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like the tribe of Hodeil, south of Mecca, perform it after a fashion generally adorned with bracelets and rings of blue glass or peculiar to themselves.

copper or iron, very rarely of silver; her neck with glass beads; Though polygamy is not common among Bedouins, marriages ear-rings are rare, and nose-rings rarer. Boys, till near puberty, are contracted without any legal intervention or guarantee; usually go stark naked; girls also wear no clothes up to the age the consent of the parties, and the oral testimony of a couple of of six or seven. witnesses, should such be at hand, are all that are required; On a journey a Bedouin invariably carries with him a light, and divorce is equally easy. Nor is mutual constancy much sharp-pointed lance, the stem of which is made of Persian or expected or observed either by men or women; and the husband African cane; the manner in which this is carried or trailed is rarely strict in exacting from the wife a fidelity that he himself often indicates the tribe of the owner. The lance is the favourite has no idea of observing. Jealousy may indeed occasionally bring and characteristic weapon of the Arab nomad, and the one in the about tragic results, but this rarely occurs except where publicity, use of which he shows the greatest skill. An antiquated sword, to which the Bedouins, like all other Arabs, are very sensitive, an out-of-date musket, an ornamented dagger or knife, a coat of is involved. Burckhardt writes: “ The Bedouins are jealous of mail, the manufacture of Yemen or Bagdad, and a helmet, a mere their women, but do not prevent them from laughing and talking iron head-piece, without visor or crest, complete his military with strangers. It seldom happens that a Bedouin strikes his outfit. wife; if he does so she calls loudly on her wasy or protector, A Bedouin's tent consists of a few coverings of the coarsest who pacifies the husband and makes him listen to reason. goat-hair, dyed black, and spread over two or more small poles, The wife and daughters perform all domestic business. They in height from 8 to 9 ft., gipsy fashion. If it be the tent of a grind the wheat in the handmill or pound it in the mortar; sheik, its total length may be from 30 to 40 ft.; if of an ordinary they prepare the breakfast and dinner; knead and bake the person, less than 20 ft. Sometimes a partition separates the bread; make butter, fetch water, work at the loom, mend the quarters of the women and children; sometimes they are tent-covering ... while the husband or brother sits before the housed under a lower and narrower covering. A rough carpet tent smoking his pipe.” A maiden's honour is, on the other hand, or mat is spread on the ground; while camel-saddles, ropes, severely guarded; and even too openly avowed a courtship, halters, two or three cooking pots, one or two platters, a wooden though with the most honourable intentions, is ill looked on. drinking bowl, the master's arms at one side of the tent, and his But marriage, if indeed so slight and temporary a connexion spear stuck in the ground at the door, complete the list of houseas it is among Bedouins deserves the name, is often merely a hold valuables. On striking camp all these are fastened on the passport for mutual licence. In other respects Bedouin morality, backs of camels; the men mount their saddles, the women their like that of most half-savage races, depends on custom and litters; and in an hour the blackened stones that served for a public feeling rather than on any fixed code or trained conscience, cooking hearth are the only sign of the encampment. For food and hence admits of the strangest contradictions. Not only are the Bedouin relies on his herds, but rice, vegetables, honey, lying and exaggeration no reproach in ordinary discourse, but locusts and even lizards are at times caten. even deliberate perjury and violation of the most solemn engage- BIBLIOGRAPHY.-Johann Ludwig Burckhardt, Noles on the ments are frequent occurrences. Not less frequent, however, Bedouins and Wahabis (1831); Karstens Niebuhr, Travels through are instances of prolonged fidelity and observance of promise Arabia (orig. Germ. edit. 1772),

translated into English by Robert carried to the limits of romance." The wind," " the wood,” Arabs (New York, 1874): W. S. Blunt, Bedouin Tribes of the and "the honour of the Arabs " are the most ordinary oaths in Euphrates (1879); Lady Anne Blunt, Pilgrimage to Nejd (1881); serious matters; but even these do not give absolute security, Desmoulins, Les Français d'aujourd'hui (Paris, 1898); C. M. while a simple verbal engagement will at other times prove an

