Monroe Doctrine; at least among the most advanced of the South American nations the chief resentment against the Monroe Doctrine has arisen because it seemed to them to imply a feeling of patronage on the part of the United States. Certainly there was nothing patronizing in President Harding's address-merely a frank recognition of the obvious fact that the United States is by force of circumstance physically the most powerful nation in the Western Hemisphere. A recognition of this fact is no more a claim of intellectual superiority than is a recognition of the fact that the Andes are higher than the Appalachians.

Reports from South America indicate that at present the people of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile are, so far as the United States is concerned, chiefly interested in the relationship between our country and Santo Domingo. A clarification of this situation will perhaps have greater effect on our South American relations than a reinterpretation of the Monroe Doctrine or the payment of a dole to Colombia.

THE PRESIDENT OF CUBA

UR Government has recognized the election of Dr. Alfredo Zayas as President of Cuba.

The Platt Amendment of 1901 states:

The Government of Cuba consents that the United States may exercise the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a Government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty, and for discharging the obligations with respect to Cuba imposed by the Treaty of Paris on the United States, now to be assumed and undertaken by the Government of Cuba.

This section of the Platt Amendment was incorporated textually into the Treaty of 1904 between the United States and Cuba.

Enough

Twice in the past the American Government has intervened in Cuba, and it is not desirous of intervening again. The Cuban elections were held last November, but it was not known during the winter who would assume office when President Menocal's term expires on May 20. On the face of the returns, Zayas, the candidate of a coalition known as the Liga Coalition, was elected. votes, however, were missing or found fraudulent to furnish a possibility of throwing the victory to his opponent, José Miguel Gomez, the Liberal-Radical candidate. President Wilson sent Major-General Enoch Crowder to Cuba to confer with President Menocal as to the best means for remedying the situation. The Radicals of the Liberal party, whose candidate was Gomez, had proposed that the Cuban Congress elect a Provisional

President to succeed Menocal and to serve until the result of new general elections should be proclaimed. Our Government was unwilling to consider this proposition. According to the Crowder report, it would be a "departure from the procedure provided by the Cuban Constitution and the Electoral Code and would create a precedent which would menace the orderly development of the stable government in Cuba contemplated in the treaty obligations of the Government of the United States to the Republic of Cuba." Instead of this course, the more natural course was taken of having partial elec

Paul Thompson

THE PRINCE OF MONACO

tions in the districts where the Cuban courts had decreed the annulment of the previous elections. The radicals, or Liberal party, however, withdrew from them, alleging conditions of intimidation and violence. But the Crowder report says: "All necessary safeguards and guaranties had been provided."

The final result of the elections emphatically signifies the victory of Zayas. Our Government urges the Cuban people to accept this decision. In particular it urges that "no attempt should be made by the members of the minority in the Cuban Congress to impede the orderly procedure provided by the Constitution and the laws by preventing the Congress from proclaiming the successful candidate President of Cuba."

sino, a palatial structure whose white towers rise high above the lovely garden at its base and are seen long before the traveler reaches the town. The gaming in the Casino is allowed under a concession granted by the predecessor of the present Prince of Monaco and has still a considerable period to run.

The society sought by the present Prince is a far remove from the gambling men and women at Monte Carlo. Albert Honoré Charles, Prince of Monaco, is a scientist and benefactor. Oceanography is the branch of science to which he has dedicated his life. Few men have done more work in a single field of science than has he in exploring the ocean depths. In his deep-sea dredging he has accumulated a vast store of material and his investigations have raised' problems of great interest and importance, apparently involving natural laws of which we are as yet in ignorance.

As a benefactor the Prince has erected two monuments. One is the Oceanographic Museum, at Monaco. It stands on the rock of Monaco proper, projecting into the sea. A striking building in itself, it is also in striking contrast with the other and better-known building at Monte Carlo hard by. Its location is perfect for its work; the lower three stories are below the cliff's summit; they contain a great aquarium, large and small laboratories, and a hall for the preparation of the skins and skeletons of fishes. The other part of the Museum, two stories high, is above the cliff's. summit. The Prince's other monument is at Paris. Seeing the need for a branch of his Monaco Museum in some great city where exhibits, lectures, and scientific courses might reach a larger number of people than at Monaco, he erected an Oceanographic Institute in the Latin Quarter, close to the Sorbonne, and thus in the student district. The building is one of the sights of Paris.

