The

(specially viscous) saliva, are entirely unaffected by atropine. | potent alkaloids, such as morphine and strychnine, will take A curious parallel to this occurs in its action on the eye. There relatively large doses of atropine without ill-effect. is much uncertainty as to the influence of atropine on the secre- The action of atropine on the eye is of high theoretical and tions of the stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas and kidneys, and practical importance. The drug affects only the involuntary it is not possible to make any definite statement, save that in all muscles of the eye, just as it affects only the involuntary or probability the activities of the nerves innervating the gland- non-striated portion of the oesophagus. The result of its incells in these organs are reduced, though they are certainly not stillation into the eye and the same occurs when the atropine arrested, as in the other cases. The secretion of mucus by the has been absorbed elsewhere-is rapidly to cause wide dilatation bronchi and trachea is greatly reduced and their muscular tissue of the pupil. This can be experimentally shown by the method is paralysed a fact of which much use is made in practical of exclusion to be caused by a paralysis of the terminals of the medicine. The secretion of milk, if occurring in the mammary third cranial nerve in the sphincter pupillae of the iris gland, is much diminished or entirely arrested. Given internally, action of atropine in dilating the pupil is also aided by a stimulaatropine does not exert any appreciable sedative action upon the tion of the fibres from the sympathetic nervous system, which nerves of pain. innervate the remaining muscle of the iris-the dilator pupillae. As a result of the extreme pupillary dilatation, the tension of the cyeball is greatly raised. The sight of many an eye has been destroyed by the use of atropine-in ignorance of this action on the intra-ocular tension-in cases of incipient glaucoma. The use of atropine is absolutely contra-indicated in any case where the intra-ocular tension already is, or threatens to become, unduly high. This warning applies notably to those-usually women-who are accustomed indiscriminately to use belladonna or atropine in order to give greater brilliancy to their eyes. The fourth ocular result of administering atropine is the production of a slight but definite degree of local anaesthesia of the eyeball. It follows from the above that a patient who is definitely under the influence of atropine will display rapid pulse, dilated pupils, a dry skin and a sense of discomfort, due to dryness of the mouth and throat.

The action of atropine on the motor nerves is equally important. Those that go to the voluntary muscles are depressed only by very large and dangerous doses. The drug appears to have no influence upon the contractile cells that constitute muscle-fibre, any more than it has directly upon the secretory cells that constitute any gland. But moderate doses of atropine markedly paralyse the terminals of the nerves that go to involuntary muscles, whether the action of those nerves be motor or inhibitory. In the intestine, for instance, are layers of muscle-fibre which are constantly being inhibited or kept under check by the splanchnic nerves. These are paralysed by atropine, and intestinal peristalsis is consequently made more active, the muscles being released from nervous control. The motor nerves of the arteries, of the bladder and rectal sphincters, and also of the bronchi, are paralysed by atropine, but the nervous arrangements of those organs are highly complex and until they are further unravelled by physiologists, pharmacology will be unable to give much information which might be of great value in the employment of atropine. The action upon the vaso-motor system is, however, fairly clear. Whether effected entirely by action on the nerve terminals, or by an additional influence upon the vaso-motor centre in the medulla oblongata, atropine certainly causes extreme dilatation of the blood-vessels, so much so that the skin becomes flushed and there may appear, after large doses, an erythematous rash, which must be carefully distinguished, in cases of supposed belladonna poisoning, from that of scarlet fever: more especially as the temperature may be elevated and the pulse is very rapid in both conditions. But whilst the characteristic action of atropine is to dilate the blood-vessels, its first action is to stimulate the vaso-motor centre-thereby causing temporary contraction of the vessels-and to increase the rapidity of the heart's action, so that the blood-pressure rapidly rises. Though transient, this action is so certain, marked and rapid, as to make the subcutaneous injection of atropine invaluable in certain conditions. The respiratory centre is similarly stimulated, so that atropine must be regarded as a temporary but efficient respiratory and cardiac stimulant.

Toxic doses of atropine-and therefore of belladonna-raise the temperature several degrees. The action is probably nervous, but in the present state of our knowledge regarding the control of the temperature by the nervous system, it cannot be further defined. In small therapeutic and in small toxic doses atropine stimulates the motor apparatus of the spinal cord, just as it stimulates the centres in the medulla oblongata. This is indeed, as Sir Thomas Fraser has pointed out, "a strychnine action." In large toxic and in lethal doses the activity of the spinal cord is lowered.