Doughty, Arabia Deserta (2 vols., 1888); E. Reclus, Les Arabes inviolable guarantee. Thus, too, the extreme abstemiousness (1900): W. Robertson Smith, Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia

(Brussels, 1898): Rev. S. M. Zwemer, Arabia, the Cradle of Islam of a Bedouin alternates with excessive gorgings; and, while (Cambridge, 1885); H. C. Trumbull, The Blood Covenant (Philthe name and deeds of "robber” are hardly a reproach, those of adelphia, 1891). 15 OUT "thief" are marked by abhorrence and contempt. In patience, BEDSORE, a form of ulceration or sloughing, occasioned in or rather endurance, both physical and moral, few Bedouins people who, through sickness or old age, are confined to bed, are deficient; wariness is another quality universally developed resulting from pressure or the irritation of sweat and dirt. by their mode of life. And in spite of an excessive coarseness of Bedsores usually occur when there is a low condition of nutrition language, and often of action, gross vice, at least of the more of the tissues. The more helpless the patient the more liable he debasing sorts that dishonour the East, is rare.

is to bedsores, and especially when he is paralysed, delirious or Most Bedouins, men and women, are rather undersized; insane, or when suffering from one of the acute specific fevers. their complexion, especially in the south, is dark; their hair They may occur wherever there is a pressure, more especially coarse, thick and black; their eyes dark and oval; the nose is when any moisture is allowed to remain on the bedding; and generally aquiline, and the features well formed; the beard and thus lack of cleanliness is an important factor in the production moustache are usually scanty. The men are active, but not of this condition. In large hospitals a bedsore is now a great strong; the women are generally plain. The dress of the men rarity, and this, considering the helplessness of many of the consists of a long cotton shirt, open at the breast, often girt with patients treated, shows what good nursing can do. The bed a leathern girdle; a black or striped cloak of hair is sometimes must be made with a firm smooth mattress; the undersheet and thrown over the shoulders; a handkerchief, folded once, black, blanket must be changed whenever they become soiled; the or striped yellow and red, covers the head, round which it is kept drawsheet is spread without creases, and changed the moment it in its place by a piece of twine or a twisted hairband. To this becomes soiled. Preventive treatment must be followed from costume a pair of open sandals is sometimes added. Under the the first day of the illness. This consists in the most minute shirt, round the naked waist, a thin strip of leather plait is wound attention to cleanliness, and constant variation in the position several times, not for any special object, but merely out of of the patient. All parts subjected to pressure or friction must custom. In his hand a Bedouin almost always carries a slight be frequently washed with soap and hot water, then thoroughly crooked wand, commonly of almond-wood. Among the Bedouins dried with a warm soft towel. The part should next be bathed of the south a light wrapper takes the place of the handkerchief in a solution of corrosive sublimate in spirits of wine, and finally on the head, and a loin-cloth that of the shirt. The women dusted with an oxide of zinc and starch powder. This routine usually wear wide loose drawers, a long shirt, and over it a wide should be gone through not less than four times in the twenty-four piece of dark blue cloth enveloping the whole figure and head, hours in any case of prolonged illness. The pressure may be and trailing on the ground behind. Very rarely does a Bedouin relieved over bony prominences by a water-pillow or by a piece woman wear a vcil, or even cover her face with her overcloak, of thick felt cut into a ring. Signs of impending bedsores must contenting herself with narrowing the folds of the latter over her constantly be watched for. Where one threatens, the skin loses head on the approach of a stranger._Her wrists and ankles are lits proper colour, becoming either a deadly white or a dusky red,

