utes the chief ists of two princ and another cat is Thursday; sts five days. 1 there are nin En the parish. endowed in 153le estates for a fit of the town: nal, which is a Burton, and below the te , is navigale s Camden; S Wales; M d Educ. Re r BORCET

Lancaster, mak the prive 5195 m. NNI E.NE of Bos kburn, 9 8. 1

to the Pilkentons, now to the Erles' of Darby.' The place where it stood is still called Castle Croft, from which may be seen Castle Steads, the name of the spot, in the adjoining township of Walmersley, where the besiegers threw up an intrenchment which enabled them to effect their purpose of battering down the walls of the castle. The name of the town has its origin, according to some antiquaries, from this feudal building, Byri signifying, in Saxon, a castle or fortified place. According to other authorities, Bury was a Roman station, in the vicinity of Coccium, if not that celebrated place itself: but this opinion is now generally allowed to be unsupported both by geographical and antiquarian evidence, no remains of Roman antiquity having been discovered in the town or immediate neighbourhood.

The history of the manor of Bury is unknown prior to
the reign of Henry II. It was then, along with some ad-
joining manors, according to the Townley MSS., in the pos-
session of John de Lacy. The family of Henry de Bury
afterwards became the owners of the lordship of Bury, and
they were succeeded by the Pilkingtons, a family of note,
whose residence, in Leland's time, was about three miles
distant from Bury, at Pilkington Park. It remained in
the possession of the Pilkington family until, by the
attainder of Sir Thomas Pilkington, in the reign of Henry
VII., his estates being confiscated and given to the Stanleys,
the manor went along with them. Since that time the ma-
norial rights have belonged to the Earl of Derby.

The population of Bury was no doubt originally composed
of such persons as were required near a baronial residence of
such importance as the castle above described. In process
of time, as the feudal baronies decayed, new settlers intro-
duced new occupations, and in this manner the manufacture
of woollen cloth became a staple article of trade in this
place, so far back as the fourteenth century, and flourished
to such an extent that in the reign of Elizabeth one of her
aulnagers was stationed in the town to stamp the cloth.
Up to a much later date than this, woollens were almost
the sole manufacture of the place; but upon the introduc-
tion of the cotton trade into the county many of the inha-
bitants became weavers of cotton fabrics, and the woollen
trade has been gradually retiring into Yorkshire and other
parts of the country where the cotton manufacture is less
paramount. The number however still employed in this
town in manufacturing flannel, baize, blankets, coating, &c.
is estimated at 4000.

But a still larger proportion of the population are en-
gaged in the different branches of the cotton trade, which,
owing to the vicinity of Bury to the Manchester market,
and the abundant supply of coal and water, are carried on
to a considerable and increasing extent in this and the ad-
joining township. The mills for the spinning of cotton are
large and numerous, and employ a great number of the
inhabitants.

Several important improvements in the cotton manurac ture took their rise in this place. A new method of throw ing the shuttle by means of the picking-peg instead of the hand, and thence called the fly shuttle, was invented by John Kay, a native of the town: and in 1760 his son, Robert Kay, invented the drop-box, by means of which the weaver can at will use any one of three shuttles,-an invention which led to the introduction of various colours into the same fabric, and made it almost as easy to produce a fabric consisting of different colours as a common cloth of only one. Bury is indebted for one branch of its present trade to the late Sir Robert Peel, who established his extensive print works on the banks of the Irwell, near this town. He resided at Chamber Hall, in the immediate vicinity, where the present Sir Robert was born. Besides these different branches of the cotton and woollen manufacture, there are extensive bleaching-grounds and iron-foundries. The manufacture of hats and hat-bodies is also carried on to a considerable extent.

A branch of the Manchester, Bolton, and Bury canal, constructed under an act of parliament in 1791, furnishes a ready communication by means of a packet-boat with those places, as well as by the common boats for tonnage to all parts of the kingdom. There is no lock on this canal between Bury and Bolton; but the fall into the river Irwell at Manchester is 95 ft.

The public officers of the town consist of three constables, who are appointed at a court-leet held at Whitsuntide, which is summoned by the agent of the Earl of Derby: a deputy constable, who holds his office for life, acts under these

officers. Two other court-leets are held in April and October, under the same nobleman, for the nomination of a court baron which is held every third week for the recovery of debts under 408. The jurisdiction of all these officers extends over the whole parish. Petty sessions for the division are held weekly. There is a weekly market on Saturday, which is well supplied; but that which was formerly held, according to the charter, on Thursday, has been long discontinued. The three annual fairs are held on March 5th, May 3rd, and September 18th.

