account of Raphael

, new galleries for the National Gallery and new chambers for the Michelangelo, Titian and Leonardo da Vinci, show remarkable Inner Temple. He died on the 27th of January, 1880. insight. Barry painted two pictures while abroad, an Adam and The youngest son, Sir John WOLFE WOLFE-BARRY (1836- Eve, and a Philoctetes, neither of them of any mcrit. Soon after

), the eminent engineer, who assumed the additional name of his return to England in 1771 he produced his picture of Venus Wolfe in 1898, was educated at Glenalmond, and was articled as which was compared, though with little justice, to the Galatea engineering pupil to Sir John Hawkshaw, with whom he was of Raphael, the Venus of Titian and the Venus de Medici. In associated in the building of the railway bridges across the 1773 he exhibited his " Jupiter and Juno on Mount Ida.” His

the Barry company and has a junction with the Great Western | works was only begun in 1903 with H. Labourt's edition and railway at Bridgend) affords a direct route to Barry from the translation of his Exposition of the Liturgy (Paris). His comLlynvi, Ogmore and Garw coalfields. The urban district of mentaries on the Gospels have been edited and translated by Barry, with a population in 1901 of 27,030, comprises the J. Sedlaček and J. B. Chabot (Fasc. I., Paris, 1906), and the ecclesiastical parishes of Barry, Cadoxton, Merthyr-Dovan, Syriac text of the treatise against the Jews has been edited by and a portion of Sully in which is included Barry Island (194 J. de Zwaan (Leiden, 1906). Bar-Salībi was undoubtedly an acres), now, however, joined to the mainland. The total popu- able theologian; his vigour combined with terseness in argument lation of this area in 1881 was only about 500, that of Barry is well seen, for instance, in the introductory sections of his village alone being only 85. A small brook named Barri runs commentary on St Matthew. Of his originality it is hard to here into the sea, whence the place was formerly known in Welsh judge, as he does not usually indicate in detail the sources of his as Aber-Barri, but the name of both the river and the island is arguments and interpretations. He does not, however, claim supposed to be derived from Baruch, a Welsh saint of the 7th for himself to be more than a compiler, at least in his comcentury, who had a cell on the island. His chapel (which still mentaries. His Syriac style is good, considering the lateness of existed in Leland's time) was a place of pilgrimage in the middle the period at which he wrote.

(N. M.) ages. According to Giraldus, his own family derived its name BARSI, a town of British India, in the Sholapur district of de Barri from the island which they once owned. One of the Bombay, lying within a tract entirely surrounded by the followers of Fitzhamon settled at Barry about the end of the Nizam's dominions. Pop. (1901) 24,242. Barsi is a flourishing IIth century, building there a castle of which only a gateway centre of trade, exporting to Bombay large quantities of cotton remains. Besides the small old parish churches of Merthyr- and oil-seeds. It has several factories for ginning and pressing Dovan and Cadoxton, and the rebuilt parish church of Barry, cotton-some on a large scale. It is connected with the main there are four modern churches in one of which Welsh services line of the Great Indian Peninsula railway by a light railway. are held). There are about thirty nonconformist chapels, BAR-SUR-AUBE, a town of north-eastern France, capital of in nearly a third of which the services are Welsh. There are an arrondissement in the department of Aube, 34 m. E. by S. of also a Roman Catholic church, and one for German and Troyes on the main line of the Eastern railway between that Scandinavian seamen. The other public buildings are a county town and Belfort. Pop. (1906) 4276. Bar-sur-Aube lies at the intermediate school for 250 boys and girls, built in 1896, a free foot of hills on the right bank of the Aube at its confluence with library (opened in 1892) with four branch reading-rooms, a the Bresse. A circle of boulevards occupies the site of the old seamen's institute, the Barry market, built in 1890 at a cost ramparts, fragments of which still remain. Of the ecclesiastical of £3500 (but now used as a concert-ball), and Romilly hall buildings, the most noteworthy are St Pierre and St Maclou, for public meetings.