No less important than any of the above is the action of atropine on the cerebrum. This has long been a debated matter, but it may now be stated, with considerable certainty, that the higher centres are incoordinately stimulated, a state closely resembling that of delirium tremens being induced. In cases of poisoning the delirium may last for many hours or even days. Thereafter a more or less sleepy state supervenes, but it is not the case that atropine ever causes genuine coma. The stuporose condition is the result of exhaustion after the long period of cerebral excitement. It is to be noted that children, who are particularly susceptible to the influence of certain of the other

Therapeutics. The external uses of the drug are mainly analgesic. The liniment or plaster of belladonna will relieve many forms of local pain. Generally speaking, it may be laid down that atropine is more likely than iodine to relieve a pain of quite superficial origin; and conversely. Totally to be reprobated is the use, in order to relieve pain, of belladonna or any other application which affects the skin, in cases where the surgeon may later be required to operate. In such cases, it is necessary to use such anodyne measures as will not interfere with the subsequent demands that may be made of the skin, i.e. that it be aseptic and in a condition so sound that it is able to undertake the process of healing itself after the operation has been performed. Atropine is universally and constantly used in ophthalmic practice in order to dilate the pupil for examination of the retina by the ophthalmoscope, or in cases where the inflamed iris threatens to form adhesions to neighbouring parts. The drug is often replaced in ophthalmology by homatropine-an alkaloid prepared from tropine-which acts similarly to atropine but has the advantage of allowing the ocular changes to pass away in a much shorter time. The anhidrotic action of atropine is largely employed in controlling the night-sweats so characteristic of pulmonary tuberculosis, small doses of the solution of the sulphate being given at night.

The uses of atropine in cardiac affections are still obscure and dubious. It can only be laid down that the drug is a valuable though temporary stimulant in emergencies, and that its use as a plaster or internally often relieves cardiac pain. Recollection of the extraordinary complexity of the problems which are involved in the whole question of pain of cardiac origin will emphasize the extreme vagueness of the above assertion. Professor Schäfer recommended the use of atropine prior to the administration of a general anaesthetic, in cases where the action of the vagus nerve upon the heart is to be dreaded; and there is little doubt of the value of this precaution, which has no attendant disadvantages, in all such cases. often of value as an antidote, as in poisoning by pilocarpine, muscarine (mushroom poisoning), prussic acid, &c. Omitting numerous minor applications of this drug, we may pass to two therapeutic uses which are of unquestionable utility. In cases of whooping-cough or any other condition in which there is spasmodic action of the muscular fibre in the bronchia definition which includes nearly every form of asthma and many cases of bronchitis atropine is an almost invaluable

Atropine is

drug. Not only does it relieve the spasm, but it lessens the motion of the communistic theories of Looking Backward, which amount of secretion-often dangerously excessive-which is he called "nationalism"; a Nationalist party (the main points often associated with it. The relief of symptoms in whooping- of whose immediate programme, according to Bellamy, were cough is sharply to be distinguished from any influence on the embodied in the platform of the People's party of 1892) was course of the disease, since the drug does not abbreviate its organized, but obtained no political hold. In 1897 Bellamy duration by a single day: In treating an actual and present published Equality, a sequel to Looking Backward. He died at attack of asthma, it is advisable to give the standardized tincture Chicopee Falls on the 22nd of May 1898. of belladonna-unless expense is no consideration, in which BELLAMY, GEORGE ANNE (1727-1788), English actress, case atropine may itself be used-in doses of twenty minims born at Fingal, Ireland, by her own account, on the 23rd of every quarter of an hour as long as no evil effects appear. Relief April 1733, but more probably in 1727, was the illegitimate is thereby constantly obtained. Smaller doses of the drug daughter of Lord Tyrawley, British ambassador at Lisbon. should be given three times a day between the attacks.

Her mother married there a Captain Bellamy, and the child The nocturnal enuresis or urinary incontinence of children received the name George Anne, by mistake for Georgiana. and of adults is frequently relieved by this drug. The excellent Lord Tyrawley acknowledged the child, had her educated in a toleration of atropine displayed by children must be remem- convent in Boulogne, and through him she came to know a bered, and if its use is "pushed a cure may almost always number of notable people in London. On his appointment as be expected.

ambassador to Russia, she went to live with her mother in Toxicology.-The symptoms of poisoning by belladonna or London, made the acquaintance of Mrs Woffington and Garrick, atropine are dealt with above. The essential point here to be and adopted the theatrical profession. Her first engagement added is that death takes place from combined cardiac and was at Covent Garden as Monimia in the Orphan in 1744. Owing respiratory failure. This fact is, of course, the key to treatment. to her personal charms and the social patronage extended to her, This consists in the use of emetics or the stomach-pump,'with her success was immediate, and till 1770 she acted in London, lime-water, which decomposes the alkaloid. These measures are, Edinburgh and Dublin, in all the principal tragic roles. She however, usually rendered nugatory by the very rapid absorption played Juliet to Garrick's Romco at Drury Lane at the time that of the alkaloid. Death is to be averted by such measures as will Spranger Barry (2.0.) was giving the rival performances at Covent keep the heart and lungs in action until the drug has been Garden, and was considered the better of the Juliets. Her last excreted by the kidneys. Inject stimulants subcutaneously; years were unhappy, and passed in poverty and ill-health. She give coffee—hot and strong-by the mouth and rectum, or use died on the 16th of February 1788. large doses of caffeine citrate; and employ artificial respiration. Her A pology (6 vols., 1785) gives an account of her long career Do not employ such physiological antagonists as pilocarpine and of her private life, the extravagance and licena of which were or morphine, for the lethal actions of all these drugs exhibit notorious. not mutual antagonism but coincidence.