The living of Bury is a rectory in the deanery of Manchester, and in the archdeaconry and diocese of Chester, returned in 1835 as of the net annual value of 1937, of which the Earl of Derby is patron. The value of the living was very considerably augmented by an act of parliament passed in 1764, empowering the rector for the time being to grant building-leases of the glebe land for ninety-nine years, renewable at any period in the interim. The glebe land orcupies nearly one-half of the town. The church to which this living belongs is dedicated to St. Mary. It was formerly a Gothic structure; but in 1776 it was rebuilt, all but the steeple, and in a different style of architecture, as it is probable that the steeple, which has a short spire upon it, was of more recent date than the antient edifice. St. John's chapel, in Stanley Street, erected in 1770, is a neat building in the patronage of the rector, who has also the presentation to all the episcopal chapels in the parish. The living of St. John's is a perpetual curacy, endowed with 6007. of private benefaction, 4001. royal bounty, and 1500l. parliamentary grant.

The Dissenting places of worship in the town are numerous. The oldest is the Presbyterian chapel in Silver Street, belonging to the Unitarians, which, during a period of 105 years after it was erected, had only three ministers. The Independents have two chapels, one in the New Road, erected in 1792, and the other called Bethel Chapel, in Henry Street, erected in 1807. The Methodists of the new connexion, the Wesleyans, and the Primitive Methodists have separate meeting-houses. The Roman Catholics have also a chapel.

To all the churches and chapels are attached Sundayschools, which afford instruction to 4224 children. In connexion with the Established Church 1013 are educated; Independents, 900; Methodists, 1304; Unitarians, 330; Roman Catholics, 155; and in factory schools, 522. (Report of Statistical Society in Bury.)

The public charities and institutions in Bury consist of a free grammar-school, a good building near the church. This school was founded in 1726, by the Rev. Roger Kay, and endowed with estates which now yield a revenue of 4381. 15s.3d. It is divided under two masters into two schools, the upper and lower. In the upper school, besides a number of boarders which the head master is allowed to take, about twenty boys are educated on the foundation; and fifty boys in the lower school. The course of instruction in the upper school is classical and mathematical, no boy being admitted who is not competent to commence reading an easy Latin author. Before admission into the lower school, the boys are required to read well, and they are taught, in addition to reading, writing, and accounts, English grammar, geography, and English history; and if a boy intends to advance to the upper school, he is taught the Latin grammar; but very few boys go to the upper from the lower school. The terms in the upper school are 5s. on entrance, and 5s. at Shrovetide, Midsummer, and Christmas. Half this sum is paid by the boys in the lower school. There are two annual exhibitions on this foundation for seven years to either of the two universities. The management of the school is vested in thirteen trustees, seven of whom must be beneficed clergymen residing within ten miles of the town, and six laymen.

A charity school for the instruction of eighty boys and thirty girls was founded in 1748, by the Hon. and Rev. John Stanley, formerly rector. In 1815, the funds of the charity having been much augmented by annual subscriptions, it was converted into a national school; and a spacious building was erected, two stories in height, the upper room being used for girls, and the lower room for boys. It now provides for the education of 280 children, of which number about sixty of the boys and forty of the girls are clothed in pursuance of the will of the founder. There are two infant schools, containing 240 children, chiefly supported by the weekly contributions of twopence each.

VOL. VI.-H

A dispensary and lying-in charity are supported by an- ! nual subscriptions. There are several small charities for the distribution of linen cloth among the poor of the town of Bury, viz. Guest's charity, 10s. a-year; Banks's charity, 31. a-year; Rothwell's charity, 10s. a-year; and Waring's charity, 17. 18. a-year. Besides these, Shepherd's charity furnishes 91. for annual distribution among the poor; and Yates's charity 167. 38. for the relief of aged persons. There are also other charities belonging to the parish, which altogether form only a small amount.

A savings' bank was established in Bury in 1822. There is a public subscription library, a news room, a mechanics' library, a medical library, and a billiard room.

Amongst the first benefactors of the monastery were King Athelstan and Edmund, son of King Edward the Elder. The latter conferred on it many valuable privileges, which he confirmed by royal charter. Previous to the destruction of Bury by Swein in the beginning of the 11th century, Ailwin, who had been appointed to the high office of guardian of the body of St. Edmund,' fearful lest the Dane should get possession of the holy relic, conveyed the remains to London. The bishop of that see clandestinely took possession of the precious relic, and refused to return it; but after some altercation, it was carried back by Ailwin, then bishop of Hulme, and placed in the abbey church of Bury.

BURY ST. EDMUND'S, a borough and market-town, having separate jurisdiction, locally situated in the hundred of Thingoe, in the western division of the county of Suffolk, 25 miles N.W. by W. from Ipswich, and 72 miles N.E. by N. from London. The borough contains 3040 English sta-church, which was consecrated in 1032. The three first tute acres, and is co-extensive with the two parishes of St. James and St. Mary.

