and of their doings they must give report to the house again, by whom the bill is to be considered.

Every bill, which is brought into the house, must be read three several times, and upon three several days. And a bill, which upon any reading is committed and returned again, ought to have its three readings, unless the committees have not altered the bill in any substance or form, but only in certain words. Also, when any bill upon any reading is altogether by one consent rejected, or by voices after the third reading overthrown, it ought not to be brought any more to be read during that session of parliament.

If any man do speak unto a bill, and be out of his matter, he ought to be put in remembrance of the mat. ter by the speaker only, and by none other, and be willing to come to the matter.

Whensoever any person doth speak to any bill, he ought to stand up, and to be bare-headed, and then with all reverence, gravity, and seemly speech, to declare his mind. But whensoever any bill shall be tried, either for allowances or to be rejected, then every one ought to sit, because he is then as a judge.

Also, every knight, citizen, and burgess, before he do enter into the parliament, and take his place there, ought to be sworn and to take his oath, acknowledging the king to be the supreme and only governor of all the estates within the realm, as also to renounce all foreign potentates.

[From a Paper written in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth.]

THE ARTS.

No. VI.

AN APOLOGY FOR THE CHALK MANNER OF ENGRAVING.

"The times have been,

That, when the brains were out, the man would die,

And there an end; but now they rise again,

With twenty mortal murders on their crowns,

And push us from our stools."

Mr. CONDUCTOR,

EVERY man that has made the most trifling ap proaches towards refinement, must observe with pleasure,

that for some time past the Fine Arts in this country have, more than at any former period, engaged the public attention; many of the first characters in the united kingdom, fully aware of the advantages which the arts confer on mankind, and on commercial nations in particular, have with an equal spirit of liberality and patriotism, nobly stepped forward to encourage those arts, and to rescue British genius from the bonds with which it has hitherto been shackled. While these enlightened men are munificently fostering the fine arts, that our manufacturers may reap that benefit from them which they can derive from no other source, some interested and ignorant individuals, have been busily employed in degrading one branch of them, in order to raise another upon its ruins. Mr. Landseer, Mr. Josiah Boydell, and the Rev. Mr. Forster, have particularly distinguished themselves in their attacks on the chalk, or dotting manner of engraving; those gentlemen have assumed that most perilous situation, the throne of criticism, have become arbiters of taste, and, to the extent of their power, directors of public opinion. If their criticisms are founded in judgment and real knowledge, they will, if properly appreciated, be of great benefit to mankind; but, if they originate in error, in undigested principles hastily adopted, and unwittingly propagated, and if above all, the propagators of those opinions are placed in such situations as are likely to give them a credit and currency, and if, to add to those evils, they are swayed by interest, or warped by prejudice, the mischief done to true art may be incalculable; then not only their opinions, but their pretensions to give them, become fair matter of public investigation.

The chalk manner of engraving has for near fifty years been a candidate for public favor and patronage, equally with the other methods of engraving, and has most certainly received as great a share of encouragement. Whilst those different modes of art rested on their own merits; whilst they came before the world with neither more nor less than the value the talents of their different professors could give them, they were in their natural and proper state; the highest and last tribunal, the judgment of the public, was to decide on their respective merits; thus engaged in a fair competition the chalk manner of engraving has maintained a firmness of footing that has offended the jealous disposition of some,

and prejudiced the interest of others. What the graver has found impossible to perform, that readier, instruinent the pen is called in aid to effect, and there have been many feeble, though systematic attempts, to write it into insignificance and disgrace. The professors of this art have advanced nothing in its favor, they have silently and studiously pursued their course, resting their pretensions to public support on their legitimate productions only; they have patiently borne the contumely of the ignorant, the insults of the malevolent, the invectives of the interested, and without resistance have suffered their profession to be degraded, and their means of existence injured so long, that further forbearance be◄ comes pusillanimity. It is now time that such ungene◄ rous and unjust conduct should be resisted.

In consequence of the appointment of Mr. Landseer to the lectureship on engraving at the Royal Institution, his opinions gained a credit and a currency, that his abilities would never have procured them in any other situation. The man was chosen to be a teacher; and whatever ignorance the electors might have shewn in making such a choice, a eredit and dignity were in some degree reflected on him by his office. In his lectures he asserts that chalk engraving was on its original intreduction into England run after with avidity, because it was new, for it was a sort of retrograde and degenerate novelty. "Ryland and novelty (says he) led the way, and fashion and Bartolozzi followed it."