BELLAMY, JOSEPH (1719-1790), American theologian, was BELLAGIO, a town of Lombardy, Italy, in the province born in Cheshire, Connecticut, on the oth of February 1719of Como, about 15 m. N.N.E. by steamer from the town of He graduated from Yale in 1735, studied theology for a time Como, situated on the promontory which divides the two under Jonathan Edwards, was licensed to preach when scarcely southern arms of the Lake of Como. Pop. (1901) 3536. It is eighteen years old, and from 1740 until his death, on the 6th of chiefly remarkable for the beauty of its scenery, and is a very March 1790, was pastorof the Congregationalchurch at Bethlehem, favourite resort in the spring and autumn. Some of the gardens Connecticut. The publication of his best-known work, True of its villas are remarkably fine. The manufacture of silks and Religion Delineated (1750), won for him a high reputation as a carving in olive wood are carried on.

thcologian, and the book was several times reprinted both in BELLAIRE, a city of Belmont county, Ohio, U.S.A., on England and in America. Despite the fact that with the excepthe Ohio river, 5 m. S. of Wheeling, West Virginia. Pop. tion of the period of the "Great Awakening ” (1740-1742), when (1890) 9934; (1900) 9912 (1159 foreign-born); (1910) 12,946. he preached as an itinerant in several neighbouring colonies, his It is served by the Baltimore & Ohio, the Pennsylvania, and the active labours were confined to his own parish, his influence Ohio River & Western railways. Bellaire is the shipping centre on the religious thought of his time in America was probably of the Belmont county coalfield which in 1907 produced 19.3 % surpassed only by that of his old friend and teacher Jonathan of the total output of coal for the state. Iron, limestone and fire. Edwards. This influence was due not only to his publications, clay are found in the vicinity; among the manufactures are but also to the "school " or classes for the training of clergymen iron and steel, glass, galvanized and enamelled ware, agricultural which he conducted for many years at his home and from which implements and stoves. The value of the city's factory products went forth scores of preachers to every part of New England and increased from $8,837,646 in 1900 to $10,712,438 in 1905, or the middle colonies (states). Bellamy's " system " of divinity 21-2%. Bellaire was settled about 1795, was laid out in 1836, was in general similar to that of Edwards. During the War of was incorporated as a village in 1858. and was chartered as a Independence he was loyal to the American cause. The univer city in 1874.

sity of Aberdeen conferred upon him the honorary degree of D.D. BELLAMY, EDWARD (1850-1898), American author and in 1768. He was a powerful and dramatic preacher. His social reformer, was born at Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts, on published works, in addition to that above mentioned, include the 25th of March 1850. He studied for a time at Union College, The Wisdom of God in the Permission of Sin (1758), his most Schenectady, New York, and in Germany; was admitted to the characteristic work; Theron, Paulinus and Aspasio; a bar in 1871; but soon engaged in newspaper work, first as an Letters and Dialogues upon the Nature of Lore to God, Faith in associate editor of the Springfield Union, Mass., and then as an Christ, and Assurance of a Title to Eternal Life (1759); The Nature editorial writer for the New York Evening Post. After publishing and Glory of the Gospel (1762); A Blow at the Root of Antinomias three novelettes (Six to One, Dr Heidenhoff's Process and Missism (1763); There is but One Covenant (1769); Four Dialogues on Ludington's Sister), pleasantly written and showing some in the Half-Way Covenant (1769); and A Careful and Strict Examinaventiveness in situation, but attracting no special notice, in 1888 tion of the External Covenant (1769). he caught the public attention with Looking Backward, 2000- His collected Works were published in 3 vols. (New York, 181r1887, in which he set forth ideas of co-operative or semi-social-1812), and were republished with a Memoir by Rev. Tryon Edwards istic life in village or city communities. The book was widely (3 vols., Boston, 1850). circulated in America and Europe, and was translated into BELLARMINE (Ital. Bellarmino), ROBERTO FRANCESCO several foreign languages. It was at first judged merely as a ROMOLO (1542-1621), Italian cardinal and theologian, was romance, but was soon accepted as a statement

of the deliberate born at Monte Pulciano, in Tuscany, on the 4th of October 1542. wishes and methods of its author, who devoted the remainder He was destined by his father to a political career, but feeling of his life as editor, author, lecturer and politician, to the pro-la call to the priesthood he entered the Society of Jesus in 1560.