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Solitary and Social Bees.-Many genera of bees are represented, like most other insects, by ordinary males and females, each female constructing a nest formed of several chambers (" cells ") and storing in each chamber a supply of food for the grub to be hatched from the egg that she lays therein. Such bees, although a number of individuals often make their nests.close together, are termed "solitary," their communities differing in nature from those of the "social" bees, among which there are two kinds of females-the normal fertile females or "queens," and those specially modified females with undeveloped ovaries (see fig. 6) that are called "workers" (fig. 1). The workers

and the redness does not disappear on pressure. The surrounding | grub devours not only the food-supply, but also the larva of tissues become oedematous, and pain is often severe, except in a its host. case of paralysis. As the condition progresses further the pain ceases. The epidermis now becomes raised as in a blister, and finally becomes detached, forming an excoriation and exposing the papillae. Even at this late stage an actual ulceration can still be prevented if proper care is taken; but failing this, the skin sloughs and an ulcer forms. In treating this, the position of the patient must be such that no pressure is ever allowed on the sloughing tissue. A hot boracic pad under oil-silk should be applied, the affected part being first dusted with iodoform. If, however, the slough is very large, it is safer to avoid wet applications, and the parts should be dusted with animal charcoal and iodoform, and protected with a dry dressing. When the slough has separated and the sore is clean, friar's balsam will hasten the healing process. In any serious illness the formation of a bedsore makes the prognosis far more grave, and may even bring about a fatal issue, either directly or indirectly.

BEDWORTH, a manufacturing town in the Nuneaton parliamentary division of Warwickshire, England; on the NuneatonCoventry branch of the London & North Western railway, 100 m. north-west from London. Pop. (1900) 7169. Atramway connects with Coventry, and the Coventry canal passes through. Coal and ironstone are mined; there are iron-works, and bricks, hats, ribbons and tape and silk are made. Similar industries are pursued in the populous district (including the villages of Exhall and Foleshill) which extends southward towards Coventry.

BEE (Sanskrit bha, A.S. bed, Lat. apis), a large and natural family of the zoological order Hymenoptera, characterized by the plumose form of many of their hairs, by the large size of

the basal segment of the foot, which is always elongate and in the hindmost limb sometimes as broad ) as the shin, and by the development of a "tongue" for sucking liquid food; this organ has been variously interpreted as the true insectan tongue (hypopharynx) or as a ligula formed by fused portions of the

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second maxillae

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Bees are specialized
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with the flowers from
which they draw the

bulk of their food

FIG. 2.-Head and Appendages of Honey-bee (Apis),

Antenna or feeler.
Epipharynx.
Maxillary palp.

mx, 1st maxilla.

lp. Labial palp.

1.

Opposite to galeae of 2nd
maxillae (labium).

8.

Ligula or tongue." Bouton or spoon of the ligula.

(From Frank R. Cheshire's Bee and Bus-keeping )

supply, the flexible tongue being used for sucking nectar, the plumed hairs and │| 4, the modified legs (fig. | £. 7) for gathering pol-xp, P. len. These floral products which form the food of bees and of their larvae, are in are the earliest developed offspring of the queen, and it is their most cases collected associated work which renders possible the rise of an insect FIG. 1.-Honey-bee (Apis mellifica). a, and stored by the state a state, which evidently has its origin in the family. male (drone); b, queen; c, worker. industrious insects; It is interesting to trace various stages in the elaboration of the but some genera of bee-society. Among the humble-bees (Bombus) the workers help (After Bender, Bull. 1 (n.a.) Div. End, US. Dept. Agr.), bees act as inquilines the queen, who takes her share in the duties of the nest; the or "cuckoo-parasites," laying their eggs in the nests of other distinction between queen and workers is therefore less absolute bees, so that their larvae may feed at the expense of the than in the hive-bees (Apis), whose queen, relieved of all nursing rightful owners of the nest. In a few cases, the parasitic bee-and building cares by the workers, devotes her whole energies

to egg-laying. The division of labour among the two castes of in each of which an egg is laid and a supply of food stored up. female becomes therefore most complete in the most highly J. H. Fabre has found that in the nests of some species of Osmis organized society.

