of the duchy. right to appoint the bishops, to coin money and to issue laws. dispute over the Bavarian succession was settled in 1156 the A similar conflict took place between Arnulf's son and successor district between the Enns and the Inn had been transferred to Eberhard and Otto the Great; but Eberhard was Austria. The increasing importance of the mark of Styria, Part of the less successful than his father, for in 938 he was driven erected into a duchy in 1180, and the county of Tirol, had kingdom. from Bavaria, which was given by Otto with reduced diminished both the actual and the relative strength of Bavaria, privileges to the late duke's uncle, Bertold; and a which was now deprived on almost all sides of opportunities for count palatine in the person of Eberhard's brother Arnulf was expansion. The neighbouring duchy of Carinthia, the great appointed to watch the royal interests. When Bertolá died in temporal possessions of the archbishop of Salzburg, as well as a 947 Otto conferred the duchy upon his own brother Henry, wno general tendency to independence on the part of both clerical had married Judith, a daughter of Duke Arnult. Henry was and lay nobles, were additional forces of similar influence. disliked by the Bavarians and his short reign was spent mainly When Ouo of Wittelsbach was invested with Bavaria at in disputes with his people. The ravages of the Hungarians Altenburg in September 1180 the duchy was bounded by the ceased after their defeat on the Lechfeld in 955, and the area of Böhmerwald, the Inu, the Alps and the Lech; and the duchy was temporarily increased by the addition of certain the power of the duke was practically confined to his Rule of the adjacent districts in Italy. In 955 Henry was succeeded by his extensive private domains around Wittelsbach, Kelheiss beches young son Henry, surnamed the Quarrelsome, who in 974 was and Straubing. Olto only enjoyed his new dignity for implicated in a conspiracy against King Otto II. The reason for three years, and was succeeded in 1183 by his son Louis I., who this rising was that the king had granted the duchy of Swabia took a leading part in German affairs during the earlier years of to Henry's enemy, Otto, a grandson of the emperor Otto the the reign of the emperor Frederick II., and was assassinated at Great, and had given the new Bavarian East Mark, afterwards Kelheim in September 1231. His son Otto II., called the known as Austria, to Leopold I., count of Babenberg. The Illustrious, was the next duke, and his loyalty to the Hohenrevolt was, however, soon suppressed; but Henry, who on his staufen caused him to be placed under the papal ban, and escape from prison renewed his plots, was formally deposed in Bavaria to be laid under an interdict. Like his father, Otto 976 when Bavaria was given to Otto, duke of Swabia. At the increased the area of his lands by purchases; and he had consame time Carinthia was made into a separate duchy, the office siderably strengthened his hold upon the duchy before he died of count palatine was restored, and the church was made in November 1253. The efforts of the dukes to increase their dependent on the king instead of on the duke. Restored in power and to give unity to the duchy had met with a fair measure 985, Henry proved himself a capable ruler by establishing of success; but they were soon vitiated by partitions among internal order, issuing important laws and taking measures to different members of the family which for 250 years made the reform the monasteries. His son and successor, who was chosen history of Bavaria little more than a jejune chronicle German king as Henry II. in 1002, gave Bavaria to his brother- of territorial divisions bringing war and weakness in Division in-law Henry of Luxemburg; after whose death in 1026 it their train. The first of these divisions was made in passed successively to Henry, afterwards the emperor Henry III., 1255 between Louis II. and Henry I., the sons of Duke and to another member of the family of Luxemburg, as Duke Otto II., who for two years after their father's death had ruled Henry VII. In 1061 the empress Agnes, mother of and regent Bavaria jointly; and by it Louis obtained the western part of for the German king Henry IV., entrusted the duchy to Otto of the duchy, afterwards called Upper Bavaria, and Nordheim, who was deposed by the king in 1070, Henry secured easter or Lower Bavaria. In the lopera The duchy when the duchy was granted to Count Welf, a member course of a long reign Louis, who was called the Stern, the Wells. of an influential Bavarian family. In consequence of became the most powerful prince in southern Germany. He was his support of Pope Greegory VII. in his quarrel with the uncle and guardian of Conradin of Hohenstaufen, and when Henry, Welf-lost but subsequently regained Bavaria; and was this prince was put to death in Italy in 1268, Louis and his brother followed successively by his sons, Welf II. in 1101, and Henry IX. Henry inherited the domains of the Hohenstaufen in Swabia and in 1120, both of