After spending three years at Rome, he was sent to the Jesuit | settlement at Mondovi in Piedmont, where he studied and at the same time taught Greek, and, though not yet in orders, gained some reputation as a preacher. In 1567 and 1568 he was at Padun, studying theology under a master who belonged to the school of St Thomas Aquinas. In 1569 he was sent by the general of his order to Louvain, and in 1570, after being ordained priest, began to lecture on theology at the university. His seven years' residence in the Low Countries brought him into close relations with modes of thought differing essentially from his own; and, though he was neither by temperament nor training inclined to be affected by the prevailing Augustinian doctrines of grace and free-will, the controversy into which he fell on these questions compelled him to define his theological principles more clearly. On his return to Rome in 1576 he was chosen by Gregory XIII. to lecture on controversial theology in the newly-founded Roman College. The result of these labours appeared some years afterwards in the far-famed Disputationes de Controversiis Christianae Fidei adversus hujus temporis Haereticos (3 vols., 1581, 1582, 1593). These volumes, which

His devotional treatises were very popular among English
Roman Catholics in the penal days.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.-Of the older editions of Bellarmine's complete works the best is that in 7 vols. published at Cologne (1617-1620); modern editions appeared in 8 vols. at Naples (1856-1862, reprinted 1872), and in 12 vols. at Paris (1870-1874). For complete bibliography of all works of Bellarmine, of translations and controversial de Jésus (Brussels and Paris, 1890 et seq), vol. i. cols. 1151-1254; writings against him, see C.Sommervogel, Bibliothèque de la Compagnie id., Addenda, pp. x.-xi. vol. viii., cols. 1797-1807. The main source for the life of Bellarmine is his Latin Autobiography (Rome, 1675; Louvain, 1753), which was reprinted with original text and German translation in the work of Dollinger and Reusch entitled Die Selbstbiographie des Cardinals Bellarmin (Bonn, 1887). The Epistolae Familiares, a very incomplete collection of letters, was published by J. Fuligatti (Rome, 1650), who is also the author of Vita del cardinale Bellarmino della Compagnia di Giesù (Rome, 1624). Cf. D. Bartoli, Della vita di Roberto cardinal Bellarmino (Rome, 1678), and M. Cervin, Imago virtutum Roberti card. Bellarmini Politiani (Siena, 1622). All these are panegyrics of small historical value. The best modern studies are J. B. Couderc's Le Vénérable Cardinal Bellarmin (2 vols., Paris, 1893), and X. le Bachelet's article in A. Vacant's Dict. de theol. cat. cols. 560-599, with exhaustive bibliography.

