down to Maximus Tyrius, will be found in Col. Leake's Tour in Asia Minor (p. 158), and there is scarcely an incident recorded, or a feature of the surrounding district described in any of them, that cannot be reconciled with the present state of the country.

From Celænæ, Cyrus altered his direction and moved off to the N.E., the next two positions being involved in great obscurity. The army made in the first place ten parasangs in two marches to Pelta, of which we have no other notice save of the tribe called Pelteni by Pliny and Ptolemy, but who were Lycaonians. Guided by the value given to the parasang and stadium by the recent researches of geographers, who consider them as constant and uniform measures and integral portions of the earth's circumference, equal, the one to 5468.668 yards, the other to 607.62977 feet, or, in round numbers, the one to 3 geographic miles of 1820 yards each, and the other as ten to one geographic mile, I have been inclined to seek for Peltæ on the great plain of Balkan-Ovah, which Mr. Hamilton (Researches, &c. Vol. II. p. 163) also thinks may be the Peltenus Campus in which Cyrus reviewed his troops and celebrated martial games, although the same traveller is afterwards led by an apparently erroneous estimation of the value of the parasang, to place Peltæ near Ishekli or Eumenia. (Vol. 11. p. 203.)

Equally uncertain is the position of the Kepaμŵv ảyopá, situated on the frontiers of Mysia. This spot has been sought for at Kutayeh by Rennell (p. 28), and at Ushak by Hamilton (Vol. 11. p. 203), but upon mere conjectural grounds. It appears to us, however, to have some connection with the Ceranæ of Pliny (v. 32), and the Caria of Livy (xxxvii. 56).

Cyrus having proceeded after this, direct upon Iconium, the line of route becomes more distinct, and can be pretty accurately determined by retracing from that well-known point the distances as given by the Athenian historian: thus, the Kavorpov medíov, the dried up, burnt or arid plain, falls by these retrograde admeasurements on the arid, stony, and ruin-clad plain of Surmeneh, although by Mr. Hamilton's evaluation it would be situated on the marshy soil of Eber-Göl. The soil near Surmeneh is covered to a considerable extent with huge square blocks, heaped together in considerable masses, and it is only watered by an insignificant tributary to the Eber-Göl or lake of Polybotum, which is often dry in summer, when the inhabitants are reduced to their wells for a supply of water.

Two marches of ten parasangs took the army next to Thymbrium, which thus falls at the modern town of Isakli, a Turkish town, built as usual upon the ruins of an ancient site, but of which few remnants of any importance are now extant. Mr. Hamilton (Vol. I. p. 201) has identified Thymbrium with Ak-Shehr, although in another place (Vol. 1. p. 472), from the more satisfactory determination of Antioch of Pisidia, and the relative positions of that city and of Philomelium, as given by Strabo, he identifies Ak-Shehr, or "the White City," with the latter spot,—the Philomelum of Cicero. Major Rennell sought for Thymbrium at Kara-Tepeh, a mound of ruins somewhat eastward of Ak-Shehr, and Col. Leake was led by affinity of name to the banks of the river Thymbrus, a tributary to the Sangarius, flowing past Kutayeh and Eski-Hisár.

Two more marches of five parasangs each carried the troops to Tyriæum, a place not much noticed by antiquity, if we except Pliny (v. c. 27), and it be the Tyanion of Anna Commena (xv. c. 7. 13). By distances this position coincides with that of the modern town of Arkut Khan. Mr. Hamilton by his admeasurements identifies it with Ilghún. There are, however, no remnants of antiquity or inscriptions illustrative of the true positioning of the site at either of the above-mentioned modern towns.

From Tyriæum, three marches, during which twenty parasangs were accomplished, brought the army to Iconium, celebrated from all antiquity, the capital of the Seljukian sultans, and the seat of an Osmanli pasha, under the name of Koniyeh. The present state and the antiquities of this city have been recently the subject of description in a posthumous work of Niebuhr, in Mr. Hamilton's and the author's works.

Cyrus proceeded from Iconium five marches or thirty parasangs, through Lycaonia, to the place where he parted with the Cilician queen, sending her under the escort of Menon, the Thessalian, by the shortest way into Cilicia, while he travelled himself and his army, twenty-five parasangs in four marches to Dana. The position of Dana being now well known, and that of Iconium having never been lost, a consideration of the amount of distance travelled by the army, and a knowledge of the peculiarities of the country, added to the objects held in view by Cyrus, leave no doubt that he marched to the entrance of the lower pass of Mount Taurus, which formerly led to Soli or Pompeiopolis, and

which is now designated as the pass of Alan Buzuk, from a village of that name.