Origin and early History.-The origin of Bury St. Edmund's, or St. Edmund's Bury, as it is called by old writers, has been a subject of much discussion. Some say it was the Villa Faustina of the Romans, mentioned in the Itinerary of Antoninus, and that it owed its name to Faustinus, or to Faustina, the wife of the Emperor Antoninus Pius; others say it derived its name from faustus (prosperous, happy), and so signified the 'happy town.' It is at least certain, from the number of Roman antiquities dug up in the neighbourhood, that it was at one time in the possession of that people. At the time of the dissolution of the Heptarchy, it belonged to Beodric, and was hence! called Beodric's-worthe or Beoderici-cortis, the villa or mansion of Beodric. Dr. Yates, in his History of the Town and Abbey of Bury St. Edmund's,' endeavours to derive its latter name from two Saxon words meaning a place dedicated to religious worship; but the former derivation is more natural (as it actually belonged to Beodric), and therefore more satisfactory. Beodric bequeathed it to Edmund the king and martyr, after whom it was called St. Edmund's Bury Bury, like Beri, burg, burgh, &c., being a Saxon word meaning castle or strong town.

Edmund, having succeeded to the throne of East Anglia, was crowned at Bury on Christmas-day, 856, and in the 15th year of his age. In 870 he was taken prisoner and cruelly put to death by the Danes. The following is the fabulous history given of the circumstances attending his death, to which tradition the corporation owes the devices on its arms and seal. St. Edmund, being a Christian as well as an enemy, was first scourged and then bound to a tree and his body pierced with arrows. His head was then cut off and thrown into a neighbouring wood. On the departure of the Danes, the East Anglians assembled to pay the last solemn tribute of affection to their martyred king. The body was found bound to the tree, and was interred in a wooden chapel at Hoxne; but no where could they find the head. At last, after a search of forty days, the head was discovered between the fore paws of a wolf, which immediately resigned its charge unmutilated, and quietly retired into the wood. 'An unkouth thyng,' says Lydgate, and strange ageyn nature.' The head, on being placed in contact with the trunk (which was not the least decomposed), is said to have united with it so closely that the separation was scarcely visible.

Monastery, Antiquities, &c.-Soon after the martyrdom of King Edmund, six priests devoted themselves to a monastic life under the patronage of the royal saint, and founded a monastery, which, in after ages, by the magnificence of its buildings, the splendour of its decorations, its valuable immunities and privileges, outshone any other ecclesiastical establishment in Great Britain, Glastonbury (in Somersetshire) alone excepted. Leland, who saw the abbey probably when in its highest state of perfection, thus describes it: The sun hath not shone on a town more delightfully situated, with a small river flowing on the eastern part, or a monastery more illustrious, whether we consider its wealth, its extent, or its incomparable magnificence. You might indeed say that the monastery itself is a town; so many gates there are, so many towers, and a church than which none can be more magnificent: and subservient to which are three others, also splendidly adorned with admirable workmanship, and standing in one and the same churchyard.'

In 1020 Ailwin ejected all the secular clergy from Bury, and established twelve Benedictine monks from the monastery of Hulme in the abbey, exempted them from all epis copal authority, and laid the foundation of a beautiful churches were built of wood, but in the year 1065 another was erected of hewn stone, under the auspices of Abbot Baldwyn. It took twelve years building, and was embel lished by numerous ornaments brought from Caen, in Normandy. It was 505 feet in length; the transept was 212 feet, and the western front 240 in breadth; altogether it contained twelve chapels. Part of the ruins of the western front still remain. One of the towers, which seems to bid defiance to time or weather, has been converted into a stable; and the three arches, which once formed the entrance to the three aisles of the church, have been filled up with modern brick-work, and now form convenient dwellinghouses.