the young bee developed in the first-formed cell, if (as often Structure.--Details of the structure of bees are given in the happens) she emerges from her cocoon before the inmates of article HYMENOPTERA. The feelers (fig. 2, a) are divided into the later cells, will try to work her way round these or to bite

scape" and "flagellum" as in the ants, and the mandibles a lateral hole through the bramble shoot; should she fail to vary greatly in size and sharpness in different genera. The do this, she will wait for the emergence of her sisters and not proboscis or “tongue” (fig. 2, ) is a hollow organ enclosing make her escape at the price of injury to them. But when an outgrowth of the body-cavity which is filled with fluid, Fabre substituted dead individuals of her own species or live and with its flexible under-surface capable of invagination or larvae of another genus, the Osmia had no scruple in destroying protrusion. Along this surface stretches a groove which is sur-them, so as to bite her way cut to air and liberty. rounded by thickened cuticle and practically formed into a The leaf-cutter bees (Megachile)—which differ from Andrena tube by numerous fine hairs. Along this channel the nectar is and Halictus and agree with Osmia, Apis and Bombus in having drawn into the pharynx and passes, mixed with saliva, into the elongate tongues-cut neat circular disks from leaves, using crop or "honey-bag"; the action of the saliva changes the them for lining the cells of their underground nests. The saccharose into dextrose and levulose, and the nectar becomes carpenter-bees (Xylocopa and allied genera), unrepresented honey, which the bee regurgitates for storage in the cells or for in the British Islands, though widely distributed in warmer the feeding of the grubs. The sting (fig. 6, P8, st.) of female countries, make their nests in dry wood. The habits of X. bees is usually highly specialized, but in a few genera it is reduced violacea, the commonest European species, were minutely and useless.

described in the 18th century in one of R. A. F de Réaumur's Many modifications in details of structure may be observed memoirs. This bee excavates several parallel galleries to which within the family. The tongue is bifid at the tip in a few genera; access is gained by a cylindrical hole. In the galleries are usually it is pointed and varies greatly in length, being com- situated the cells, separated from one another by transverse paratively short in Andrena, long in the humble-bees(Bombus), partitions; which are formed of chips of wood, cemented by and longest in. Euglossa, a tropical American genus of solitary the saliva of the bee. bees. The legs, which are so highly modified as pollen-carriers Among the solitary bees none has more remarkable nesting in the higher bees, are comparatively simple in certain primitive habits than the mason bee (Chalicodoma) represented in the genera. The hairy covering, so notable in the hive-bee and south of France and described at length by Fabre. The female especially in humble-bees, is greatly reduced among bees that constructs on a stone a series of cells, built of cement, which follow a parasitic mode of life.

she compounds of particles of earth, minute stones and her Early stages.-As is usual where an abundant food supply own saliva. Each cell is provided with a store of honey and is provided for the young insects, the larvae of bees (fig. 3, SL.) pellen beside which an egg is laid; and after eight or nine cells

have been successively built and stored, the whole is covered Nť man

by a dome-like mass of cement. Fabre found that a Chalicodoma removed to a distance of 4 kilometres from the nest that she was

building, found her way back without difficulty to the exact cosp SL

spot. But if the nest were removed but a few yards from its former position, the bee seemed no longer able to recognize it, sometimes passing over it, or even into the unfinished cell, and then leaving it to visit again uselessly the place whence it had been moved. She would accept willingly, however, another nest placed in the exact spot where her own had been. If the unfinished cell in the old nest had been only just begun, while

that in the substituted nest were nearly completed, the bee FIG. 3.-Larva and Pupa of Apis,

would add so much material as to make the cell much larger SL, Spinning larva. sp. Spiracles. W, Wing.

than the normal size, her instinct evidently being to do a certain N, Pupa.