called forth a multitude of answers on the Protestant side, BELLARY, or BALLARI, a city and district of British India, exhaust the controversy as it was carried on in those days, in the Madras presidency. The city is 305 m. by rail from Madras. and contain a lucid and uncompromising statement of Roman Pop. (1901) 58,247. The fort rises from a huge mass of granite Catholic doctrine. For many years afterwards, Bellarmine rock, which with a circumference of nearly z m., juts up abruptly was held by Protestant advocates as the champion of the papacy, to a height of 450 ft. above the plain. The length of this rock and a vindication of Protestantism generally took the form from north-east to south-west is about 1150 ft. To the E. and of an answer to his works. In 1589 he was selected by Sixtus V. S. lies an irregular heap of boulders, but to the W. is an unbroken to accompany, in the capacity of theologian, the papal legation precipice, and the N. is walled by bare rugged ridges. It is sent to France soon after the murder of Henry III. He was defended by two distinct lines of works. The upper fort is a created cardinal in 1599 by Clement VIII., and two years later quadrangular building on the summit, with only one approach, was made archbishop of Capua. His efforts on behalf of the and was deemed impregnable by the Mysore princes. But as it clergy were untiring, and his ideal of the bishop's office may has no accommodation for a garrison, it is now only occupied by be read in his address to his nephew, Angelo della Ciaia, who a small guard of British troops in charge of prisoners. The exhad been raised to the episcopate (Admonitio ad episcopum nawab of Kurnool was confined in it for forty years for the Theanensem, nepotem suum, Rome, 1612). Being detained murder of his wife. It contains several cisterns, excavated in in Rome by the desire of the newly-elected pope, Paul V., he the rock. Outside the turreted rampart are a ditch and covered resigned his archbishopric in 1605. He supported the church way. The lower fort lies at the eastern base of the rock and in its conflicts with the civil powers in Venice, France and measures about half a mile in diameter. It contains the barracks England, and sharply criticized James I. for the severe legislation and the commissariat stores, the Protestant church, orphanagainst the Roman Catholics that followed the discovery of the age, Masonic lodge, post-office and numerous private dwellings. Gunpowder Plot. When health failed him, he retired to Monte The fort of Bellary was originally built by Hanumapa, in the 16th Pulciano, where from 1607 to 1611 he acted as bishop. In 1610 century. It was first dependent on the kingdom of Vijayanagar, he published his De Potestate summi Pontificis in rebus temporalibus afterwards on Bijapur, and subsequently subject to the nizam directed against the posthumous work of William Barclay of and Hyder Ali. The latter erected the present fortifications Aberdeen, which denied the temporal power of the pope. according to tradition with the assistance of a French engineer Bellarmine trod here on difficult ground, for, although maintain-in his service, whom he afterwards hanged for not building the ing that the pope had the indirect right to depose unworthy fort on a higher rock adjacent to it Bellary is an important rulers, he gave offence to Paul V. in not asserting more strongly cantonment and the headquarters of a military division. There the direct papal claim, whilst many French theologians, and is a considerable trade in cotton, in connexion with which there especially Bossuet, condemned him for his defence of ultra- are large steam presses, and some manufacture of cotton cloth. montanism. As a consultor of the Sacred Office, Bellarmine There is a cotton spinning mill. In 1901 Bellary was chosen as took a prominent part in the first examination of Galileo's one of the places of detention in India for Boer prisoners of war. writings. His conduct in this matter has been constantly misrepresented. He had followed with interest Galileo's scientific discoveries and a respectful admiration grew up between them. Bellarmine did not proscribe the Copernican system, as has been maintained by Reusch (Der Process Galilei's und die Jesuiten, Bonn, 1879, p. 125); all he claimed was that it should be presented as an hypothesis until it should receive scientific demonstration. When Galileo visited Rome in December 1615 he was warmly received by Bellarmine, and the high regard in which he was held is clearly testified in Bellarmine's letters and in Galileo's dedication to the cardinal of his discourse on "flying bodies." The last years of Bellarmine's life were mainly devoted to the composition of devotional works and to securing the papal approbation of the new order of the Visitation, founded by his friend St Francis de Sales, and the beatification of St Philip Nori. He died in Rome on the 17th of September 1621. Bellarmine, whose life was a model of Christian virtue, is the greatest of modern Roman Catholic controversialists, but the value of his theological works is seriously impaired by a very defective exegesis and a too frequent use of "forced" conclusions.

The district of BELLARY has an area of 5714 sq. m. It consists chiefly of an extensive plateau between the Eastern and Western Ghats, of a height varying from 800 to 1000 ft. above the sea. The most elevated tracts are on the west, where the surface rises towards the culminating range of hills, and on the south, where it rises to the elevated tableland of Mysore. Towards the centre the almost treeless plain presents a monotonous aspect, broken only by a few rocky elevations that rise abruptly from the black soil. The hill ranges in Bellary are those of Sandur and Kampli to the west, the Lanka Malla to the east and the Copper Mountain (3148 ft.) to the south-west. The district is watered by five rivers: the Tungabhadra, formed by the junction of two streams, Tunga and Bhadra, the Haggari, Hindri, Chitravati and Pennar, the last considered sacred by the natives. None of the rivers is navigable and all are fordable during the dry season. The climate of Bellary is characterized by extreme dryness, due to the passing of the air over a great extent of heated plains, and it has a smaller rainfall than any other district in south India. The average daily variation of the thermometer is from 67° to 83° F. The

prevailing diseases are cholera, fever, small-pox, ophthalmia, the pious shoulders of four poets, Ronsard, J. A. de Baif, Philippe dysentery and those of the skin among the lower classes. Bellary Desportes and Amadis Jamyn. His most considerable work is is subject to disastrous storms and hurricanes, and to famines La Bergerie (1565-1572), a pastoral in prose and verse, written in arising from a series of bad seasons. There were memorable imitation of Sannazaro. The lines on April in the Bergerie are famines in 1751, 1793, 1803, 1833, 1854, 1866, 1877 and 1896. well known to all readers of French poetry. Belleau was the

In 1901 the population was 947,214, showing an increase of 8% French Herrick, full of picturesqueness, warmth and colour. His in the decade. The principal crops are millet, other food-grains, skies drop flowers and all his air is perfumed, and this voluppulse, oil-seeds and cotton. There are considerable manu- tuous sweetness degenerates sometimes into licence. Extremely factures of cotton and woollen goods, and cotton is largely popular in his own age, he shared the fate of his friends, and exported. The district is traversed by the Madras and Southern was undeservedly forgotten in the next. Regnier said: "Belleau Mahratta railways, meeting on the eastern border at Guntakal ne parle pas comme on parle à la ville "; and his lyrical beauty junction, where another line branches off to Bezwada.