No wonder, then, that scientific societies abroad have delighted to honor this scientist and benefactor and that in this country our National Academy of Sciences is about to confer on him its Agassiz gold medal, a work of art in itself, for it was designed by that eminent medalist, Theodore Spicer-Simson. The Prince has now come to this country for the ceremony. He speaks English fluently. The results of his investigations have been published in Frenchsome thirty or forty large, well-illustrated folio volumes.

famous throughout the country, "the University for the People." Its curriculum was largely cultural. Ernest L. Crandall, recently appointed as his successor, is changing this and, to use his own words, is expanding it into a "University of and by the People." Current events, discussions of day-by-day problems, and forum meetings in a large measure overshadow the courses in Elizabethan literature, travel, and such cultural topics, which characterized the lectures. The latter, of course, are not omitted, but occupy a less important place.

For instance, in the course of the last six months, which saw the beginning of this development of the Board of Education lecture system, in eighteen lecture centers speakers discussed weekly "The Trend of the Times," by which is meant interpretation of current events. There were weekly interpretations of the "book of the hour" by such men as Professor J. G. Carter Troop, formerly of the University of Chicago. Topics such as "The Milk Situation," "The Taxation of Real Estate," "Trade Unionism in Industry," "Buying Real Estate," and "Landlord and Tenant" were presented by authorities such as the Commissioner of Health, well-known New York real estate men, a tax commissioner, and others. Non-partisan symposiums on "What Shall the American Woman Do with Her Vote?" and debates upon the subject "Shall the United States Enter the League of Nations?" occupied the platforms of some of the centers. At other centers were lectures on subjects relating to industry and commerce. Teachers seeking to advance themselves in their profession were given opportunities to take courses in "Community Civics," "Nature Study," "Motion-Picture-Machine Operation," "Social Hygiene," and "The Peoples of Greater New York." The study of the operation of motion-picture machines is by way of preparation for a wider use of visual aids to instruction in the public schools of the city.

"Education was formerly of the doctors, by the doctors, for the doctors, a conscious effort to create a learned class, a privileged class apart," said Mr. Crandall recently. "Education has been taken over by the people. People are proceeding with education in democracy through democracy in education. . . . It seems to us that the best civic training consists in training our people to think for themselves on the problems of the day. . . . It is true that at the centers controversial subjects are discussed, but why not?"

So far as details are concerned, the new plan is of course in the experimental stage.

THE NEW ANTIOCH

HE student who works his way

Tthrough college is a familiar figure

in American life. An experiment is to be tried in the reorganization of Antioch College, in Ohio. It looks towards the creation of a self-supporting college.

Under the presidency of Arthur E. Morgan, a drainage engineer whose constructive ability has been applied to extensive works in the Mississippi Valley and who has been responsible for the development of the great flood prevention project in the basin of the Ohio, the New Antioch has laid out a project of tremendous promise.

President Morgan has secured the support of a remarkable Board of Trustees, which numbers among its members such men as C. F. Kettering, a successful research scientist, who is chief engineer of the General Motors Company; Henry S. Dennison, President of the Dennison Manufacturing Company of Boston, who is well known for his views on relations of capital and labor; Edwin F. Gay, formerly Dean of the Harvard School of Administration and now President of the New York "Evening Post;" and Jerome D. Greene, formerly secretary of the Rockefeller Foundation. There are also Frank A. Vanderlip, the New York banker; Gordon S. Rentschler, who contributed so notably to the war by the organization of the process of manufacturing of steam-engines for American ships; Ellery Sedgwick, editor of the "Atlantic Monthly;" George M. Verity, President of the American Rolling Mills Company, Middletown, Ohio; and other men of equal prominence and achievement.

The programme of the New Antioch aims to achieve self-support by the location of industries in a factory building on the campus. In this building it is planned to house a variety of small industries which can be operated by student labor with experienced men employed by the College in control. It is also planned to place students in the various industries in which the neighborhood of Antioch is so rich. The student who works his way through college by cleaning furnaces and waiting on the table may gain self-discipline, but that benefit is indirect rather than direct. By the Antioch plan the student will not only work his way through college, but he will also gain his support by means which will directly educate him for usefulness in after life.

