صور الصفحة
PDF
النشر الإلكتروني

If therefore it were possible that the capitalist could be influenced by a motive which would induce him to employ machinery under such circumstances as these, the community would gain nothing, and the labourer would lose the whole.

BARTON.

A manufacturer has £.1000, with which he pays 20 men £.50 each; his capital is suddenly increased to £.2000, when he lays out £.1500 in machinery, which takes 1 year to complete, and does the work of 15 men, but requires 1 man to keep it in repair, and also lasts 15 years, profits 10 per cent.

[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small]

But £.500 only of the £.1500 was before employed in labour, and therefore the loss to the labour-fund during the year that the machine is making, is

[blocks in formation]

of the price of the machine; the amount paid for wages will be increased.

[blocks in formation]

and the machine does the work of 14 men, for whose labour the con

[blocks in formation]

the gain in price is 770-197 = 573,

and the capitalist gains 100;

.. G=100+ 573 = 673.

There has been taken from the labour-fund £.500.

There is returned to it m (197- 150) + {m ̧k + m2 (1 − k) p} 673.

Whence D, 500-(47m+673m,k) - 673 m (1-k) p.

=

[blocks in formation]

The labour-fund gains after the 2nd year, and receives an addition of

[blocks in formation]

In this solution the value of A, taken by Mr McCulloch (not B) in refuting Mr Barton's views, is employed.

Taking what I have assumed to be a more correct value, we get,

[blocks in formation]

The capital employed in the machinery = C(1+y)=1680; and therefore it must produce as much as £.680 paid in wages.

[blocks in formation]

Again, there has been taken from the labour-fund,

[blocks in formation]

mCy + {m ̧k + m2 (1−k) p} G=m180 + {m ̧k + m2 (1 − k) p} 628

= 4 [157m + {m2k + m2 (1−k) p} 157];

[blocks in formation]

The labour-fund will have gained at the end of the 3rd year.

The produce is here supposed the same before and after the machine was employed. The machine must therefore do the work of as many men as the capitalist is deprived of the means of paying.

XXVII. Novitia Flora Maderensis: or Notes and Gleanings of MadeBy the Rev. R. T. LowE, M.A.

ran Botany.

1.

[Read May 28, 1838.]

FILICES.

ACROSTICHUM paleaceum, Hook. et Grev. Icon. Fil. t. 235.

Identical I apprehend with A. squamosum of Swartz. Although his character of "frondes 1-2-pedales" certainly exceeds the average of Maderan specimens, I have lately seen some fully 18 inches long, without the stipes: and I am inforıned by my friend J. I. Bennett, Esq., that in "the Banksian Herbarium are barren fronds of 15 or 16 inches in length, in addition to the stipes (as by Swartz described) of 3 or 4; and some of them, which are abruptly mutilated, would, I think, justify the describing them as "1-2-pedales." In every other particular Swartz's description perfectly agrees; and was, I have little doubt, drawn up from the Maderan plant,

2. Polypodium drepanum, nob.

Aspidium drepanum Sw. (Aspidium? drepanum nob. Primit. p. 6. No. 3.), proves, as I have already stated in the Botanical Miscellany (New Series, I. p. 26.), to be a genuine Polypodium; not having the slightest trace of an indusium in any stage of growth. The following description of the fructification is derived both from abundant wild specimens, and from others cultivated in my garden, and watched carefully for several years.

Indusia nulla. Sori nudi, globosi, valde convexi, tumidi, distinctissimi, subconferti, biseriatì, purpureo-nigri, capsulis nitidissimis; demum (sporis effusis) pallide ferruginei, minuti, punctiformes. Polypodii species

[blocks in formation]

3. Asplenium productum, nob.

A. fronde deltoidea, apice caudata s. longe acuminata, glaberrima, lucida, quadripinnatifida: pinnis primariis productis, acuminatis; ultimis oblongo-cuneatis, apice inciso-dentatis: soris confertis, mox confluentibus: stipite fusco, lævi, basi hirsutiusculo.

Aspl. acutum, Höll's List of Mad. Plants in Hook. Bot. Misc. New Series, I. p. 15; haud Bory!

Aspl. Adiantum nigrum var. nob. Ibid. p. 24; haud Linn.

Hab. in Madera, ab altitudine 1000 ad 3000 pedum ubique vulgatissimum.

This very common fern, the Asplenium Adiantum nigrum of most former lists of Maderan plants, I would now admit to be sufficiently distinct from the European species properly so called; the characters above enumerated proving permanent and uniform. With Höll and others I had long imagined it identical with Aspl. acutum Bory: but to my surprise, a specimen so ticketed, and obligingly communicated to me by its author the Baron himself, is a very different plant indeed being undistinguishable from large narrow-leaved fruit-bearing Maderan specimens of my Asplen. canariense W.

Asplen. productum is distinguished from the true Aspl. Adiantum nigrum L. by its more compound, finely divided frond; the contour of which, as my friend Mr Arnott has well observed, is triangular or deltoid; while in the European plant, the shape is rather that of a rectangle or oblong, terminated by a triangle; the sides being parallel for some length from the base. But the chief character of the Maderan plant is found in the caudate or produced extremities of the primary divisions. The apex of the frond especially is gracefully attenuated.

With Asplen. canariense W. as understood at least by me, (Asplen. acutum Bory!) Aspl. productum has very little indeed in common. 4. Nephrodium fœnisecii B. productum, Primit. p. 7.

A plant certainly bordering very closely upon the true Aspidium spinulosum W. and Sm. in Eng. Flora; but which, on account of the less degree of parallelism in the sides of the ultimate divisions, the smaller punctiform sori, and above all the fragrant scent, I still think best referred to Nephrodium foeniseci. However this, rather than Aspi

« السابقةمتابعة »