whom exercised considerable influence among elsewhere. He supported Rudolph, count of Habsburg, in his the German princes. Henry was succeeded in 1126 by his son efforts to secure the German throne in 1273, married the new Henry X., called the Proud, who obtained the duchy of Saxony king's daughter Mechtild, and aided him in campaigns in in 1137 Alarmed at this prince's power, King Conrad III. Bohemia and elsewhere. For some years after Louis death in refused to allow two duchies to remain in the same hands; and, 1294 his sons Rudolph I. and Louis, afterwards the emperor having declared Henry deposed, he bestowed Bavaria upon Louis IV., ruled their duchy in common; but as their relations Leopold IV., margrave of Austria. When Leopold died in 1141, were never harmonious a division of Upper Bavaria was made in the king retained the duchy himself; but it continued to be the 1310, by which Rudolph received the land east of the Isar scene of considerable disorder, and in 1143 he entrusted it to together with the town of Munich, and Louis the district between Henry II., surnamed Jasomirgott, margrave of Austria. The the Isar and the Lech. It was not long, however, before this struggle for its possession continued until 1156, when King arrangement led to war between the brothers, the outcome of Frederick I. in his desire to restore peace to Germany persuaded which was that in 1317, three years after he had been chosen Henry to give up Bavaria to Henry the Lion, a son of Duke German king, Louis compelled Rudolph to abdicate, and for Henry the Proud. twelve years ruled alone over the whole of Upper Bavaria. But A new era of government set in when, in consequence of Henry in 1329 a series of events induced him to conclude the treaty of being placed under the imperial ban in 1180, the duchy was given Pavia with Rudolph's sons, Rudolph and Rupert, to whom he by Frederick I. to Otto, a member of the old Bavarian transferred the Palatinate of the Rhine, which had been in the There to the family of Wittelsbach (q.v.), and a descendant of the possession of the Wittelsbach family since 1214, and also a por counts of Scheyern. During the years following the tion of Upper Bavaria north of the Danube, which was afterwards destruction of the Carolingian empire the borders of called the Upper Palatinate. At the same time it was decided Bavaria were continually changing, and for a lengthened period that the electoral vote should be exercised by the two lines alterafter 955 this process was one of expansion. To the west the nately, and that in the event of either branch of the family be Lech still divided Bavaria from Swabia, but on three coming extinct the surviving branch should inherit its possessions. other sides the opportunities for extension had been Henry I. of Lower Bavaria spent most of his time in quarrels taken advantage of, and the duchy embraced an area with his brother, with Ottakar II. of Bohemia and with various of considerable dimensions north of the Danube. During the ecclesiastics. When he died in February 1290 Lower later years of the rule of the Welfs, however, a contrary tendency Bavaria was ruled by his three sons, Otto III., Louis had operated, and the extent of Bavaria had been reduced. The III. and Stephen I. Louis died childless in 1996; immense energies of Duke Henry the Lion had been devoted to Stephen left two sons at his death in 1310, namely, Henry II. his Dorthern rather than his southern duchy, and when the and Otto IV., and Otto, who was king of Hungary from 1305 to bacbs. Area of Lower Bavaria. Re-union of the duchy. Louis IX. expelled the Jews from his duchy, did something for the security of traders, and improved both the administration of justice and the condition of the finances. In 1472 he founded the university of Ingolstadt, attempted to reform the monasteries, and was successful in a struggle with Albert Achilles of Brandenburg. On his death in January 1479 he was succeeded by his son George, also called the Rich; and when George, a faithful adherent of the German king Maximilian I., died without sons in December 1503, a war broke out for the possession of his duchy. Bavaria-Munich passed on the death of John II. in 1397 to his sons Ernest and William III., but they only obtained possession of their lands after a struggle with Stephen of Bavaria-Ingolstadt. Both brothers were then engaged in warfare with the other branches of the family and with the citizens of Munich. William, a loyal servant of the emperor Sigismund, died in 1435, leaving an only son, Adolf, who died five years later; and Ernest, distinguished for his bodily strength, died in 1438. In 1440 the whole of Bavaria-Munich came to Ernest's son Albert, who had been estranged from his father owing to his union with the unfortunate Agnes Bernauer (q.v.). Albert, whose attempts to reform the monasteries earned for him the surname of Pious, was almost elected king of Bohemia in 1440. He died in 1460, leaving five 1308, died in 1312, leaving a son, Henry III. Lower Bavaria was governed by these three