The New Antioch is working to secure a faculty of men with records of practical accomplishment. It has already arranged to secure men who have been attracted to its service by the fact that they will be held responsible for the

economic and professional stability of practical undertakings. The New Antioch, while stressing technical and economic subjects, will make every effort to give its students a broad cultural basis for their professional studies. Mr. Morgan, for instance, believes that the study of English is an essential even for a scientist. A friend of Mr. Morgan's recently told us that once when the head of New Antioch had received several illiterate letters from the graduates of a great university who were applying to him for a position, he promptly sent some of the choicest specimens to the president of that institution. Later, when he visited the university, he found that the students of composition were busily engaged in writing practice letters to his company, applying for positions with his firm. Evidently his admonition had been taken to heart.

The New Antioch experiment is one which educators and the general public will and should watch with interest.

PROPERTY RIGHTS

AND HUMAN WELFARE

T

A SUPREME COURT DECISION

WO weeks ago the United States Supreme Court handed down its decision on what are known as the rent cases. The decision is not likely to attract wide public attention or interest, because it will actually affect life in only a few of the largest cities of the country. Nevertheless there are some things about the decision that really deserve wide public attention.

Two cases were involved, one from the courts of the District of Columbia, one from the courts of the State of New York. The latter is typical, and we therefore briefly describe it. During the inflation period immediately following the World War rents enormously increased in New York City. Thousands of people found it difficult or impossible to get homes. Under the pressure of public opinion, the New York State Legislature passed a law which provided that a tenant might stay in his house or apartment at the expiration of his lease without being dispossessed by the landlord. He would go on paying the previous rate of rent until the courts had an opportunity of deciding what was a reasonable rent. The law was an emergency law and automatically ceases to operate in October, 1922, unless the Legislature re-enacts it. In a test case the complaining landlord claimed that this legislation, resulting in the confiscation of property without due process of law, was therefore unconstitutional. The

New York courts sustained the constitutionality of the act, and the Supreme Court by a vote of five to four has also sustained its constitutionality.

In considering a decision of the Supreme Court it must always be borne in mind that the Court's function and general practice is to determine, not whether a law is wise and beneficial, but whether it is Constitutional. This case is rather a striking illustration of this principle. We have read the sustaining opinion delivered by Mr. Justice Holmes, and the dissenting opinion delivered by Mr. Justice McKenna. We do not find anything in Mr. Justice Holmes's opinion that indicates that the majority of the Court think the law is a very wise one. We certainly do not think it is a very wise one, and doubt if it will accomplish the purpose which it was framed to accomplish. On the other hand, we cannot see that permitting a tenant to retain his house or apartment without immediate dispossession by the landlord until the courts have adjudicated the matter is confiscating property without due process of law. In that respect the law seems to us to be Constitutional. It is, to be sure, another extension of the police power of the State, but in that respect the decision of the Supreme Court is not radical, for the whole tendency of the Court during the last twenty-five years has been steadily to maintain and develop the doctrine of police power. The doctrine of the police power of the State has now been firmly established in American social and governmental life.

It is true, as Mr. Justice McKenna intimates, that under this doctrine government in the United States has become something very much more than the mere protection of life and property. In his dissenting opinion he asks: "What is going to happen if Government can fix rent in an emergency on the ground that public welfare demands it? . . . If such exercise of government be legal, what exercise of government is illegal?" The answer is that the Legislature is to determine, in the first place, what exercise of government is legal or illegal, and the Supreme Court is to determine whether the judgment of the Legislature is obnoxious to the Constitution of the United States. The wisdom, expediency, or social effect of a law may be very bad indeed, but if it does not violate a principle of the Constitution the Legislature, and not the courts, are to determine its enactment.

Some people have said that this decision of the Supreme Court shows that it is composed of five radicals and four conservatives. It is always unfortunate, we think, in an important decision of the Supreme Court that the Court should so evenly divide as it has in this

case, but, after all, it is desirable that the Court should have both radical members and conservative members, that it should exercise both a centrifugal and centripetal force. The history of the Supreme Court does not indicate that it ever has exercised or ever is likely to exercise a dangerously radical influence upon American life. We see nothing in this decision to indicate that the Supreme Court has ceased to be what it has been since the days of John Marshall, both the foundation stone and the binding capstone--if that is not a mixed metaphor-of our Government.