both dating mainly from the end of the 12th century. St Pierre Barry owes its seaport to the determination of a number of has wooden exterior galleries and two fine Gothic porches. The colliery owners to secure an alternative port to Cardiff, with sacristy of St Maclou is conjectured to have formed the chapel an independent railway to it from the coalfields. After failing of the castle of the counts of Bar, of which the square tower in 1883, they obtained parliamentary powers for this purpose flanking the north side of the church formed the entrance. The in 1884, and the first sod of the new dock at Barry was cut in town is the seat of a sub-prefect, and the public institutions November of that year. The docks are 114 acres in extent, include a tribunal of first instance and a communal college. and have accommodation for the largest vessels afloat. Dock Flour-milling, tanning, and the manufacture of brandy, hosiery No. 1, opened on the 18th of July 1889, is 73 acres (with a basin and agricultural implements are carried on. The wine of the of 7 acres) and occupies the eastern side of the old channel district is much esteemed. between the island and the mainland, having a well-sheltered Traces of a Roman settlement have been found on hills to the deep-sea entrance. There is good anchorage between Barry south of the town. Under the domination of the counts of Chamand Sully islands. Dock No. 2 (34 acres) was opened on the pagne, it became the scene of important fairs which did not cease roth of October 1898. There are 41 acres of timber-ponds till 1648. In 1814 several actions between the French and the and three large graving-docks. For loading the coal there are army of the allies took place at Bar-sur-Aube (see NAPOLEONIC thirty fixed and seven movable coal-hoists. The total tonnage Wars). of the exports in 1906 was 9,757,380 (all of which, except 26,491 BAR-SUR-SEINE, a town of eastern France, capital of an tons, was coal), and of the imports 506,103 tons.

arrondissement in the department of Aube, on the left bank of the BAR-SALIBI, JACOB or DIONYSIUS, the best-known and Seine, 20 m. S.E. of Troyes by the Eastern railway. Pop. (1906) most voluminous writer in the Syrian Jacobite church of the 2812. The town lies at the foot of a wooded hill on which stand 12th century, was, like Bar-Hebraeus, a native of Malatia on the the ruins of the castle of the counts of Bar, and is composed Upper Euphrates. In 1154 he was created bishop of Mar'ash chiefly of one long street, bordered in places by houses of the 16th by the patriarch Athanasius VIII.; a year later the diocese of century. Its principal building is the church of St Etienne, of Mabbóg was added to his charge. In 1166 Michael I., the the 16th and 17th centuries, which contains some fine stained successor of Athanasius, transferred him to the metropolitan see glass. Bar-sur-Seine has a sub-prefecture and a tribunal of of Amid in Mesopotamia, and there he remained till his death first instance. Tanning, dyeing, flour-milling, brandy-distilling in 1171. A long account of his writings, with copious extracts and the manufacture of glass are among the industries. The from some of them, has been given by Assemani (Bibl. Orient. ïi Canal de la Haute-Seine begins at this point. The town was pp. 156-211); and W. Wright (Syriac Literature, pp. 246-250) has devastated in 1359 by the English, when, according to Froissart, added further particulars as to the MSS. in which they are no fewer than 900 mansions were burnt. Afterwards it suffered contained. Probably the most important are his exhaustive greatly in the religious wars of the 16th century. commentaries on the text of the Old and New Testaments, in BART, JEAN (1651-1702), French naval commander, son of which he has skilfully interwoven and summarized the inter- a fisherman, was born in Dunkirk on the 21st of October 1651. pretations of previous writers such as Ephrem, Chrysostom, He served when young in the Dutch navy, but when war broke Cyril, Moses Bar-Kepha and John of Därā, whom he mentions out between Louis XIV. and Holland in 1672 he entered the together in the preface to his commentary on St Matthew. French service. He gained great distinction in the Mediterranean, Among his other main works are a treatise against heretics, where he held an irregular sort of commission, not being then able containing inter alia a polemic against the Jews and the Mahom- from his low birth to receive a command in the navy. His medans; liturgical treatises, epistles and homilies. His com- success was so great, however, that he was made a lieutenant in mentaries on the Gospels were to some extent used by Dudley 1679. He rose rapidly to the rank of captain and then to that Loftus in the 17th century. But the systematic editing of his of admiral. The peace of Ryswick put a close to his active

