MANY of the discoveries which have been made of la Greece, Asia Minor, and Egypt, have brought forth so other to strengthen the conviction that the statements of can always be relied upon, when he speaks from his own and was not imposed upon by those from whom he information; but even in this latter case he had usually enough to see whether what he was told was probab or not. This character of the father of history is n established, that it scarcely requires any additional pr port it; but as there are still some persons who canno their mistaken notions about Herodotus, we feel great in recording a discovery which may contribute to remov In chapter 106 of the second book, Herodotus say Sesostris marked his victorious progress through th which he subdued, by monuments, some of which c exist in his time, and were seen and described by hir these monuments existed in Ionia, the one on the roa territory of Ephesus to Phocæa, and the other on that to Smyrna. The figures in these two cases were the sa into the living rock. Herodotus gives his description in ing words: ἑκατέρωθι δὲ ἀνὴρ ἐγγέγλυπται, μέγαθος πέμπτης μὲν δεξιῇ χερὶ ἔχων αἰχμὴν, τῇ δὲ ἀριστερῇ τόξα, καὶ τὴν ὡσαύτως· καὶ γὰρ Αἰγυπτίην καὶ Αἰθιοπίδα ἔχει· ἐκ δὲ τοῦ ἕτερον ὦμον διὰ τῶν στηθέων γράμματα ἱρὶ Αἰγύπτια διήκει λέγοντα τάδε· ἐγὼ τήνδε τὴν χώρην ὤμοισι τοῖσι ἔμοισι ὅστις δὲ καὶ ὁκόθεν ἐστὶ, ἐνθαῦτα μὲν οὐ δηλοῖ, ἑτέρωθι δὲ δεί monument on the road from Ephesus to Phocæa, w described by Herodotus, has been recently discovered Eckenbrecher, and has since been seen and described Welcker, whose attention was drawn to it on his recent Asia Minor. (See Rhein. Museum, Neue Folge, ii. An attentive traveller, says Welcker, cannot fail to monument. The side of the rock in which it is perpendicular, and forms a smooth, almost square v somewhat broader than high, on the right-hand side nade of late years in forth something or ments of Herodotus his own experience om he derived h usually good sense s probable in itself ory is now so well ional proof to sup ho cannot get rid of eel great satisfaction to remove them. lotus says that king ough the countries which continued to d by him. Two of n the road from the on that from Sardis re the same, and cut ription in the follow πέμπτης σπιθαμής, τη καὶ τὴν ἄλλην σκευὴν δὲ τοῦ ὤμου ἐς τὸν διήκει ἐγκεκολαμμένα, μοισι ἐκτησάμην δε δεδήλωκε. is t ea, which is t The covered by Dr. scribed by Profes s recent excursion to ge, ii. p. 430, foll fail to perceive the it is cut is almost are wall, which is d side of the road. not far from the beautiful defile which terminates about five miles on this side of Nymphi. The rock itself is seen at a considerable distance, and on approaching it closer, one perceives, if not the figure itself, at least the square cavity, on the ground of which the figure is cut, in the same manner in which the reliefs are wrought on the monuments of Egypt. The rock and the place around are called Karabel, that is, the black hip. The frame is only 90 centimeters above the road, and its lower part is cut 42 centimeters deep into the rock, and the upper part somewhat less, as the rock reclines a little. The frame is almost of a square form, and somewhat narrower at the top than at the lower part, which measures 1 meter and 85 centimeters. The figure (a warrior) is of the height of 2 meters and 30 centimeters, and holds in its left hand (not in the right, as Herodotus says) a lance, and in the right the string of a bow which hangs on its back. The detail parts of the figure are seen very indistinctly, and the hands and face appear to have been wrought originally very roughly on the rude limestone. The influence of time and the air have made even the more prominent parts of the figure very indistinct. Near the head of the warrior a bird is represented in a sort of ornamented frame. Of the inscription mentioned by Herodotus not a trace seems to be left now, as the whole surface of the figure has disappeared. L. SCHMITZ. Herodotus says (vii. 117), that