princes until 1333, when Henry III. died, followed in 1334 by his cousin Otto; and as both died without sons the whole of Lower Bavaria then passed to Henry II. Dying in 1339. Henry left an only son, John I., who died childless in the following year, when the emperor Louis IV., by securing Lower Bavaria for himself, united the whole of the duchy under his sway. The consolidation of Bavaria under Louis lasted for seven years, during which the emperor was able to improve the condition of the country. When he died in 1347 he left six sons to share his possessions, who agreed upon a division of Bavaria in 1349. Its history, however, was complicated by its connexion with Brandenburg, Holland and Tirol, all of which had also been left by the emperor to his sons. All the six brothers exercised some authority in Bavaria; but three alone left issue, and of these the eldest, Louis, margrave of Brandenburg, died in 1361; and two years later was followed to the grave by his only son Meinhard, who was childless. The two remaining brothers, Stephen II. and Albert I., ruled over Bavaria-Landshut and Bavaria-Straubing respectively, and when Stephen died in 1375 his portion of Bavaria was governed jointly by his three sons. In 1392, when all the lines except those of Stephen and Albertsons, the two elder of whom, John IV. and Sigismund, reigned in had died out, an important partition took place, by which the greater part of the duchy was divided among Stephen's three sons, Stephen III., Frederick and John II., who founded respectively the lines of Ingolstadt, Landshut and Munich. Albert's duchy of Bavaria-Straubing passed on his death in 1404 to his son William II., and in 1417 to his younger son John, who resigned the bishoptic of Liége to take up his new position. When John died in 1425 this family became extinct, and after a contest between various claimants Bavaria-Straubing was divided between the three remaining branches of the family. The main result of the threefold division of 1392 was a succession of civil wars which led to the temporary eclipse of Bavaria as a force in German politics. Neighbouring states encroached upon its borders, and the nobles ignored the authority of the dukes, who, deprived of the electoral vote, were mainly occupied for fifty years with intestine strife. This condition of affairs, however, was not wholly harmful. The government of the country and the control of the finances passed mainly into the hands of an assembly called the Landiag or Landschaft, which had been organized in 1392. The towns, assuming a certain independence, became strong and wealthy as trade increased, and the citizens of Munich and Regensburg were often formidable antagonists to the dukes. Thus a period of disorder saw the growth of representative institutions and the establishment of a strong civic spirit. Stephen III., duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt, was distinguished rather as a soldier than as a statesman; and his rule was marked by struggles with various towns, and with his brother, John of Bavaria-Munich. Dying in 1413 he was followed by his son, Louis, called the Bearded, laternal condition, 1392. Intestine troubles. a restless and quarrelsome prince, who before his accession had played an important part in the affairs of France, where his sister Isabella was the queen of King Charles VI. About 1417 he became involved in a violent quarrel with his cousin, Henry of Bavaria-Landshut, fell under both the papal and the imperial ban, and in 1439 was attacked by his son Louis the Lame. This prince, who had married a daughter of Frederick I. of Hohenzollern, margrave of Brandenburg, was incensed at the favour shown by his father to an illegitimate son. Aided by Albert Achilles, afterwards margrave of Brandenburg, he took the elder Louis prisoner and compelled him to abdicate in 1443. When Louis the Lame died in 1445 his father came into the power of his implacable enemy, Henry of Bavaria-Landshut, and died in prison in 1447. The duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt passed to Henry, who had succeeded his father Frederick as duke of Bavaria-Landshut in 1393, and whose long reign was almost entirely occupied with family feuds. He died in July 1450, and was followed by his son, Louis IX. (called the Rich), and about this time Bavaria began to recover some of its former importance. War over the suc cession to Bavaria- common until the death of John in 1463. The third brother, Reigns of Wise and IV. Roman Catholi cism in William followed the traditional Wittelsbach policy, opposition to the Habsburgs, until in 1534 he made a treaty at Linz with Ferdinand, king of Hungary and Bohemia. This was strengthened in 1546, when the emperor Charles V. obtained the help of the duke during the war of the league of Schmalkalden by promising him in certain eventualities the succession to the Bohemian throne, and the electoral dignity enjoyed by the count palatine of the Rhine. William also did much at a critical period to secure Bavaria for Catholicism. The reformed