In these rent cases the rights of property and the welfare of the individual were involved in a rather picturesque and striking way. It is perhaps a good time to recall the doctrine which Theodore Roosevelt laid down in his address at the Sorbonne, in Paris, in 1910:

My position as regards the moneyed interests can be put in a few words. In every civilized society property rights must be carefully safeguarded; ordinarily, and in the great majority of cases, human rights and property rights are fundamentally and in the long run identical; but when it clearly appears that there is a real conflict between them, human rights must have the upper hand, for property belongs to man and not man to property.

A NEW BILL OF AMERICAN RIGHTS

F

ROM a pin-prick on the map of the Pacific Ocean the little island of Yap seems somehow to Americans to have suddenly spread over the world, so vital, in the defense of our rights, is the international question involved.

A brief review of the facts will make clear the emphatic assertion of American rights contained in the recent note from Secretary Hughes: When in the spring of 1919 the Paris Peace Conference and a little later the Supreme Council awarded to Japan the island of Yap, in the Pacific, formerly a German possession, it was despite notice from this country through President Wilson and Secretary Lansing that the question as to Yap should be reserved with a view to a possible future agreement which might make of Yap an international cable station. But it was not until November, 1920, that Secretary Colby told Japan that Yap should not be included in the assignment of German islands to Japan because of the Wilson reservation just mentioned. Japan promptly declined to accept this view and declared that the mandate of the Peace Conference and the Supreme Council did in fact include Yap in the territory committed to Japan.

To this note from Japan Secretary Colby replied, pointing out that the

award did not assign "all," but "certain” German possessions north of the equator, to Japan, and that we held that this left the matter open to negotiation in view of our repeated objections. The next diplomatic move was Japan's reply, dated February 26, 1921. This included the following statement:

If a decision in favor of the exclusion of the island of Yap . . . had really been made . . . at the meeting of May 7, in which Japan was not represented, it could not but hav been regarded as an act of entire bad faith. It is therefore inconceivable to the Imperial Government that such a decision could have been reached at a meeting at which no Japanese delegation was present.

...

The Governments of Great Britain and France, being of the same opinion as the Japanese Government on the matter, made statements to that effect in their replies to the American note in November last. . . . The question seems to be one which should be freely settled by the nation which has charge of the place, namely, Japan.

Meanwhile another statement from Secretary Colby, called out by the approval of the Council of the League of the action of the Supreme Council, declared in substance that, though not a member of the League, the United States as a participant in the late war could not consider any of the Associated Powers "debarred from discussion of any of its consequences or from participation in any of the rights and privileges secured under the mandates."

This position was amplified and emphasized by the clear and forceful statement issued early in April by Secretary of State Hughes, and addressed, not only to Japan, but to Great Britain, France, and Italy. The outstanding and important point made by Secretary Hughes was the assertion of our right to be considered in the assignment of any territory to any one of the five principal Allied and Associated Powers. The United States was an important factor in the winning of the war. Apart from this, our international rights are what they always have been and are not in any degree made less by action of other Powers taken without our assent. And, as the United States did not sign the Treaty of Versailles, we are not bound by any of its provisions.

Secretary Hughes, assuming that President Wilson's statement as to the reservations regarding Yap is correct, elaborated the position indicated above in a convincing manner. Thus, he said:

In particular, as no treaty has ever been concluded with the United States relating to the island of Yap, and as no one has ever been authorized to cede the rights or interest of the United States in the island, this Government must insist that it has not lost its right or interest as it existed prior to any action by the Supreme

Council or the League of Nations and cannot recognize the allocation of the island or the validity of the mandate to Japan.

Americans will welcome the definiteness of our position as laid down by Mr. Hughes and approve the refreshing vigor of his language. Both atone in some degree for the "more than a year and a half" which, as the Japanese Government acidly points out, was allowed "to pass by before electing to question the decision."

A situation of considerable international tensity has naturally developed. But it is relieved by the statement from the French Government that it also is prepared to accept the principle of our unsurrendered rights. It even volunteers to be our champion at the Supreme Council's forthcoming meeting.