1, "Tongue." cé, Compound Eye. amount of building work before filling the cell with food. The FL, Feeding larva. m, Mandible. e, Excrement. co, Cocoon. an, Antenna. ex, Exuvium.

food, too, is always placed in the cell after a fixed routine-first honey disgorged from the mouth, then pollen brushed off the

hairs beneath the body (fig. 7, c) after which the two substances are degraded maggots; they have no legs, but possess fairly are mixed into a paste. well-developed heads. The successive cuticles that are cast Inquilines and Parasites. The working bees, such as have been as growth proceeds are delicate in texture and sometimes mentioned, are victimized by bees of other genera, which throw separate from the underlying cuticle without being stripped upon the industrious the task of providing for the young of off. The maggots may pass no excrement from the intestine the idle. The nests of Andrena, for example, are haunted by until they have eaten all their store of food. When fully grown the black and yellow species of Nomada, whose females lay their the final larval cuticle is shed, and the "free" pupa (fig. 3, N) eggs in the food provided for the larva of the Andrena. According revealed. The larvae of some bees spin cocoons (fig. 3, co) to H. Friese, the relations between the host and the inquiline before pupation.

are quite friendly, and the insects if they meet in the nestNests of Solitary Bees.-Bees of different genera vary consider- galleries courteously get out of each other's way. D. Sharp, ably in the site and arrangement of their nests. Many-like in commenting on this strange behaviour, points out that the the common "solitary” bees Haliclus and Andrena-burrow host can have no idea why the inquiline haunts her nest. “Why in the ground; the holes of species of Andrena are commonly then should the Andrena feel alarm? If the species of Nomada seen in springtime opening on sandy banks, grassy lawns or attack the species of Andrena too much, it brings about

the gravel paths. Our knowledge of such bees is due to the observa-destruction of its own species more certainly than that of the tions of F. Smith, H. Friese, C. Verhoeff and others. The nest Andrena." may be simple, or, more frequently, a complex excavation, cells More violent in its methods is the larva of a Stelis, whose opening off from the entrance or from a main passage. Some-operations in the nest of Osmia leuconcluna have been studied times the passage is the conjoint work of many bees whose cells by Verhoeff. The female Siclis lays her cggs earlier than the are grouped along it at convenient distances apart. Other bees, Osmia, and towards the bottom of the food-mass; the egg of the species of Osmia for example, choose the hollow stem of a the Osmia is laid later, and on the surface of the food. Hence bramble or other shrub, the female forming a linear series of cells the two eggs are at opposite ends of the food, and both larvae

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(From Cheshire's Bess and Bee-keeping.)

feed for a time without conflict, but the Stelis, being the older, | distinction between queen and worker is not always clear among is the larger of the two. Finally the parasitic larva attacks humble-bees, the female insects varying in size and in the developthe Osmia, and digging its mandibles into its victim's head ment of their ovaries. If any mishap befall the queen, the workers kills and eats it, taking from one to two days for the completion can sometimes keep the community from dying out. In autumn of the repast. hot shemales are produced, as well as young queens. The community is broken up on the approach of winter, the males and workers perish, and the young queens after hibernation start.fresh nests in the succeeding year. olda

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(From Cheshire's Bees and Bee-keeping) conditions are necessary a nest large enough for a number of individuals, a close grouping of the cells, and an association between mother and daughters in the winged state. For the fulfilment of this last condition, the older insects of the new generation must emerge from the cells while the mother is still occupied with the younger eggs or larvae. One species of Halictus nearly reaches the desired stage; but the first young bees to appear in the perfect state are males, and when the females emerge the mother dies. eben od oh bad or be Among the social bees the mother and daughter-insects co-operate, and they differ from the "solitary" groups in the nature of their nest, the cells (fig. 25) of which are formed of wax secreted by special glands (fig. 5) in the bee's abdomen, the wax being pressed out between the segmental sclerites in the form of plates (fig. 4), which are worked by the legs (fig. 7) and jaws into the requisite shape. In our well-known hive-bee (Apis) and humble-bees (Bombus) the wax glands are ventral de boslovit to o food

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FIG. 5.-Abdominal Plate (worker of Apis), under side, third segment. W, wax-yielding surface, covering true gland; s, septem, or carina; wh, webbed hairs.