doctrines had made considerable progress in the duchy when the duke obtained from the pope extensive rights over the bishoprics and monasteries, and took measures to repress the reformers, many of whom were banished; while the Jesuits, whom he invited into the duchy in 1541, made the university of Ingolstadt their headquarters for Germany. William, whose death occurred in March 1550, was succeeded by his son Albert IV., who had married a daughter of Ferdinand of Habsburg, afterwards the emperor Ferdinand I. Early in his reign Albert made some concessions to the reformers, who were still strong in Bavaria; but about 1563 he changed his attitude, favoured the decrees of the council of Trent, and pressed forward the work of Bavaria. Re Reiga of milian I. and the Thirty Years' War. the Counter-Reformation. As education passed by degrees into culture, industries and the exploitation of the mineral wealth of the hands of the Jesuits the progress of Protestantism was the country, founded the Academy of Sciences at Munich, and effectually arrested in Bavaria. Albert IV. was a great patron of abolished the Jesuit censorship of the press. At his death, art. His court at Munich was the resort of artists of all kinds, and without issue, on the 30th of December 1777, the Bavarian line the city was enriched with splendid buildings; while artistic of the Wittelsbachs became extinct, and the succession passed works were collected from Italy and elsewhere. The expenses of to Charles Theodore, the elector palatine. After a separation of a magnificent court led the duke to quarrel with the Landschaft, four and a half centuries, the Palatinate, to which the to oppress his subjects, and to leave a great burden of debt when duchies of Jülich and Berg had been added, was thus of the pa he died in October 1579. The succeeding duke was Albert's son, reunited with Bavaria. So great an accession of atinate. William V. (called the Pious), who was educated by the Jesuits and strength to a neighbouring state, whose ambition she was keenly attached to their tenets. He secured the archbishopric had so recently had just reason to fear, was intolerable to Austria, of Cologne for his brother Ernest in 1583, and this dignity which laid claim to a number of lordships-forming one-third of remained in the possession of the family for nearly 200 years. In the whole Bavarian inheritance--as lapsed fiefs of the Bohemian, 1597 he abdicated in favour of his son Maximilian I., Austrian, and imperial crowns. These were at once occupied by Maxi and retired into a monastery, where he died in 1626. Austrian troops, with the secret consent of Charles Theodore Maximilian found the duchy encumbered with debt and himself, who was without legitimate heirs, and wished to obtain filled with disorder, but ten years of his vigorous rule from the emperor the elevation of his natural children to the effected a remarkable change. The finances and the status of princes of the Empire. The protests of the next heir, judicial system were reorganized, a class of civil servants Charles, duke of Zweibrücken (Deux-Ponts), supported by the anda national militia founded and several smalldistricts king of Prussia, led to the war of Bavarian succession. By the were brought under the duke's authority. The result was a unity peace of Teschen (May 13th, 1779) the Inn quarter was ceded to and order in the duchy which enabled Maximilian to play an im-Austria, and the succession secured to Charles of Zweibrücken. portant part in the Thirty Years' War; during the earlier ycars For Bavaria itself Charles Theodore did less than nothing. He of which he was so successful as to acquire the Upper Palatinate felt himself a foreigner among foreigners, and his favourite and the electoral dignity which had been enjoyed since 1356 by the scheme, the subject of endless intrigues with the Austrian elder branch of the Wittelsbach family. In spite of subsequent cabinet and the immediate cause of Frederick II.'s League of reverses these gains were retained by Maximilian at the peace of Princes (Fürstenbund) of 1785, was to exchange Bavaria for the Westphalia in 1648. During the later years of this war Bavaria, Austrian Netherlands and the title of king of Burgundy. For the especially the northern part, suffered severely. In 1632 it was rest, the enlightened internal policy of his predecessor was invaded by the Swedes, and, when Maximilian violated the treaty abandoned. The funds of the suppressed order of Jesus, which of Ulm in 1647, was ravaged by the French and the Swedes. Maximilian Joseph had destined for the reform of the educational After repairing this damage to some extent, the elector died at system of the country, were used to endow a province of the Ingolstadt in September 1651, leaving his duchy much stronger knights of St John of Jerusalem, for the purpose of combating the than he had found it. The recovery of the Upper Palatinate made enemies of the faith. The government was inspired by the Bavaria compact; the acquisition of the electoral vote made it