was lost on the trim 17th century. His complete works were Little is known of the early history of the district. It contains collected in 1578, and contain, besides the works already the ruined capital of the ancient Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar, mentioned, a comedy entitled La Reconnue, in short rhymed lines, and on the overthrow of that state by the Mahommedans, in which is not without humour and life, and a comic masterpiece, 1564, the tract now forming the district of Bellary was split up a macaronic poem on the religious wars, Diclamen metrificum de into a number of military holdings, held by chiefs called poligars. bello huguenotico el reistrorum' piglamine ad sodales (Paris, no date). In 1635 the Carnatic was annexed to the Bijapur dominions, The Euvres complètes (3 vols., 1867) of Remy Bellcau were edited from which again it was wrested in 1680 by. Sivaji

, the founder by A. Gouverneur'; and his Euvres poétiques (2 vols., 1879) by of the Mahratta power. It was then included in the dominions M. Ch. Marty-Laveaux in his Pléiade française; see also c. X.

Sainte-Beuve, Tableau historique el critique de la poésie française of Nizam-ul-mulk, the nominal viceroy of the great Mogul in the au XVI° siècle (ed. 1876), i. pp. 155-160, and ii. pp. 296 seq. Deccan, from whom again it was subsequently conquered by BELLECOUR (1725-1778), French actor, whose real name was Hyder Ali of Mysore. At the close of the war with Tippoo JEAN CLAUDE GILLES COLson, was born on the 16th of January Sultan in 1792, these territories fell to the share of the nizam of 1725, the son of a portrait-painter. He showed decided artistic Hyderabad, by whom they were ceded to the British in 1800, talent, but soon deserted the brush for the stage under the name in return for protection by a force of British troops to be stationed of Bellecour. After playing in the provinces he was called to at his capital. In 1808 the “Ceded Districts," as they were the Comédie Française, but his débul, on the 21st of December called, were split into two districts, Cuddapah and Bellary. In 1750, as Achilles in Iphigénie was not a great success. He soon 1882 the district of Anantapur, which had hitherto formed part turned to more congenial comedy rôles, which for thirty years he of Bellary, was formed into a separate collectorate.

filled with great credit. He was a very natural player, and his See Belary Gaselleer, 1904.

willingness to give others on the stage an opportunity to show BELL-COT, BELL-GABLE, or BELL-TURRET, the place where their talents made him extremely popular. He wrote a successful one or more bells are hung in chapels or small churches play, Fausses apparences (1761), and was very useful to the which have no towers. Bell-cots are sometimes double, as at Comédie Française in editing and adapting the plays of others. Northborough and Coxwell; a very common form in France and He died on the 19th of November 1778. Switzerland admits of three bells. In these countries also they His wife, Rose PERRINE LE ROY DE LA CORBINAYE, was born are frequently of wood and attached to the ridge. In later at Lamballe on the 20th of December 1730, the daughter of an times bell-turrets were much ornamented; on the continent of artillery officer. Under the stage name of Beaumenard she Europe they run up into a sort of small, slender spire, called made her first Paris appearance in 1743 as Gogo in Favart's flèche in France, and guglio in Italy. A bell-cot, gable or turret Le Coq du village. After a year at the Opéra Comique she played often holds the “Sanctus-bell," rung at the saying of the in several companies, including that of Marshal Saxe, who "Sanctus " at the beginning of the canon of the Mass, and at is said to have been not insensible to her charms. In 1749 she the consecration and elevation of the Elements in the Roman made her debut at the Comédie Française as Dorine in Tertufe, Church. This differs but little from the common bell-cot, and her success was immediate. She retired in 1756, but after except that it is generally on the top of the arch dividing the an absence of five years, during which she married, she reappeared nave from the chancel

. At Cleeve, however, the bell seems to as Madame Bellecour, and continued her successes in soubrette have been placed in a cot outside the wall

. Sanctus-bells have parts in the plays of Molière and de Regnard. She retired also been placed over the gables of porches.