There appear to have been four grand gates to the abbey, and its lofty embattled walls inclosed within its vast circumference the body of the monastery, the abbot's palace, the garden, &c., chapter-house, towers, cloisters, infirmaries, the magnificent monasterial church, an extensive churchyard, three smaller churches, and several chapels. The abbey contained 80 monks, 16 chaplains, and 111 servants; besides the abbot, who was a spiritual parliamentary baron, held a synod in his own chapter-house, and appointed the parochial clergy of the place. He inflicted capital punishment, and had the power to try by his steward all causes within the liberty of Bury. Beyond the circuit of the abbey walls were several hospitals and chapels under the patronage and protection of the monks. As a proof of the despotic power possessed by the abbot and his monks, it is sufficient to mention that in the 13th century some Franciscan friars came to settle at Bury, and built a handsome monastery; but the monks of Bury pulled it down, and drove the friars out of the town with impunity. Edward the Confessor granted to the abbot the liberty of coining, and Edward I. and Edward II. both had mints here. Some pennies coined at Bury still exist in the cabinets of antiquaries. Henry I., on his return to England after his interview with pope Innocent III., came to Bury to pay his devotions to the shrine of St. Edmund. During the contests which took place between Henry II. and his son, a large army was assembled at Bury. in support of the king. The rival armies met at Fornham St. Genevieve (a place in the neighbour. hood), on the 27th of October, 1173; and the victory, which was obtained by the royalists, was chiefly attributed to their carrying before them the sacred standard of St. Edmund. Richard I. paid a devotional visit to the shrine of the saint on his return from the Holy Land, and presented to the monastery the rich standard of Isaac, king of Cyprus. It was here also that John was first met by the refractory barons, when he was compelled to sign Magna Charta. In 1272 Henry III. held a parliament at Bury. A parliament was also held here by Edward I. in 1296, when all the goods and chattels and all the revenues of the monastery were forfeited to the king, upon the monks refusing to pay a subsidy that was demanded from them; but on their afterwards complying, their goods were restored. In 1446 a parliament was convened for the purpose, as is supposed, of effecting the death of Humphrey, duke of Gloucester Henry VII. and Elizabeth both visited Bury, and were en tertained here with considerable pomp and magnificence.

This celebrated monastery was 519 years in the possession of the Benedictine monks, and during that time had 33 abbots. At the dissolution of monasteries it was valued by the commissioners at 2366/. 168., but that must have been considerably under its real value, for the commissioners, in their report, say, we have taken in the seyd monas

he monastery a

King Edward valuable privile Previous to a ginning of the ed to the high d d.' fearful less relie, conveyed t see clandest refused to =carried back aced in the clergy from b

from the m nem from al n of a beau The three in ear 1065 and uspices of Aw and was ent Caen, in

ransept was £ :altgether r sof the wester ch seems to

nverted formed the been fillu ient dwelling to the al vast ctres

palace, t infirmare

ive chari

pels. The

tery in golde and sylver 5000 marks, besydes as well and
rich cross with emerelds and also dyvers stones of great
value, and yet we have left the church, abbott, and convent,
very well furnished with plate of sylver necessary for the
same. A writer in 1725 says that at that time the im-
mense possessions of the abbey and its valuable privileges
would have been worth 200,000l. per annum.

Almost the only relic which remains of the magnificence
of this monastic establishment is the western, now called
the abbey gate. It was erected in 1327, after the old gate
was pulled down by the mob. It is a perfect specimen of
Gothic architecture, combining strength and utility with
elegance and grandeur. The materials and workmanship
are both so excellent that, although without a roof, it is still
in the highest state of preservation. Its height is 62 feet,
its length 50 feet, and breadth 41 feet. In the N.W, and
S.W. angles were circular stairs; those on the S.W. side
still exist, but are rather difficult to ascend. The 'terre-
plaine' of the wall forms a terrace all round, and over each
angle there formerly was a tower.

The eastern side of this gate, although not so gorgeously splendid as the west side, is the more elegant. The internal walls are beautifully decorated, and amongst other carved work are the arms of King Edward the Confessor. Amongst other antiquities found in digging up an old foundation are four antique heads, cut out of blocks of freestone of gigantic dimensions, and probably representing some heathen deities.

Various ruins of religious and charitable institutions con-
nected with the abbey are still visible. The following are
mentioned in Dugdale's Monasticon' :-The Hospital of
St. John or God's-house without the south gate, probably
the chapel, or as it is sometimes called the Hospital of St.
Petronilla, was connected with this house; St. Nicholas'
Hospital without the east gate, now a farm-house; St. Pe-
ter's Hospital and Chapel, founded by Abbot Anselm, in
the time of Henry I., now belonging to the trustees of the
free grammar school: its revenue at the dissolution was
worth 10%. 188. 11d. St. Saviour's Hospital, founded by
Abbot Sampson in the reign of King John: it was here
that the duke of Gloucester is supposed to have been mur-
dered. St. Stephen's Hospital, Jesus College and Guild,
erected by King Edward VI. in 1481, now occupied as
a workhouse; and, lastly, the convent of Grey Friars at
Babwell or North Gate, established in 1256.