Jacob was his baptismal name; Dionysius he assumed when service. Many anecdotes are narrated of the courage and bluntconsecrated to the bishopric.

ness of the uncultivated sailor, who became the popular hero

of the French naval service. The town of Dunkirk has honoured | the Mediterranean countries.
his memory by a statue and by naming a public square after him.
See Richer, Vie de Jean Bart (1780), and many editions since;
Vanderest, Histoire de Jean Bart.

BARTAN, more correctly BARTIN, a town in the vilayet of Kastamuni, Asiatic Turkey, retaining the name of the ancient village Parthenia and situated near the mouth of the Bartan-su (anc. Parthenius), which formed part of the boundary between Bithynia and Paphlagonia. Various actiological explanations of the name Parthenius were given by the ancients, e.g. that the maiden Artemis hunted on its banks, or that the flow of its waters was gentle and maiden-like. The town, which is the residence of a kaimakam, is built on two low limestone hills and its streets are paved with limestone blocks. It is noted for the fine boxwood grown in the vicinity, is a port of call for Black Sea coasting steamers and carries on a considerable trade with Constantinople which might be increased were it not for the obstruction of the harbour by a bar. Pop. 8677, according to Cuinet, La Turquie d'Asie (1894).

After studying Arabic in London he set out on his travels in 1845. From Tangier he made his way overland throughout the length of North Africa, visiting the sites of the ancient cities of Barbary and Cyrenaica. He also travelled through Egypt, ascending the Nile to Wadi Halfa and crossing the desert to Berenice. While in Egypt he was attacked and wounded by robbers. Crossing the Sinai peninsula he traversed Palestine, Syria, Asia Minor, Turkey and Greece, everywhere examining the remains of antiquity; and returned to Berlin in 1847. For a time he was engaged there as Privatdocent, and in preparing for publication the narrative of his Wanderungen durch die Küstenländer des Mittelmeeres, which appeared in 1849.

At the instance of Bunsen and other scientists, Barth and Adolf Overweg, a Prussian astronomer, were appointed colleagues of James Richardson, an explorer of the Sahara who had been selected by the British government to open up commercial relations with the states of the central and western Sudan. The party left Tripoli early in 1850, but the deaths of Richardson (March 1851) and Overweg (September 1852) left Barth to carry on the mission alone. He returned to Europe in September 1855, after one of the most fruitful expeditions ever undertaken in inner Africa. In addition to journeys across the Sahara, Barth traversed the country from Lake Chad and Bagirmi on the east to Timbuktu on the west and Cameroon on the south, making prolonged sojourns in the ancient sultanates or emirates of Bornu, Kano, Nupe, Sokoto and Gando and at Timbuktu. He studied minutely the topography, history, civilizations and resources of the countries he visited. The story of his travels was published simultaneously in English and German, under the title Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa (1857-1858, 5 vols.). For accuracy, interest, variety and extent of information Barth's Travels have few rivals among works of the kind. It is a book that will always rank as a standard

BARTELS, HANS VON (1856- ), German painter, was born in Hamburg, the son of Dr N. F. F. von Bartels, a Russian government official. He studied first under the marine painter R. Hardorff in Hamburg, then under C. Schweitzer in Düsseldorf and C. Oesterley in Hamburg, and finally at the Berlin School of Art. After travelling extensively, especially in Italy, he settled in Munich in 1885 and was appointed professor of painting in 1891. An oil painter of great power, he is one of the leading German water-colour painters, mainly of marines and scenes of fishing life, painted with rude vigour and a great display of technical skill. He excels in storm scenes and in depicting the strong, healthy fishing-folk of the northern coasts. He became an honorary member of leading English, German, Dutch, Belgian and Austrian art societies. Among his principal works are:"Sturmflut (Berlin Gallery); "Lonely Beach" (Hungarian National Gallery); "Potato Harvest-Rügen (Prague); | authority on the regions in question, of which a great part, under "Storm-Bornholm " (German emperor's collection); and "Moonlight on the Zuyder Zee" (New Pinakothek, Munich). BARTENSTEIN, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Prussia, on the Alle, 34 m. S. of Königsberg by rail. Pop. (1900 6805. It has a considerable trade in corn and live stock, and its industries comprise founding and carriage-building, tanneries, breweries and potteries. Bartenstein is celebrated for the treaty concluded here on the 26th of April 1807, between Prussia and Russia.