finally at the age of sixty, but troublous times had put an end to BELLEAU, REMY (c. 1527-1577), French poet, and member the pension which she received from Louis XVI. and from the of the Pléiade (see DAURAT), was born at Nogent-le-Rotrou theatre, and she died in abject poverty on the 5th of August about 1527. He studied with Ronsard and others under Jean 1799. There is a charming portrait of her owned by the Théâtre Daurat at the Collège de Coqueret. He was attached to René Français. de Lorraine, marquis d'Elbouf, in the expedition against Naples BELLEFONTAINE, a city and the county-seat of Logan in 1557, where he did good military service. On his return he county, Ohio, U.S.A., about 45 m. N.W. of Columbus. Pop. was made tutor to the young Charles, marquis d'Elbæuf, who, (1890) 4645; (1900) 6649 (267 foreign-born); (1910! 8238. under Bellcau's training became a great patron of the muses. It is served by the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis Belleau was an enthusiast for the new learning and joined the (which has large shops here) and the Ohio Central railways; group of young poets with ardour. In 1556 he published the also by the Dayton, Springfield & Urbana electric railway. It first translation of Anacreon which had appeared in French. is built on the south-west slope of a hill having an elevation of In the next year he published his first collection of poems, the about 1500 ft. above sea-level and at the foot of which are several Petites inventions, in which he describes stones, insects and springs of clear water which suggested the city's name. Among flowers. The Amours et nouveaux échanges des pierres précieuses the city's manufactures are iron bridges, carriage-bodies, flour and

... (1576) contains perhaps his most characteristic work. Its cement. The municipality owns and operates its water-works title is quoted in the lines of Ronsard's epitaph on his tombs system and its gas and electric-lighting plants. Bellefontaine "Luy mesme a basti son lombeau

was first settled about 1818, was laid out as a town and made Dedans ses Pierres Précieuses."

the county-seat in 1820 and was incorporated in 1835. He wrote commentaries to Ronsard's A mours in 1560, notes BELLEGARDE, the name of an important French family. which evinced delicate taste and prodigious learning. Like Roger de Saint-Lary, baron of Bellegarde, served with distinction Ronsard and Joachim Du Bellay, he was extremely deaf. His in the wars against the French Protestants. He showed much days passed peacefully in the midst of his books and friends, and devotion to Henry III., who loaded him with favours and made he died on the 6th of March 1577. He was buried in the nave him marshal of France. He eventually fell into disgrace, of the Grands Augustins at Paris, and was borne to the tomb on

Reftres, German soldiers of fortune.

1

Belle-Ile, which is partly peopled by their descendants. In the state prison of Nouvelle Force at Le Palais political prisoners have at various times been confined.

however, and died by poisoning in 1579. His nephew, Roger de Saint-Lary de Termes, a favourite with Henry III., Henry IV. and Louis XIII., was royal master of the horse and governor of Burgundy. His estate of Seurre in Burgundy was created a duchy in the peerage of France (duché-pairie) in his favour under the name of Bellegarde, in 1619. In 1645 the title of this duchy was transferred to the estate of Choisy-aux-Loges in Gâtinais, and was borne later by the family of Pardaillan de Gondrin, heirs of the house of Saint-Lary-Bellegarde. When Seurre passed into the possession of the princes of Condé they in the same way acquired the title of dukes of Bellegarde. (M. P.*) BELLEGARDE, HEINRICH JOSEPH JOHANNES, COUNT VON (1756-1845), Austrian soldier and statesman, was born at Dresden on the 29th of August 1756, and for a short time served in the Saxon army. Transferring his services to Austria in 1771 he distinguished himself greatly as colonel of dragoons in the Turkish War of 1788-1789, and served as a major-general in the Netherlands campaigns of 1793-1794. In the campaign of 1796 in Germany, as a lieutenant field marshal, he served on the staff of the archduke Charles, whom he accompanied to Italy in the following year. He was also employed in the congress of Rastatt. In 1799 he commanded a corps in eastern Switzerland, connecting the armies of the archduke and Suvarov, and finally joined the latter in north Italy. He conducted the siege of the citadel of Alessandria, and was present at the decisive battle of Novi. He served again in the latter part of the Marengo campaign of 1800 in the rank of general of cavalry. In 1805, when the archduke Charles left to take command in Italy, Bellegarde became president ad interim of the council of war. He was, however, soon employed in the field, and at the sanguinary battle of Caldiero he commanded the Austrian right. In the war of 1809 he commanded the extreme right wing of the main army (see NAPOLEONIC CAMPAIGNS). Cut off from Charles as the result of the battle of Eckmühl, he retreated into Bohemia, but managed to rejoin before the great battles near Vienna (Aspern and Wagram). From 1809 to 1813 Belle-large army, with which it is said that he promised to make garde, now field marshal, was governor-general of Galicia, but was often called to preside over the meetings of the Aulic Council, especially in 1810 in connexion with the reorganization of the Austrian army. In 1813, 1814 and 1815 he led the Austrian armies in Italy. His successes in these campaigns were diplomatic as well as military, and he ended them by crushing the last attempt of Murat in 1815. From 1816 to 1825 (when he had to retire owing to failing eyesight) he held various distinguished civil and military posts. He died in 1845.