The Saxon Tower, or Church Gate.-This noble struc-
ture was the grand portal into the churchyard opposite to

the western entrance of the monasterial church. At the dissolution it was converted into a belfry for St. James's Church, and to this circumstance, says Mr. Yates, most probably the antiquarian is indebted for the gratification of now surveying this venerable relic of antient piety and taste. It is considered one of the finest specimens in existence of what is called Saxon architecture. It is a quadrangular building 80 feet high, and is remarkable for its strength and simplicity. The date of its erection is unknown. The stone of which it is built abounds with small shells. Near the base on the western side are two curious bas-reliefs, one representing mankind in its fallen state, by the figures of Adam and Eve entwined with a serpent, and the other, emblematic of the delivery of man from bondage, representing God the father sitting triumphantly in a circle of cherubim. The interior of the arch presents some grotesque figures, and forms a carriage-entrance to the churchyard and the shire-house. We regret to say that several wide fissures appear on one side, and the other it is said is 12 inches out of the perpendicular. [The drawing presents a view of the west side.]

Town Government, &c.-Bury is a borough by prescription, and its prescriptive rights were first confirmed by James I. in the fourth year of his reign.

The exclusive criminal jurisdiction over the whole town and one mile round it, which was granted to the abbot of Bury by Edmund, son of Edward the Elder, and is now vested in the corporation, ceases under the Municipal Corporation Act from the 1st of May, 1836. The borough courts are a court of sessions, a civil court called the court of record, a court-leet, and a court of Pie-poudre. The sessions are held three times a year, in February, June, and November, and as the county assizes are held within the town there are annually five gaol deliveries. Petty sessions are held every Thursday, and are very well attended by the magistrates. The court of record is held once a month, and embraces all pleas where the cause of action has arisen within the precincts of the borough and the damages do not exceed 2001. A court-leet is held once a year. There is also the court of the steward of the liberty, called the 'Much Court,' which is held once in every three weeks before the town-clerk, but which is limited to debts under 40s. The town is watched by night, and has an efficient police. The borough gaol has not been used since 1805. The prisoners are all confined in the county gaol which is within the precincts of the town. The property of the corporation is worth about 10167. per annum, out of which they have to pay crown rents to the amount of about 581. 6s. 6d. per annum, and 97. to two charities. Bury first received a precept to return representatives to parliament in the 30th year of the reign of Edward I., but made no subsequent return till the 4th of James I., since which time it has always returned two members. The number of voters registered after the passing of the Reform Act was as follows:

The boundaries of the borough are the same as they were formerly.

Present state of the Town, Churches, &c.-The town of Bury is pleasantly situated on the river Larke, and from its delightful walks, clean streets, and well built houses, and from the urbanity of its inhabitants, forms as pleasant a country residence as any small town we know of. A great part of the town was burnt down in 1806, but was shortly after rebuilt in its present regular manner. There is a subscription library, which contains a valuable collection of books, and four circulating libraries. The new subscription rooms on Angel Hill are very handsome and contain a well-proportioned ball-room, card-rooms, billiard-room, &c. There is also a subscription coffee-room and billiard-room. A new theatre was built in 1819, and the old one has been converted into a concert-room. The entrance to the botanic garden is through the abbey gate, and the walls that surround it are part of the old walls of the monastery. The river Larke flows at the bottom of the garden. The collection of exotic plants, which is already pretty good, is rapidly increasing. St. Mary's Church was begun in the year 1424, and was completed in about nine years; it is 130 feet long, exclusive of the chancel, which is 74 feet by 68 and 673 in breadth. It has three aisles, which are divided by two rows of the

most elegant columns. The height of the middle aisle is 60 feet, to which circumstance its beautifully carved roof owes its present existence, it being too lofty for the Puritans to exercise their fury on. The roof of the chancel is exceedingly beautiful, the ground being blue and the carved work guilt; it is supposed to have been brought from Caen in Normandy. On the north side of the communion table is a marble slab erected to the memory of Mary Tudor, third daughter of King Henry VII. of England, who first married Louis XII. of France and subsequently Charles Brandon duke of Suffolk. The monument which inclosed the body was for some time supposed to be only a cenotaph, but in opening it, in 1731, a covering of lead containing a body was found with the following inscription upon it :

MARY QUEENE

1533.
OF FFRANC.
EDMUND H.

-

In the middle of the chancel lies buried John Reeves, the
last abbot of Bury, and on each side is a handsome altar-
monument: one to Sir William Carew, who died in 1501,
and his wife who died in 1525; and the other to Sir Robert
Drury.

The church is surmounted by a fine Norman tower, containing a very good set of bells. The northern porch is handsome, and the exterior of the southern aisle is particularly beautiful.