Although Secretary Hughes's note relates to the tiny island of Yap, its application is world-wide, for he not only notifies Japan that the United States will maintain its position regarding Yap both as to fact and principle, but he also notifies the Powers of a new American Bill of Rights-a declaration that, League or no League, the United States has international rights and will maintain them.

"Invariably you will find people like that quite as niggardly of just praise. Here too they will leave an opening for themselves; be eternally cautious. Theirs is a middle course. They always 'play safe.' Too anæmic to cast out the stupid in art, they are equally too bloodless to go into raptures over anything that has obviously caught some of the divine fire.

"Now there are many things produced in all the arts that need, and should receive, hearty condemnation. Why not give it? One can add to any criticism, to save himself from the accusation of being oracular, the statement that this is but his own personal opinion, which may not be worth while. And such a reservation, far from detracting from the force of a statement, rather backs it up more powerfully. It proves one thing, at any rate: that you do not consider yourself 'infalliable,' in the charming word of Barrie's Policeman. Conversely, our anæmic friends in vent

ing their spleen on something too awful to have been produced could make an equally strong assertion to the effect that they too were but expressing a private opinion. But no; they hedge and hem and haw. They are exactly the type of people who were neutral during the World War; and, fearful of hurting any one's feelings, failed to gain the respect of any of us who had honest convictions.

"I have noticed that if one starts out to offend nobody, he ends by pleasing nobody. The indefinite article, we must all admit, has hardly the force of the definite; and if one fears to take a stand, but prefers to run with both the hares and the hounds, the straddling becomes a hopeless business and both factions desert one-even when we are not anxious to drop them.

"In other words, it is not good policy to 'play safe' continually. One must stand or fall on one's own firm beliefs; and it was no more possible to be neutral in the late war, where grave issues were at stake, than it is to be neutral as between Christ and Judas Iscariot. Or so it seems to me. In every historical episode there comes a moment when one wavers no longer if he be of the right stuff, and certain events blast all one's previous conceptions of right and wrong. There comes an instant of betrayal.

Whatever Judas, or Germany, may have been in the years preceding their base acts, they were of a different mold in one astounding and revealing second. A forger may be a worthy man up to the moment when he puts another's name on a check. Through that act he becomes something else. In the twinkling of an eye his whole conception of morality changes; and our judgment of him should likewise change. If one says, 'But how do you know the difference between right and wrong?' I always answer, 'By the same intuition that tells me the difference between my own good acts and my own evil acts.' Despite the sophists, there are degrees of good and evil which we can measure and appraise; and no man, left alone with his conscience, can tell me that he does not know this. Life would be unbearable unless we could discriminate between two opposing forces. Fortunately, we can, and do. And that is why the world grows better, despite a slight setback now and again. The command is Forward, on the whole; and, though Judas had his little hour, no doubt, when he was happy with his illgotten thirty pieces of silver, don't forget that he went out and hanged himself afterwards. The evil do not triumph long. And we need hardly punish them; for they put the rope around their own necks in the end and finish the painful business without our lifting a finger."

N

MARY STUART'

OT every play which is given a stage production deserves a studied criticism. Pleasant comedies, the average light opera, the generality of detective plays, serve their purpose if they amuse and entertain. It is therefore a compliment rather than the reverse if a critic is interested enough in a drama to want to take it apart and see why the wheels go round or why they fail to revolve with the expected speed. Emphatically deserving of such interest is John Drinkwater's"Mary Stuart," a play which deals with the relationships of that much-debated lady with Darnley, Riccio, and Bothwell.

"Mary Stuart" is a one-act play, with a prologue and a suggestion of an epilogue. It opens in a house in Edinburgh of the twentieth century. There are two characters on the stage as the curtain ascends-Andrew Boyd, a man of seventy, and a young man who has come upon a great unhappiness. The evil which the young man fears is the loss of his wife's love, for she has confessed to him that she cares for another man. In this confession he can see nothing but the destruction of all that is worth while in his life. He has no ears for the argument of his friend, who offers him in consolation a theory which is to him unthinkable. His friend points his theory with the story of Mary Stuart, and says: "Such women can sometimes love so well that no man's nature can contain all that they have to give. There are men like that, too. And it is not a light love. The light lover has many and rapidly shifting aims, but But these never two loyalties at once. others may love once, or twice, or often, but changelessly. They do not love unworthily-it is lamentable when they love unworthy men."