BARTER (from Fr. barater, to truck, to exchange), the exchange of commodities for commodities, in contra-distinction to the exchange of commodities for money. Barter was the simplest form of trading among primitive communities, but its inconveniences led, at an early stage of civilization, to the adoption of metals as mediums of exchange. Barter, however, is still very common in dealings with uncivilized peoples, and traders in many countries find that the most satisfactory method of effecting exchange is to furnish themselves with such commodities as weapons, tools and ornaments, which are more readily taken than money.

For the history of barter and the steps by which a system of currency was gradually evolved, see MONEY. Consult also W. S. Jevons, Money and the Mechanism of Exchange: A. Marshall, Economics; W. Ridgeway, Origin of Currency and Weight Standards. BARTET (REGNAULT), JEANNE JULIA (1854- ), French actress, was born in Paris and trained at the Conservatoire. In 1872 she began a successful career at the Vaudeville, and in 1879 was engaged at the Comédie Française, of which she became a sociétaire in 1880. For many years she played the chief parts both in tragedy and comedy, her grand style and exquisite finesse making her supreme among the younger actresses on the French stage. She had a season in London in 1908, when her consummate art was displayed in a number of parts.

BARTH, HEINRICH (1821-1865), German explorer, was born at Hamburg on the 16th of February 1821, and educated at Berlin University, where he graduated in 1844. He had already visited Italy and Sicily and had formed a plan to journey through

the name of Nigeria, has since come under British rule. Except a C.B., Barth himself received no recognition of his services from the British government. He returned to Germany, where he prepared a collection of Central African vocabularies (Gotha, 1862-1866). In 1858 he undertook another journey in Asia Minor, and in 1862 visited Turkey in Europe. In the following year he was appointed professor of geography at Berlin University and president of the Geographical Society. He died at Berlin on the 25th of November 1865.

See Schubert's Heinrich Barth, der Bahnbrecher der deutschen Afrikaforschung (Berlin, 1897). An edition of the Travels in two volumes was published in London in 1890 (Minerva Library of Famous Books).

BARTH, KASPAR VON (1587-1658), German philologist, was born at Küstrin in the province of Brandenburg on the 21st of June 1587. He was an extremely precocious child, and was looked upon as a marvel of learning. After studying at Gotha, Eisenach, Wittenberg and Jena, he travelled extensively, visiting most of the countries of Europe. Too independent to accept any regular post, he lived alternately at Halle and on his property at Sellerhausen near Leipzig. In 1636, his library and MSS. at Sellerhausen having been destroyed by fire, he removed to the Paulinum at Leipzig, where he died on the 17th of September 1658. Barth was a very voluminous writer; his works, which were the fruits of extensive reading and a retentive memory, are unmethodical and uncritical and marred by want of taste and of clearness. He appears to have been excessively vain and of an unamiable disposition. Of his writings the most important are; Adversaria (1624), a storehouse of miscellaneous learning, dealing not only with classical but also with medieval and modern writers; and commentaries on Claudian (1612, 1650) and Statius (1664).

BARTH, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Prussia, on the Barther Bodden, a lake connecting with the Baltic, 15 m. N.W. from Stralsund by rail. Pop. (1900) 7070. It contains a fine Gothic Protestant church (St Mary's) dating from the 13th century and has several educational establishments, notably a