St. James's Church, like St. Mary's, is built of freestone, and is a very handsome building. It was not completed till the Reformation, when Edward VI. gave 2007. towards its completion. Its length is 137 feet, and its breadth 69 feet. Near the western door are two handsome monuments, one to the Right Honourable James Reynolds (Chief Baron of the Exchequer), who died in the year 1738, and another to Mary, his wife, who died in 1736. Both the livings are in the patronage of the corporation of Bury. The net income of St. Mary's is 110l. per annum; that of St. James's 106/.

per annum.

The Churchyard is of considerable dimensions, and has a beautiful avenue of lofty lime-trees. It contains both churches, the Saxon tower, abbey ruins, Clopton's hospital, the shire-house, and the mausoleum; the latter was formerly the Chapel of the Charnel,' where it is said Lydgate the poet resided. Not many years since it formed the residence and workshop of a blacksmith. It is surrounded by shrubs, and forms an interesting object from the number of tombs grouped together.

The Shire Hall, a neat modern building, is situated on the antient site of St. Margaret's church, and contains two good-sized courts, which have but one inconvenience, that is, having no internal communication. The Guild-hall, where the borough-courts are held, is a handsome structure, built of flint and freestone.

are inhabited. The population in 1831 was 11,436, out of which 6190 were females. There are 2492 families, nearly all engaged in agriculture and retail trade. The assessed taxes are 49941.

The Grammar-school, which is a neat modern building, with a commodious house adjoining it for the master, was founded by King Edward VI., whose bust is placed over the door with an appropriate inscription. It has four exhibitions of 20%. each, and two of 251. each per annum, to either of the universities, a scholarship at Corpus Christi, and another at Jesus-college, Cambridge. A new schoolhouse has lately been erected. There are now about 100 boys on the foundation.

Bury also possesses three charity-schools, in one of which forty boys, and in another fifty girls are instructed and clothed. They are supported partly by subscription and partly by an endowment of 70%. per annum; as well as two Lancasterian schools, one for boys, the other for girls, established in 1811; and 98 almshouses, founded by dif ferent persons, amongst whom the principal benefactors were Mr. Edmund King and Mrs. Margaret Drury. They are under the superintendence of trustees, and their funds altogether amount to about 2000l. per annum. Boley Clopton, M.D., founded an hospital (called Clopton, after the founder) for the support of six aged widowers and widows, and endowed it with property worth 2007. per annum. It is a neat brick building, with the arms of the founder over the principal entrance. A large erection, built by the government for an ordnance depôt, has been purchased and converted into a general hospital, which is supported by voluntary contributions, and now contains about forty patients.

There is a Roman Catholic chapel, a place of worship for Baptists, the society of Friends, Methodists, and Unitarians, and two for Independents. A mechanics' institute has recently been established.

Amongst other men of note who were born at Bury St. Edmund's was Bishop Gardner. John Lydgate, commonly called the Monk of Bury,' spent the greatest part of his life in this place.

About three miles from Bury is Ickworth, the magnificent
seat of the marquess of Bristol. It is a circular house, 140
feet in height and 90 feet in diameter, in the centre of a park
which has a circuit of 11 miles. (Communication from
Bury.)

BUSA'CO, SERRA DE, a mountain-ridge in the pro-
vince of Beira in Portugal, stretching from the right or N.
bank of the Mondego in a N. direction for about 8 miles.
It joins at its N. end the Serra de Caramula, an offset of the
great Serra de Alcoba, which runs in a N.E. direction, and
divides the waters of the Vouga from those of the Mondego.
The road from Viseu to Coimbra passes over the Serra de
Busaco. The sides of the mountain are very steep, and
partly covered with woods; the summit is a naked plateau,
from which there is an extensive view over the country
around, and to the W. as far as the sea. On the highest
point of the Serra is a convent of monks. A battle was
fought on the 27th September, 1810, at Busaco between
the English and Portuguese on one side and the French on
the other. The French army, 65,000 strong, under Marshal
Massena, advanced by Viseu and the right bank of the
Mondego towards Coimbra. Lord Wellington, with about
20,000 British and as many Portuguese troops, took up a
position on the Serra de Busaco. The French advanced in
three columns, one of which succeeded in reaching the
summit of the hill, but while in the act of deploying was
charged by some English regiments and driven down the
hill with great loss. The other two columns were likewise
unsuccessful. The French had about 4000 men killed,
wounded, and taken prisoners, and they lost the eagle of
one of their regiments; one of their generals was killed,
and another taken prisoner. The loss of the allies was
about 1300. Marshal Massena, unable to force the position
of Busaco, turned it by a mountain-pass over the Serra de
Caramula, which led his troops to Sardão in the plains of
the Vouga near the sea, and on the high road from Oporto
to Coimbra. Lord Wellington then withdrew his army to
the S. of the Mondego, and began his retreat to the lines
of Torres Vedras. On the 1st of October the French
entered Coimbra, which had been deserted by its inhabit-
ants. It was at the battle of Busaco that the Portuguese
troops, recently drilled and disciplined by British officers,
were first placed in line by the side of the English, and the