Neither the arguments of Boyd nor the story of Queen Mary moves young Hunter from his despair. He cries out, "What does a dead queen know about me? . . . Mary Stuart can tell me nothing, I say." And as he utters the words Mary herself appears in the window answering his cry with a quiet "Boy, I The light can tell you everything." fades.

The figures vanish, and when the darkness disappears, instead of a room in the Edinburgh of the twentieth century, there is Mary Stuart in her chamber in Holyrood Castle, waking from a dream of a youth in a far generation who has shared in the sorrow which has burdened her life.

With such a mystic introduction, the spectator is prepared to find in this new portrait of Mary a picture of a woman who can love more than one man greatly; but Mr. Drinkwater, strangely 1 Mary Stuart: A Play. By John Drinkwater. Houghton Mifflin Company.

enough, seems to have shifted his theme from this to the story of a woman who can find no man worthy to be greatly loved. Riccio, Darnley, Bothwell-there are these three to choose from, and this is her measure of the choice: "Riccio sings, yes, ravishingly. And no more. Darnley cannot sing even, and he's my husband. Just a petulance-one cannot even be sorry for it. How he hates Riccio I wish David were better worth hating. That would be something. And Bothwell wants to take me with a swagger. It's a good swagger, but that's the end of it. I think he will take me yet, the odds against him are pitiful enough. But it's a barren stock of lovers. . . . I, who could have made the greatest greater."

The contemptible Darnley, the suave and timorous Riccio, and the bold Bothwell are shown forth in the act which follows with a touch which makes these mordant words of the Queen seem, if anything, too kind. Darnley, who sings gross songs under the window of the Queen who is his wife; Riccio, who mars the tragedy of his death with his whining; and Bothwell, who knows himself that his love is a thing of passion without endurance or depth; none of these does the Queen love as the wife of the young man in the prologue is pictured as caring for her husband and another. The tragedy of Drinkwater's Mary is not that she is prevented from sharing her love, but that there is no one to whom she can give it all.

The play ends with the murder of Riccio outside the door of the Queen's chamber and the vow of the Queen that the reckoning for the death of this "fantastic nothing" "shall be as though for a great lover." She is left alone in her room singing to herself a song she has made:

Though brighter wit I had than these,
Their cunning brought me down,
But Mary's love story shall please
Better than their renown.

Not Riccio nor Darnley knew

Nor Bothwell how to find
This Mary's best magnificence
Of the great lover's mind.

From a distance come the voices of the two figures of the prologue, the voice of the younger man crying, "What does a dead queen know about me?" and Mary answers again, "Boy, I can tell you everything."

There are power and dignity in the character of Mary Stuart as John Drinkwater paints her. There are moments in the play when, aided by the art of Clare Eames, this personification of the Scottish queen is touched with the

vitality of a Shakespearean character. The language of the play is thoroughly worthy of the situation which it shadows forth. Yet the production as a whole fails to satisfy as "Abraham Lincoln" satisfied. The elimination of the prologue and the epilogue and the completion of the fragmentary tragedy of Mary's life by a portrayal of the death of Darnley, her relations with Bothwell, and her mighty conflict with the great Queen who gave her name to an age of English history may not be a task which Mr. Drinkwater would care to undertake, but is a task which we would be grateful to him for attempting.

D

EMOCRATIC, reactionary Republican, and pacifist papers welcome the passage of the Colombian Treaty.

Democratic opinion is voiced by the New York "World" and the Brooklyn "Daily Eagle." The first declares that it is "conceded in principle that the United States owed the South American Republic substantial compensation for the taking of Panama in defiance of solemn treaty obligations" and as "a primary condition provided the payment of $25,000,000 to Colombia." The "Eagle" asserts that "the Senate's ratification of

A POLL OF THE PRESS

...

the Colombian Treaty is an act of justice tardily performed. . . With inexcusable delay, but yet with finality, .. we have repaired a wrong, so far as the payment of money can repair it. . . . We congratulate President Harding upon his courage in reviving Mr. Wilson's policy."

The Buffalo, New York, "Commercial" gives the view-point of the Republican leaders who put the treaty through the Senate:

The country will experience a general feeling of relief over the ratification of the treaty with the Republic