Mr. Landseer proceeds through four pages, stigmatizing this art in an idle and unqualified way, without adducing one proof in support of his assertions, and then says: "At length this interesting art (of which if I seem, I only seem to make sport,) fetching a few noble bounds, has escaped from the toils of its pursuers, and now roves at leisure, when as a means of translating pictures it is more worthy than ever of being pursued.'

Nothing can more fully expose the palpable obscure and the gross contradiction of Mr. Landseer's manner of writing, than the comparison of what we have before cited with this quotation; we leave the task to him of reconciling" retrograde and degenerate novelty," with "this interesting art fetching noble bounds." He then goes on thus: "Upon what principles I am led to perceive that this province of engraving has recently disclosed more various, extensive, and richer tracts than it

was formerly known to contain, I shall have the pleasure to explain at another time." Whether Mr. Landseer means that, after having written his four pages to expose this "degenerate novelty," he discovered those "richer. tracts," we cannot determine. It must be remembered that all these contradictions are contain d in his third lecture; he afterwards delivers three more lectures to his auditors, and publishes the whole of them, without ever noticing those "richer tracts," and consequently his abuse of this art is sent into the world unqualified by any mention of its merits.

Now let us examine how far Mr. Landseer is competent to talk in this dictatorial and dogmatical manner of any mode of art whatever; and to come to this knowledge we are naturally led to an examination of the works of art he has produced, and the talents he has therein displayed; and also How those works of art have been produced. He is only known to artists as a vignette landscape engraver; in this minor walk of art it must be confessed he has given proofs of some talent, united with much prettiness of execution, and had he confined his lectures to that part of the art which he had actually, and creditably practised, he might have exhibited some claim to attention; but, unfortunately this man, who has spent his time among fore-grounds, back-grounds, foliage, and stumps of trees (the mere secondary objects in an historical engraving) with anhallowed hand approaches the human figure, and without putting off his sandals, enters the holy of the antique.

to

From Aristotle and Longinus to Addison and Johnson, every sound critic in literature has been able write well himself. Those men could perforin well, and were thence enabled to judge of the performances of others. If this be true in literature, how much more necessary in art! for, the artist has no means of acquiring knowledge, but by the very act of drawing, which is only to be obtained, as Sir Joshua Reynolds justly observes, by a variety of arts. By this indispensible and only criterion, let Mr. Landseer's claim to the elevated chair of criticisin be tried.

Has Mr. Landseer ever as an artist studied the human figure? Has he ever drawn from the antique? Will any man prove that he has ever made one solitary effort? does any work in his own art, actually performed by

himself, prove his knowledge of the insertion, form, or termination of any one muscle in the human frame? yet he expatiates most learnedly on the anatomical excellence of Andrea Mantegna, and with rapture on the pure outline of Mark Antonio.

It is very difficult to prove a negative, but we will give the most presumptive evidence of Mr. Landseer's entire ignorance of those matters, on which with so much confidence he holds forth.

In engraving, as in painting, the genuine artist may be assisted by persons of inferior abilities to his own, but in each art the help must come in the middle of the performance. Was there ever an engraver possessing the first and most essential requisites of his art, drawing, who suffered another to fix his outtine on his plate, or to put the finishing touches to it? No, never. Mr. Landseer, according to the current terms of the day, has engraved historical subjects, and portraits; at least his name is prefixed to plates of this character, with the addition of sculpsit. Dare Mr. Landseer tell the world what parts of those plates are his own performance? Will he claim any essential part of any historical subject or portrait to which his naine is annexed? To come to particulars-his Michael from Loutherbourg, in Macklin's Bible-did he etch the outline of the figure upon the plate, or the internal parts of it? Did he put the finishing touches to it? Let Mr. Landseer reply to these questions in the affirmative, and then he shall be confronted. What assistance had he in the intermediate parts? Alas! no man except the political Mr. Landseer can answer that question.

Some years ago the admirers of the Fine Arts were gratified with an engraved portrait of Buonoparte, from a drawing by Mr. Craig, after a picture in the possession of Mr. Cosway. As Mr. Landseer had a joint property in this work, interest alone would be sufficient to prompt him to give to the world, in this performance, his best abilities. Directly over the head of this apostle of liberty is seen the full sun of science, darting its meridian rays across the Alps; striking with lightning the tiara, and other emblems of popish superstition : the whole is blazoned with owls, eagles, and olive branches, which shew how much faith ought to be placed in the predictions of emblematical soothsayers. We will say nothing on this insult to the loyalty and patriotism of the country, but

VOL. II.

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