The County Gaol, about half a mile from the south end of the town, is built on the radiating principle, and is surrounded by a wall twenty feet high, inclosing an octagonal area, the diameter of which is 292 feet. The keeper's house, which is an octagon and stands in the centre, is so elevated above the rest that from his windows he can command the whole building. In the centre of his house is a chapel, divided off into numerous partitions, so that the different classes into which the prisoners are divided and subdivided are kept separate and cannot even see each other. Upon the whole, for its accommodations and internal regulations, this gaol is one of the best in the kingdom. Two tread-mills have lately been added to it. The house of correction is near the gaol, and is equally well managed, being under the superintendence of the same keeper. It at present only contains female prisoners, all the men being confined in the gaol.

Part of the town is well paved, but the principal streets are Macadamized. It is well lighted, and has a sufficient supply of water. About a mile from the town the river Larke becomes navigable to Lynn, whence coals and other commodities are brought in small barges. The marketdays are Wednesday and Saturday; the latter for meat and poultry, the former for corn, &c. Fairs are held on the Tuesday in Easter week, and on the 1st of October and 1st of December, for horses, cattle, cheese, &c. But the great fair, which is justly celebrated, generally commences about the 10th of October, and lasts about three

weeks.

Bury St. Edmund's contains 2292 houses, of which 2231

result of the experiment proved most favourable. (Colonel

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Napier's History of the Peninsular War; Annals of the
Peninsular Campaigns.)

she left Busbequius at Paris as her agent and representative. When the Emperor Rodolph ascended the throne of the Cæsars, he appointed him his ambassador to the French court, where Busbequius remained until 1592. Having then obtained permission to visit Flanders, his native country, in order to put his estates and private affairs in order, he left the French court and took his way through Normandy. Unfortunately it was a time of trouble and civil war. The faction of the League were in arms against the government, and occupied or over-ran a good portion of the kingdom. Busbequius had very properly furnished himself with passports from both parties, from the Leaguers as well as from the court, but his passes did not save him from being robbed and ill-treated by a party of Leaguers at Cailli, a village in Normandy, about three leagues from Rouen. On representing to them the inviolable and sacred rights attached to his character as ambassador, the brigands set him at liberty, and even restored the bulk of his baggage. But Busbequius, now an old man, had received a shock from which he did not recover. Instead of continuing his journey into Flanders, he ordered his attendants to convey him to the house of Madame de Maillot, at Saint Germain, close to Rouen, where he died in a few days, on the 28th of October, 1592. Philip Camerarius, Joseph Scaliger, and other writers, assert that he was murdered by the robbers, but the well authenticated facts regarding his death are what we have stated.

BUSBE'QUIUS, A. G., a celebrated traveller and am-
bassador of the 16th century. His real name was Auger
Gislen de Busbec, which, according to the practice of his
age and country, was Latinized into Augerius Gislenius Bus-
bequius. He was born at Commines, a town in Flanders,
on the river Lys, and was the illegitimate son of the lord of
Busbec, a nobleman of antient family, who brought him up
in his own house, and spared no care or expense in his
education. The boy made such rapid progress in his
studies; and his disposition, person, and abilities, were so
promising, that his father became very fond of him, and was
induced to apply to his sovereign, the great emperor Charles
V., for a rescript of legitimacy in his favour. The rescript,
which declared young Busbequius as good as one born in
wedlock, was obtained in the usual manner, by paying a
round sum of money for it. When he grew up, Busbe-
quius was sent to study in the best schools and universities
on the continent-to Louvain, Paris, Venice, Bologna, and
Padua; at which several places he associated with the most
learned professors and distinguished men of his times.
Having finished his academical studies and returned from
Italy, he visited London, where he passed some time with
Don Pedro Lasso, ambassador at the English court from
Ferdinand, then titular king of the Romans, but shortly
afterwards Ferdinand I., Emperor of Germany. Busbe-
quius probably joined Don Pedro with the view of learning.
some of the routine and practical parts of diplomacy, and
was what we now call an attaché to the embassy. During
his stay in England he was present as one of the ambassa-
dor's suite at the solemnization of the marriage between
Philip II. of Spain and Queen Mary of England, in 1554.
Shortly after this he returned to Flanders. His reputation
for ability, knowledge, and experience in public affairs stood
so high, and his friends at the court of Vienna were so
influential, that on the 3rd of November of the same year
he received a letter from Ferdinand, advising him that he
was destined for the important post of ambassador to Con-
stantinople, and that he must begin his journey immediately.
Busbequius accordingly mounted on horseback (for there was
then no other mode of making the journey), and rode from
Brussels to Vienna through very bad weather and detest-
able roads. Having received his dispatches and instruc-
tions from King Ferdinand, he set out with boldness and
alacrity for Constantinople, although the circumstances of the
case would have been sufficient to deter most persons. The
Turks were then at the height of their power, intolerance,
and insolence; they had conquered Transylvania, and
nearly all Hungary; they were within a few days' march
of Vienna, where their mere name spread terror; and the
reigning Sultan, Solyman the Great, or Magnificent, was
fierce and unrelenting, and accustomed to treat the envoys
of Christian powers who did not please him in a very sum.
mary manner. On arriving at Constantinople, he found that
the sultan was with his army at Amasia, in the interior of
Asia Minor. As his commissions did not permit delay, he
crossed over into Asia, and rode on to Amasia, where he
staid a considerable time, and had several audiences of the
Great Solyman, with whom he succeeded in concluding or
rather prolonging a truce for six months. He rode back
to Vienna, where he arrived in August, 1555.