Dana is so called by Xenophon alone. From the position given, and from its being at the entrance of the Cilician gate, there appears to be little or no doubt of its being the same as the Tyana of the historians of Alexander and antiquity generally. (Strabo, XII. p. 370. Sozomenus, VI. c. 12. Ovid, Meta. viii. 721. Flavius Vopiscus, c. 22 & 23. Philostratus, vit. Apollon. 1. c. 4. Ammianus, XXIII. c. 19.)

Tyana has been sought for at various places, as Ketch-Hisár by Kinneir, and elsewhere by Rennell; but it remained for Mr. Hamilton by his discovery of the lake or fountain of Asmabæus, to identify the position of Dana, and consequently also of Tyana, with the existing ruins of Kiz-Hisár, almost beyond controversy.

Menon's arrival in Cilicia with a body of troops having caused Syennesis to retire from the pass of Cilicia, it remained open to the forces of Cyrus, and after staying a day on the plain, the passage was effected without opposition: it is described by the historian as Εντεῦθεν ἐπειρῶντο εἰσβάλλειν εἰς τὴν Κιλικίαν· ἡ δὲ εἰσβολὴ ἦν ὁδὸς ἁμαξιτὸς, ὀρθία ἰσχυρῶς, καὶ ἀμήχανος εἰσελθεῖν στρατέυματι, εἴ τις ἐκώλυεν. Xenophon calls the entrance simply eloßoλn, but he does not use the term Húλai Kiλikiai, as was done by most subsequent historians, (Arrian. II. 4. Strabo XII. p. 570. Callisthenes in Polybii Fragmentis, XII. c. 8. Q. Curtius, III. c. 4,) or the equally expressive term "Tauri Pyla," used by Cicero (ad Attic. v. 20). The only detailed and careful account which is given of the Cilician gates is contained in my Travels and Researches, Vol. II. p. 71, et seq.

From thence he descended into a large and beautiful plain, well watered, and full of all sorts of trees and vines: eis Tedíov μéya, καλὸν καὶ ἐπίῤῥυτον, καὶ δένδρων παντοδαπῶν ἔμπλεων καὶ ἀμπέλων, α description which presents in brief what Cilicia Campestris is to the present day, fertile and generally cultivated; and when not so, interspersed with trees-a point in which it differs from most plains in Asia Minor. To the grains enumerated by Xenophon, Enoaμov, Sesamum Orientale, and the Semsem of the Arabs; peλím, panic; Kéуxpos, millet; Tuрós, wheat; κpion, barley; may now be added the cultivation of the sugar-cane and cotton.

Having made five and twenty parasangs in four days march, they arrived at Tarsus, “Ταρσούς, πόλιν τῆς Κιλικίας μεγάλην καὶ evdaíμova,” where stood the palace of Syennesis king of Cilicia; and

having the river Cydnus, which is two hundred feet in breadth, running through it. Tarsus and its river (the latter most familiar from the illness entailed to Alexander by bathing in its waters) was not only celebrated in all antiquity, but has ever continued to be a town of great importance. There are still many ruins there to attract the scholar or the antiquary.

Cyrus made, in two marches from Tarsus, ten parasangs to the river Psarus or Sarus. From the distance travelled, it was evidently above the site of the city of Adana that the river was traversed by Cyrus. This was necessitated by the depth of the stream rendering it unfordable at that city, and is evidenced by the width given to the river by Xenophon, of 300 feet, and by his not mentioning Adana, which was nevertheless a town of remote antiquity. This river is called by the Turks Seïhún.

Another march of five parasangs brought the army to the Pyramus, which appears, from several considerations, to have been forded below Mopsuestia, the present Missis, and also upon the now abandoned westerly branch. The first consideration which led us to this deduction is, that the river is not fordable on the plain from Missis to Ainzarbeh, the Anazarba or Anazarbus of the low empire. The second is, that the distance travelled is greater than is necessary to go simply from the Seïhún to the Jeïhún (as the Gihon or Pyramus is called by the Turks), in the parallel of Adana and Missis; and the third, that it was by the western branch that it was forded, is manifested by the distance given from the Pyramus to Issus.