BELLE-ISLE, CHARLES LOUIS AUGUSTE FOUQUET, COMTE, and later Duc, de (1684-1761), French soldier and statesman, was the grandson of Nicholas Fouquet, superintendent of finances under Louis XIV., and was born at Villefranche de Rouergue. Although his family was in disgrace, he entered the army at an early age and was made proprietary colonel of a dragoon regiment in 1708. He rose during the War of the Spanish Succession to the rank of brigadier, and in March 1718 to that of maréchal de camp. In the Spanish War of 1718-1719 he was present at the capture of Fontarabia in 1718 and at that of St Sebastian in 1719. When the duke of Bourbon became prime minister, Belle-Isle was imprisoned in the Bastille, and then relegated to his estates, but with the advent of Cardinal Fleury to power he regained some measure of favour and was made a lieutenant-general. In the War of the Polish Succession he commanded a corps under the orders of Marshal Berwick, captured Trier and Trarbach and took part in the siege of Philippsburg (1734). When peace was made in 1736 the king, in recognition both of his military services and of the part he had taken in the negotiations for the cession of Lorraine, gave him the government of the three important fortresses of Metz, Toul and Verdun-an office which he kept till his death. His military and political reputation was now at its height, and he was one of the principal advisers of the government in military and diplomatic affairs. In 1741 he was sent to Germany as French plenipotentiary to carry out, in the interests of France, a grand scheme of political reorganization in the moribund empire, and especially to obtain the election of Charles, elector of Bavaria, as emperor. His diplomacy was thus the mainspring of the War of the Austrian Succession (q.v.), and his military command in south Germany was full of incidents and vicissitudes. He had been named marshal of France in 1741, and received a peace in three months under the walls of Vienna. The truth of this story is open to question, for no one knew better than BelleIsle the limitations imposed upon commanders by the military and political circumstances of the times. These circumstances in fact rendered his efforts, both as a general and as a statesman, unavailing, and the one redeeming feature in the general failure was his heroic retreat from Prague. In ten days he led 14,000 men into and across the Bohemian Forest, suffering great privations and harassed by the enemy, but never allowing himself to be cut off, and his subordinate Chevert defended Prague so well that the Austrians were glad to allow him to rejoin his chief. The campaign, however, had discredited Belle-Isle; he was ridiculed at Paris by the wits and the populace, even Fleury is said to have turned against him, and, to complete his misfortunes, he was taken prisoner by the English in going from Cassel to Berlin through Hanover. He remained a year in England, in spite of the demands of Louis XV. and of the emperor Charles VII. During the campaign of 1746 he was in command of the "Army of Piedmont " on the Alpine frontier, and although he began his work with a demoralized and inferior army, he managed not only to repel the invasion of the Spanish and Italian forces but also to carry the war back into the plain of Lombardy. At the peace, having thus retrieved his military reputation, he was created duke and peer of France (1748). In 1757 his credit at court was considerable, and the king named him secretary for war. During his three years' ministry he undertook many reforms, such as the development of the military The Roman name of the island seems to bave been Vindilis, school for officers, and the suppression of the proprietary which in the middle ages became corrupted to Guedel. In 1572 colonelcies of nobles who were too young to command; and he the monks of the abbey of Ste Croix at Quimperlé ceded the instituted the Order of Merit. But the Seven Years' War was island to the Retz family, in whose favour it was raised to aby that time in progress and his efforts had no immediate effect. marquisate in the following year. It subsequently came into the hands of the family of Fouquet, and was ceded by the latter to the crown in 1718. It was held by English troops from 1761 to 1763 when the French got it in exchange for Nova Scotia. A few of the inhabitants of the latter territory migrated to

See Smola, Das Leben des F. M. von Bellegarde (Vienna, 1847). BELLE-ÎLE-EN-MER, an island off the W. coast of France, forming a canton of the department of Morbihan, 8 m. S. by W. of the peninsula of Quiberon.. Pop. (1906) 9703. Area, 33 sq. m. The island is divided into the four communes of Le Palais, Bangor, Sauzon and Locmaria. It forms a treeless plateau with an average height of 130 ft. above sea-level, largely covered with moors and bordered by a rugged and broken coast. The climate is mild, the fig-tree and myrtle growing in sheltered spots and the soil, where cultivated, is productive. The inhabitants are principally engaged in agriculture and the fisheries, and in the preservation of sardines, anchovies, &c. The breed of draught horses in the island is highly prized. The chief town, Le Palais (pop. 2637), has an old citadel and fortifications, and possesses a port which is accessible to vessels drawing 13 ft. of water. Belle-Ile must have been inhabited from a very early period, as it possesses several stone monuments of the class usually called Druidic.

He died at Versailles on the 26th of January 1761. Belle-Isle interested himself in literature; was elected a member of the French Academy in 1740, and founded the Academy of Metz in 1760. The dukedom ended with his death, his only son having been killed in 1758 at the battle of Crefeld.