narrowest clericalism, which culminated in the attempt to influential; and the duchy was able to play a part in European withdraw the Bavarian bishops from the jurisdiction of the great politics which intestine strife had rendered impossible for the past German metropolitans and place them directly under that of the four hundred years. (A. W. H.) pope. On the eve of the Revolution the intellectual and social Whatever lustre the international position won by Maximilian condition of Bavaria remained that of the middle ages. I might add to the ducal house, on Bavaria itself its effect during In 1792 the revolutionary armies overran the Palatinate; in the next two centuries was more dubious. Maxi- 1795 the French, under Moreau, invaded Bavaria itself, advanced of modera milian's son, Ferdinand Maria (1651-1679), who was a to Munich-where they were received with joy by the minor when he succeeded, did much indeed to repair long-suppressed Liberals--and laid siege to Ingolstadt. the wounds caused by the Thirty Years' War, en- Charles Theodore, who had done nothing to prevent wars. couraging agriculture and industries, and building or restoring or to resist the invasion, fled to Saxony, leaving a numerous churches and monasteries. In 1669, moreover, he regency, the members of which signed a convention with Moreau, again called a meeting of the diet, which had been suspended by which he granted an armistice in return for a heavy contribusince 1612. His good work, however, was largely undone by his tion (September 7th, 1796). Immediately afterwards he was son Maximilian II. Emmanuel (1679-1726), whose far-reaching forced to retire. ambition set him warring against the Turks and, on the side of Between the French and the Austrians, Bavaria was now in France, in the great struggle of the Spanish succession. He an evil case. Before the death of Charles Theodore (February shared in the defeat at Höchstädt on the 13th of August 1704; 16th, 1799) the Austrians had again occupied the country, his dominions were temporarily partitioned between Austria preparatory to renewing the war with France. Maximilian IV. and the elector palatine, and only restored to him, harried and Joseph (of Zweibrücken), the new elector, succeeded to a difficult exhausted, at the peace of Baden in 1714. Untaught by Maxi- inheritance. Though his own sympathies, and those of his allmilian Emmanuel's experience, his son, Charles Albert (1726 powerful minister, Max Josef von Montgelas (q..), were, if 1745), devoted all his energies to increasing the European anything, French rather than Austrian, the state of the Bavarian prestige and power of his house. The death of the emperor finances, and the fact that the Bavarian troops were scattered Charles VI. was his opportunity; he disputed the validity of the and disorganized, placed him helpless in the hands of Austria; Pragmatic Sanction which secured the Habsburg succession to on the end of December 1800 the Bavarian arms were involved Maria Theresa, allied himself with France, conquered Upper in the Austrian defeat at Hohenlinden, and Moreau once more Austria, was crowned king of Bohemia at Prague and, in 1742, occupied Munich. By the treaty of Lunéville (February 9th, emperor at Frankfort. The price he had to pay, however, was 1801) Bavaria lost the Palatinate and the duchies of Zweibrücken the occupation of Bavaria itself by Austrian troops; and, and Jülich. though the invasion of Bohemia in 1744 by Frederick II. of In view of the scarcely disguised ambitions and intrigues of Prussia enabled him to return to Munich, at his death on the the Austrian court, Montgelas now believed that the interests of 20th of January 1745 it was left to his successor to make what Bavaria lay in a frank alliance with the French reterms he could for the recovery of his dominions. Maximilian public; he succeeded in overcoming the reluctance of III. Joseph (1745-1777), by the peace of Füssen signed on the Maximilian Joseph; and, on the 24th of August, a aand of April 1745, obtained the restitution of his dominions in separate treaty of peace and alliance with France was signed at return for a formal acknowledgment of the Pragmatic Sanction. Paris. By the third article of this the First Consul undertook He was a man of enlightenment, did much to encourage agri- I to see that the compensation promised under the 7th article period. The revolutionary French lofluence. of the treaty of Lunéville for the territory ceded on the left bank of the Rhine, should be carried out at the expense of the Empire in the manner most agreeable to Bavaria (de Martens, Recueil, vol. vii. p. 365). In 1803, accordingly, in the territorial rearrangements consequent on Napoleon's suppression of the ecclesiastical states, and of many free cities of the Empire, Bavaria received the bishoprics of Würzburg, Bamberg, Augsburg and Freisingen, part of that of Passau, the territories of twelve abbeys, and seventeen cities and villages, the whole forming a compact territory which more than compensated for the loss of her outlying