(From Cheshire's Bees and Bee-keeping.)

in position, but in the "stingless" bees of the tropics (Trigona and Melipona) they are dorsal. A colony of humble-bees is started in spring by a female " queen" which has survived the winter. She starts her nest underground or in a surface depression, forming a number of waxen cells, roughly globular in shape and arranged irregularly. The young females ("workers") that develop from the eggs laid in these early cells assist the queen by building fresh cells and gathering food for storage therein. The queen may be altogether relieved of the work of the nest as the season advances, so that she can devote all her energies to egg-laying, and the colony grows rapidly. The

The "stingless" bees (Trigona) of the tropics have the parts of the sting reduced and useless for piercing. As though to compensate for the loss of this means of defence, the mandibles are very powerful, and some of the bees construct tubular entrances to the nest with a series of constrictions easy to hold against an enemy. The habits of the Brazilian species of these bees have been described in detail by H. von Jhering, who points out that their wax glands are dorsal in position, not ventral as in Bombus and Apis. mai lamola diw bolam

With Apis, the genus of the hive-bee, we come to the most highly-specialized members of the family-better known,perhaps, than any other insects, on account of the long domestication of many of the species or races. In Apis the workers differ structurally from the queen, who nelther builds cells, gathers food, nor tends brood, and is therefore without the special organs adapted

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for those functions which are possessed in perfection by the inadvertently this single fertilized egg in a drone instead of in a workers. The differentiation of queen and workers is correlated worker cell. with the habit of storing food supplies, and the consequent The cells of the honeycomb of A pis are usually hexagonal in permanence of the community, which finds relief for its surplus form, and arranged in two series back to back (figs. 3, 25). population by sending off a swarm, consisting of a queen and a Some of these cells are used for storage, others for the rearing of number of workers, so that the new community is already brood. The cells in which workers are reared are smaller than specialized both for reproduction and for labour.

those appropriate for the rearing of drones, while the “ royal The workers of Apis may be capable (fig. 6, C) of laying eggs cells,” in which the young queens are developed, are large in -necessarily unfertilized-which always give rise to males size and of an irregular oval in form (fig. 25). It is believed that (" drones "), and, since the researches of J. Dzierzon (1811– from the nature of the cell in which she is ovipositing, the queen 1906) in 1848, it has been believed that the queen bee lays derives a reflex impulse to lay the appropriate egg-fertilized fertilized eggs in cells appropriate for the rearing of queens or in the queen or worker cell, unfertilized in the drone cell, as A

previously mentioned. Whether the fertilized egg shall develop into a queen or a worker depends upon the nature of the food. All young grubs are at first fed with a specially nutritious food,

discharged from the worker's stomach, to which is added a diges6

tive secretion derived from special salivary glands in the worker's head. If this "royal jelly " continue to be given to the grub throughout its life, it will grow into a queen; if the ordinary mixture of honey and digested pollen be substituted, as is usually the case from the fourth day, the grub will become a worker. The workers, who control the polity of the hive (the

queen” being exceedingly "limited” in her monarchy), arrange if possible that young queens shall develop only when the population of the hive has become so congested that it is desirable to send off a swarm. When a young queen has emerged, she stings her royal sisters (still in the pupal stage) to death. Previous to the emergence of the young queen, the old queen, prevented by the workers from attacking her daughters, has led off a swarm to find a new home elsewhere. The

young queen, left in the old home, mounts high into the air for her nuptial flight, and then returns to the hive and her duties of egg-laying. The number of workers increases largely during the summer, and so hard do the insects work that the life of an individual may last only a few weeks. On the approach of winter the males, having no further function to perform for the community, are refused food-supplies by the workers, and are either excluded or banished from the hive to perish. Such ruthless habits of the bee-commonwealth, no less than the altruistic labours of the workers, are adapted for the survival and dominance of the species. The struggle for life may deal hardly with the indi

vidual, but it results—to quote Darwin's well-known title-in h

" the preservation of favoured races.”