In November of the same year he was again sent as
ambassador to Constantinople. This time Solyman was
at his capital, where Busbequius took up his residence for
nearly seven years. At first he had many difficulties o
encounter from the pride and obstinacy of the Turks: For
you must know,' he says in one of his epistles, that a long
series of happy success hath so elevated the minds of this
people, that they make their own wills, forsooth, the sole
rule of all reason, right or wrong.' But Busbequius showed
admirable tact and temper, and at the end of his long mis-
sion concluded an advantageous treaty with Solyman.

In 1562 he returned to Vienna, and was soon after appointed governor and tutor to the sons of Maximilian, then king of the Romans. Though attached to the pleasures of private life and literary ease, he became more and more involved with courts and princes. When Maximilian's daughter, the Princess Elizabeth, was married to Charles IX. king of France, he was commissioned by the court to accompany her to Paris. The young queen appointed him intendant of her household and of all her affairs, and when, on the premature death of her husband, she quitted France,

The body of Busbequius was honourably interred in the church of the place where he died, and his heart was carried to Flanders to be placed in the tomb of his ancestors. As a literary character and a man of refined taste, this distinguished diplomatist occupies a very honourable place. The letters in which he describes his two journeys into Turkey, his residence at the court of Solyman, &c., which are in Latin, and were published under the title of Augerii Gislenii Busbequii Legationis Turcica Epistolæ Quatuor, are admirably written, and abound in information which will always be interesting, and which was of great political utility at the time he wrote, when the cabinets of Europe knew not what to make of the Ottoman Porte. He thoroughly understood the state of the Ottoman empire, which was then the bugbear of Europe, and he laid down a judicious system for resisting and attacking it, in a treatise entitled, ' De Re Militari contra Turcam instituendâ consilium.' The orations which he delivered in France to the different French kings have been very much praised, but we cannot speak of these of our own knowledge. Besides contributing to various scientific and literary works, Busbequius was the author of some interesting letters on the state of France under the reign of Henry III., and on the expedition of the duke d'Alençon to the Low Countries. These letters, addressed to the Emperor Rodolph, were first published in 1632.

Notwithstanding the constant labours of correspondence and diplomacy, he found time, while in Turkey, to collect inscriptions, coins, manuscripts, rare plants, and other specimens of natural history. On his second embassy he engaged and took with him an artist to make drawings of curious botanical and zoological specimens, at that time little known in the west of Europe. The fruits of his taste, judgment, and liberality frequently appear in the works of Gruterus, Mathioli, and other contemporary writers.

Busbequius spoke seven languages-Latin, Italian, French, Spanish, German, Flemish, and Sclavonian in perfection. He always wrote in Latin; and the Latinity of his Turkish travels has been much admired by scholars. This book, which has appeared in all the modern languages of civilised Europe, was translated into English, and went through several editions in the course of the last century. A very good edition, with index, was published at Glasgow by Robert Urie in 1761. The title is Travels into Turkey. Translated from the original Latin of the learned A. G. Busbequius. (Busbequius's works, as named above; Bayle, Dictionnaire Historique et Critique; and Guicciardini's Italian Hist.)

BUSBY, RICHARD, second son of Richard Busby, of the city of Westminster, was born at Luton in Northamptonshire Sept. 22, 1606. Having passed through Westminster school he was elected student of Christchurch, Oxford. So low were his finances that his fees for the degrees of bachelor and master of arts were defrayed by donation from the parish of St. Margaret, Westminster, 57. having been given him for the former, and 67, 138, 4d,