provinces on the Rhine.1 Montgelas' ambition was now to raise Bavaria to the rank of a first-rate power, and he pursued this object during the Napoleonic epoch with consummate skill, allowing fully for the preponderance of France so long as it lasted-but never permitting Bavaria to sink, like so many of the states of the confederation of the Rhine, into a mere French dependency. In the war of 1805, in accordance with a treaty of alliance signed at Würzburg on the 3rd of September, Bavarian troops, for the first time since Charles VII., fought side by side with the French, and by the treaty of Pressburg, signed on the 26th of December, the principality of Eichstädt, the margraviate of Burgau, the lordship of Vorarlberg, the countships of Hohenems and Königsegg-Rothenfels, the lordships of Argen and Tetnang, and the city of Lindau with its territory were to be added to Bavaria. On the other hand Würzburg, obtained in 1803, was to be ceded by Bavaria to the elector of Salzburg in exchange for Tirol. By the 1st article of the treaty the emperor acknowledged the assumption by the elector of the title of king, as Maximilian I. The price which Maximilian had reluctantly to pay for this accession of dignity was the marriage of his daughter Augusta with Eugène Beauharnais. | with Austria. Vienna it was decided that she was to add to these the greater Constitu tion of 1818. Meanwhile, on the 1st of February 1817, Montgelas had been dismissed; and Bavaria had entered on a new era of constitutional reform. This implied no breach with the European policy of the fallen minister. In the new German confederation Bavaria had assumed the rôle of defender of the smaller states against the ambitions of Austria and Prussia, and Montgelas had dreamed of a Bavarian hegemony in South Germany similar to that of Prussia in the north. It was to obtain popular support for this policy and for the Bavarian claims on Baden that the crown prince pressed for a liberal constitution, the reluctance of Montgelas to concede it being the cause of his dismissal. On the 26th of May 1818 the constitution was proclaimed. The parliament was to consist of two houses; the first comprising the great hereditary landowners, government officials and nominees of the crown; the second, elected on a very narrow franchise, representatives of the small land-owners, the towns and the peasants. By additional articles the equality of religions was guaranteed and the rights of Protestants safeguarded, concessions which were denounced at Rome as a breach of the Concordat, which had been signed immediately before. The result of the conA stitutional experiment hardly justified the royal expectations; the parliament was hardly opened (February 5th, 1819) before the doctrinaire radicalism of some of its members, culminating in the demand that the army should swear allegiance to the constitution, so alarmed the king, that he appealed to Austria and Germany, undertaking to carry out any repressive measures they might recommend. Prussia, however, refused to approve of any coup d'état; the parliament, chastened by the consciousness that its life depended on the goodwill of the king, moderated its tone; and Maximilian ruled till his death as a model constitutional monarch. On the 13th of October 1825, he was succeeded by his son, Louis I., an enlightened patron of the arts and sciences, who transferred the university of Landshut to Munich, which, by his magnificent taste in building, he transformed into one of the most beautiful cities of the continent. The earlier years of his reign were marked by a liberal spirit and the reform, especially, of the financial administration; but the revolutions of 1831 frightened him into reaction, which was accentuated by the opposition of the parliament to his expenditure on building and works of art. In 1837 the Ultramontanes came into power with Karl von Abel (1788-1859) as prime minister. The Jesuits now gained the upper hand; one by one the liberal provisions of the constitution were modified or annulled; the Protestants were harried and oppressed; and a rigorous censorship forbade any free discussion of internal politics. The collapse of this régime was due, not to popular agitation, but to the resentment of Louis at the clerical For the internal constitution of Bavaria also the French alliance had noteworthy consequences. Maximilian himself was an enlightened" prince of the 18th-century type, whose tolerant principles had already grievously offended his clerical subjects; Montgelas was a firm believer in drastic reform "from above," and, in 1803, had discussed with the rump of the old estates the question of reforms. But the revolutionary changes introduced by the constitution proclaimed on the 1st of May 1808 were due to the direct influence of Napoleon. A clean sweep was made of the medieval polity surviving in the somnolent local diets and corporations. In place of the old system of privileges and exemptions were set equality before the law, universal liability to taxation, abolition of serfdom, security