BIBLIOGRAPHY.-More has been written on bees, and especially on the genus Apis, than on any other group of insects. The classical

observations of Réaumur Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire des g insectes, vols. V., vi. (Paris, 1740-1742) and F. Huber's

Nouvelles observations sur les abeilles (Genève, 1792) will never be forgotten; they have been matched in recent times by J. H. Fabre's Soutenirs entomologiques (Paris, 1879-1891); and M. Maeterlinck's poetic yet scientific La vie des abeilles (Paris, 1901). Among, writers on the

solitary and parasitic species may be specially mentioned F. Smith, FIG. 7.—Modifications in the Legs of Bees.

Hymenoptera in the British Museum (London, 1853-1859); H. Friese, A. a-d, Hive-bee (Apis).

notch in tarsal segment for Zool. Jahrb. Syst., iv. (1891) J. Pérez, Actes Soc. Bordeaux, xlviii. B. 1-8. Stingless bee (Melipona). cleaning feeler.

(1895); and C. Verhoeff, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., vi. (1892). For the Chi, Humble-bee (Bombus). e, Tip of intermediate shin with social species we have valuable papers by E. Hoffer, Mitt. Natur , f, h, Outer view of hind-leg.

wissen. Ver. Steiermark, xxxi. (1881); H. von Jhering. Zool. Jahrb. b, g,., Inner view.

6, Feathered hairs with pollen Syst., xix. (1903); and others. For recent controversy on parthenoFore-leg of A pis showing grains, magnified.

genesis in the hive bee, see J. Pérez, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (6), vii. (After Riley, Insect Life (U.S. Dept. Agr.). vol. 6.)

(1878); F. Dickel, Zool. Anz., xxv. (1901), and Anatom. Anzeiger,

xix. (1902); A. Petrunkevich, Zoolog. Jahrb. Anat., xiv. (1901) workers, and unfertilized eggs in “ drone-cells," virgin reproduc- and A. Weismann, Analom. Anzeiger, xviii. (1901). F. R. Cheshires tion or parthenogenesis being therefore a normal factor in the Bees and Bee-keeping (London, 1885-1888),

and T. W. Cowan's life of these insects. F. Dickel and others have lately claimed contain

extensive bibliographies of A pis. D. Sharp's summary in the that fertilized eggs can give rise to either queens, workers or Cambridge Natural History, vol. vi., should be consulted

for further males, according to the food supplied to the larvae and the information on bees generally. British bees are described in the influence of supposed “sex-producing glands ” possessed by catalogues of Smith, mentioned above, and by E. Saunders, The

(G. H. C.) the nurse-workers. Dickel states that a German male bee Hymenoplera of the British Islands (London, 1896). mated with a female of the Italian race transmits distinct

BEE-KEEPING paternal characters to hybrid male offspring. A. Weismann, Bee-keeping, or the cultivation of the honey-bee as a source however, doubts these conclusions, and having found a sperm- of income to those who practise it, is known to have existed aster in every one of the eggs that he examined from worker- from the most ancient times. Poets, philosophers, historians cells, and in only one out of 272 eggs taken from drone-cells, and naturalists (among whom may be mentioned Virgil, Aristotle, he supports Dzierzon's view, explaining the single exception Cicero and Pliny) have eulogized the bee as unique among mentioned above as a mistake of the queen, she having laid insects, endowed by nature with wondrous gifts beneficial to

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