The road then followed would have taken the army across the Campus Aleius, over which Philotas also led the Macedonian cavalry (Strabo xiv. p. 676), and by which they would have avoided the passes of the Jebel Elnúr (mountain of light). They would thus have passed by Ægæ, now Ayas, a small sea-port with ruins. Thence they would reach the Demir Kapu, or iron gate, a Cyclopian monument of a remote age; from whence, keeping along shore, and avoiding Castabalum, the Catabolon of the Antonine Itinerary, and the ruins of which are in the present day extensive, they reached Issus.

Scarcely any traces of this city, ennobled by the victory of Alexander over Darius, remain in the present day; but there can be no doubt, by the distances given from Castabalum, and from the Syro-Cilician gates, that, notwithstanding the identification of Issus with Bayas by Williams, in his Geography of Ancient Asia,

that that site is indicated by the ruined fragments which are scattered about the right bank of the Deli Chaï (Pinarus), and not on the left bank of one of its affluents, where is Yusler, its supposed representative by Rennell (p. 48). This appears also to have been the site of the Pindenissus of the Eleuthero-Cilicians of Cicero (ad Famil. ii. ep. 10).

From Issus Cyrus made in one march five parasangs to the gates of Cilicia and Syria: ἐπὶ πύλας τῆς Κιλικίας καὶ τῆς Συρίας. Ησαν δέ ταῦτα δύο τείχη ̇ καὶ τὸ μὲν ἔσωθεν, τὸ πρὸ τῆς Κιλικίας, Συέννεσις εἶχε καὶ Κιλίκων φυλακή· τὸ δ ̓ ἔξω, τὸ πρὸ τῆς Συρίας, βασιλέως ἐλέγετο φυλακὴ φυλάττειν. Διὰ μέσου δὲ τούτων ῥεῖ ποταμὸς Κάρσος ὄνομα, εὖρος πλέθρου. Ἅπαν δὲ τὸ μέσον τῶν τειχῶν ἦσαν στάδιοι τρεῖς καὶ παρελθεῖν οὐκ ἦν βίᾳ· ἦν γὰρ ἡ πάροδος στενὴ, καὶ τὰ τείχη εἰς τὴν θάλατταν καθήκοντα, ὕπερθεν δὲ ἦσαν πέτραι ἠλίβατοι· ἐπὶ δὲ τοῖς τείχεσιν ἀμφοτέροις ἐφειστήκεσαν πύλαι. Ταύτης ἕνεκα τῆς παρόδου Κῦρος τὰς ναῦς μετεπέμψατο, ὅπως ὁπλίτας ἀποβιβάσειεν εἴσω καὶ ἔξω τῶν πυλῶν, καὶ βιασάμενοι τοὺς πολεμίους παρέλθοιεν, εἰ φιλάττοιεν ἐπὶ ταῖς Συρίαις πύλαις. Αll the circumstances of this minute description may be traced in the present day. A river, now called Merketzsu, and apparently the Andricus of Pliny, as well as Karsus of Xenophon, flows from a mountain ravine, having a Turkish castle on one side and a modern village; on the other, the ruins of an ancient wall terminating in buttresses is still extant on the seashore, and can be traced from this ravine to the sea; and at a distance of 600 yards, or 3 stadia, are the fragmentary ruins of another wall or gate: but the river in the present day does not flow out between the walls, but, after losing itself in a marsh, issues into the sea by two mouths-one of which is between the walls or gates, the other a little outside the northerly or Cilician gates.

The Amanian gates (Αμανίδες πύλαι), across which Darius led his army in the rear of that of the Macedonian conqueror, and over which he effected his retreat after the disastrous engagement, are to the north of the Issus and the Pinarus, in the Amanian range of mountains now called the Jawur Tagh, and in the parallel of Castabalum.

After passing the gates of Cilicia and Syria, Cyrus proceeded through Syria, and in one march made five parasangs to Myriandrus: εἰς Μυρίανδρον, πόλιν οἰκουμένην ὑπὸ Φοινίκων, ἐπὶ τῇ θαλάττῃ ἐμπόριον δ ̓ ἦν τὸ χωρίον, καὶ ὥρμουν αὐτόθι ὁλκάδες πολλαί.

This interesting site, although sought for by Rennell (p. 57),