of person and property, liberty of conscience and of the press. representative assembly was created on paper, based on a narrow franchise and with very limited powers, but was never summoned. In 1809 Bavaria was again engaged in war with Austria on the side of France, and by the treaty signed at Paris on the 28th of February 1810 ceded southern Tirol to Italy and some small districts to Württemberg, receiving as compensation parts of Salzburg, the quarters of the Inn and Hausrück and the principalities of Bayreuth and Regensburg. So far the policy of Montgclas had been brilliantly successful; but the star of Napoleon had now reached its zenith, and already the astute opportunist had noted the signs of the coming change. The events of 1812 followed; in 1813 Bavaria was summoned to join the alliance against Napoleon, the demand being passionately backed by the crown prince Louis and by Marshal Wrede; on the 8th of October was signed the treaty of Ried, by Treaty of Ried. which Bavaria threw in her lot with the Allies. Montgelas announced to the French ambassador that he had been compelled temporarily to bow before the storm, adding "Bavaria has need of France." (For Bavaria's share in the war see NAPOLEONIC CAMPAIGNS.) Immediately after the first peace of Paris (1814), Bavaria ceded to Austria Tirol and Vorarlberg; by the congress of 1 See Recès de la députation de l'empire. du 25 févr. 1803, &c., II. vol. vii. p. 453 of G. F. de Martens, Recueil des Traités, &c. (Gottingue, 1831) Text in de Martens' Recueil, viii. p. 388. Unlos with Germaa Empire. policy. opposition to the influence of his mistress, Lola Montez. On the of Augustenburg against the policy of the two great German 17th of February 1847, Abel was dismissed, for publishing his powers. Finally, in the war of 1866, in spite of Bismarck's memorandum against the proposal to naturalize Lola, efforts to secure her neutrality, Bavaria sided actively with Lola Montez. who was an Irishwoman; and the Protestant Georg Austria. Ludwig von Maurer (9.0.) took his place. The new The rapid victory of the Prussians and the wise moderation ministry granted the certificate of naturalization; but riots, of Bismarck paved the way for a complete revolution in Bavaria's in which ultramontane professors of the university took part, relation to Prussia and the German question. The were the result. The professors were deprived, the parliament South German Confederation, contemplated by the dissolved, and, on the 27th of November, the ministry dismissed. 6th article of the treaty of Prague, never came into Lola Montez, created Countess Landsfeld, was supreme in the being; and, though Prussia, in order not prematurely state; and the new minister, Prince Ludwig von Oettingen- to excite the alarm of France, opposed the suggestion that the Wallerstein (1791-1870), in spite of his efforts to enlist Liberal southern states should join the North German Confederation, sympathy by appeals to pan-German patriotism, was powerless the bonds of Bavaria, as of the other southern states, with the to form a stable government. His cabinet was known as the north, were strengthened by an offensive and defensive alliance “Lolaministerium "; in February 1848, stimulated by the with Prussia, as the result of Napoleon's demand for a compensanews from Paris, riots broke out against the countess; on the tion" in the Palatinate. This was signed at Berlin on the 22nd IIth of March the king dismissed Oettingen, and on the 20th, of August 1866, on the same day as the signature of the formal realizing the force of public opinion against him, abdicated in treaty of peace between the two countries. The separatist favour of his son, Maximilian II. ambitions of Bavaria were thus formally given up; she had no Before his abdication Louis had issued, on the 6th of March, a longer "need of France"; and in the war of 1870–71, the proclamation promising the zealous co-operation of the Bavarian Bavarian army marched, under the command of the Prussian government in the work of German freedom and crown prince, against the common enemy of Germany. It was Prussian unity. To the spirit of this Maximilian was faithful, on the proposal of King Louis II, that the imperial crown was accepting the authority of the central government offered to King William. at Frankfort, and (19th of December) sanctioning the This was preceded, on the 23rd of November 1870, by the official promulgation of the laws passed by the German parlia- signature of a treaty between Bavaria and the North German ment. But Prussia was henceforth the enemy, not Austria. In Confederation. By this instrument, though Bavaria became an refusing to agree to the offer of the imperial crown to Frederick integral part of the new German empire, she reserved a larger William IV., Maximilian had the support of his parliament. measure of sovereign independence than any of the other conIn withholding his assent to the new German constitution, stituent states. Thus she retained a separate diplomatic service, by which Austria was excluded from the Confederation, he ran military administration, and postal, telegraph and railway indeed counter to the sentiment of his people; but by this time systems. The treaty was ratified by the Bavarian chambers the back of the revolution was broken, and in the events which on the 21st of January 1871, though not without considerable led to the humiliation of Prussia at Olmütz in 1851, and the opposition on the part of the so-called “patriot " party. Their restoration of the old diet of the Confederation, Bavaria was hostility was increased by the Kulturkampf, due to the promulgasafe in casting in her lot with Austria (see GERMANY: History). tion in 1870 of the dogma of papal infallibility. Munich UniThe guiding spirit in this anti-Prussian policy, which characterized versity, where Döllinger (2.0.) was professor, became the centre Bavarian statesmanship up to the war of 1866, was Ludwig of the opposition to the new dogma, and the “old Catholics " Karl Heinrich von der Pfordten(1811-1880), who became minister (9.0.) were protected by the king and the government. The for foreign affairs on the 19th of April 1849. His idea for the federal law expelling the Jesuits was proclaimed in Bavaria on ultimate solution of the question of the balance of power in the 6th of September 1871 and was extended to the RedempGermany was the so-called Trias, i.e. a league of the Rhenish torists in 1873. On the 31st of March 1871, moreover, the bonds states as a counterpoise to the preponderance of Austria and with the rest of the empire had been drawn closer by the Prussia. In internal affairs his ministry was characterized by acceptance of a number of laws of the North German Confederaa reactionary policy less severe than elsewhere in Germany, tion, of which the most important was the new criminal code, which led none the less from 1854 onward to a struggle with the which was finally put into force in Bavaria in 1879. The parliament, which ended in the dismissal of Pfordten's ministry opposition of the "patriot" party, however, reinforced by the on the 27th of March 1859. He was succeeded by Karl Freiherr strong Catholic sentiment of the country, continued powerful, von Schrenk auf Notzing (1806-1884), an official of Liberal and it was only the steady support given by the king to suctendencies who had been Bavarian representative in the diet cessive Liberal ministries that prevented its finding disastrous of the Confederation. Important reforms were now introduced, expression in the parliament, where it remained in a greater or including the separation of the judicial and executive powers less majority till 1887, and has since, as the "centre," continued and the drawing up of a new criminal code. In foreign affairs to form the most compact party in an assembly made up of Schrenk, like his predecessor, aimed at safeguarding the in-“groups." dependence of Bavaria, and supported the idea of superseding Meanwhile the royal dreamer, whose passion for building palaces the actual constitution of the Confederation by a supreme was becoming a serious drain on the treasury, had been declared directory, in which Bavaria, as leader of the purely German states, insane, and, on the 7th of June 1886, the heir-presumptive, would hold the balance between Prussia and Austria. Bavaria Prince Luitpold, was proclaimed regent. Six days later, on the accordingly opposed the Prussian proposals for the reorganiza- 13th of June, Louis committed suicide. His brother, Otto I., tion of the Confederation, and one of the last acts of King being also insane, the regency was confirmed to Prince Luitpold Maximilian was to take a conspicuous part in the assembly of Since 1871 Bavaria has shared to the full in the marvellous princes summoned to Frankfort in 1863 by the emperor Francis development of Germany; but her “particularism," founded Joseph (see GERMANY). on traditional racial and religious antagonism to the Prussians, Maximilian was succeeded on the 10th of March 1864 by his was by no means dead, though it exhibited itself in no more son Louis II., a youth of eighteen. The government was at first dangerous form than the prohibition, reissued in 1900, to display carried on by Schrenk and Pfordten in concert. Schrenk soon any but the Bavarian flag on public buildings on the emperor's retired, when the Bavarian government found it necessary, in birthday; a provision which has been since so far modified as order to maintain its position in the Prussian Zollverein, to to allow the Bavarian and imperial flags to be hung side by side. become a party to the Prussian commercial treaty with France, signed in 1862. In the complicated Schleswig-Holstein question G. 1. Rudhart, Aelleste Geschichte Bayerns (Hamburg, 1841): A. AUTHORITIES.- Monumenta Boica (44 vols., Munich, 1763-1900); (q.o.) Bavaria, under Pfordten's guidance, consistently opposed Quitzmann, Abstammung, Ursitz, und alteste Geschichte der Bairwaren Prussia, and headed the lesser states in their support of Frederick (Munich, 1857), and Die älteste Geschichte der Baiern bis |