while Xerxes was with his army at Acanthus, Artachaies died, a distinguished Persian who had superintended the construction of the canal across the Isthmus of Athos. He adds, that Xerxes gave him a splendid funeral, and the whole army raised a mound (ετυμβοχόεε πᾶσα ἡ στρατία) : in the time of Herodotus, the Acanthians, pursuant to an oracular command, sacrificed to Artachaies as a Hero. "About 1 mile to the westward of the north end of the canal (of Xerxes) is the modern village of Erso (on the site of Acanthus), which gives name to the bay, situated on an eminence overhanging the beach: this is crowned a remarkable mound, forming a small natural citadel1." This by Penny Cyclopædia, in the article "Athos;" which was supplied for that work by Lieutenant Wolfe, who was engaged in the recent survey of the coasts of Thrace and Macedonia. See also Leake's Travels in Northern Greece, Vol. III. p. 145, &c. 6-2 mound appears to be that described by Herodotus, who sonally acquainted with the places on the route of Xe the Hellespont to Attica, as any attentive reader will se seventh book. Herodotus (vii. 22) describes the peninsula of A mountainous tract projecting into the sea; on the lan says, the peninsula is terminated by an isthmus abo stadia across, which is flat, and contains some hillock peak of Athos," says Lieut. Wolfe, "is in 40° 9′ N 20 E. long. The canal of Xerxes is still most distin traced all the way across the isthmus, from the Gulf of M to the Bay of Erso in the Gulf of Contessa, with the ex about 200 yards in the middle, where the ground bea pearance of having ever been touched. But as there is of the whole canal having been excavated by Xerxes (1 37, 122, and Thucyd. iv. 109), it is probable that t part was afterwards filled up, in order to allow a m passage into and out of the peninsula. In many places is still deep, swampy at the bottom, and filled with other aquatic plants: the rain and small springs drai into it from the adjacent heights afford at the Monte S good watering-place for shipping; the water (except i weather) runs out in a good stream. The distance acr yards, which agrees very well with the breadth of tw assigned by Herodotus. The width of the canal appe been about 18 or 20 feet; the level of the earth nowh 15 feet above the sea; the soil is a light clay. It is on very remarkable isthmus, for the land on each side especially to the westward) rises abruptly to an elevatic 1000 feet." This cutting through the peninsula o alleged by Juvenal (Sat. x. 174) as a specimen of dacity: creditur olim Velificatus Athos, et quidquid Græcia mendax 1 B It might suit the declamatory taste of Juvenal to write even if he knew the facts as stated by Herodotus. he never took the pains to read the father of history: lay in a different direction. Ruperti's note on the I dotus, who was per ute of Xerxes from er will see from his la of Athos as a d with rushes and more It is on the whole a mer good sample of critical ignorance. He had not read Herodotus, or he could not understand him. Herodotus (vii. 125) says, that the army of Xerxes, on its march from Acanthus to Therme (afterwards Thessalonica), was annoyed by lions, which seized the camels that carried the provisions. The fine silver coins of Acanthus contain on the reverse a spirited figure of a lion on the back of a bull with his claws and teeth fixed in him. Herodotus adds, that in this part of Greece there were lions in his time, and that the lion was found in the tract between the river Nestus and the Achelous in Acarnania, but nowhere else in Europe. Aristotle (Hist. Anim. vi. 31) also states that the lion is found between the Nestus and the Achelous. Pliny (Nat. Hist. viii. 16) follows Aristotle. V. GEORGE LONG. A DISSERTATION ON A SECOND BOSPORUS CIMMERIUS, ANCIENT geography has always been considered as one of the most difficult branches of knowledge. However, Ptolemy, Strabo, Mela, Pliny, were popular among their countrymen who understood them easily, and who believed their statements with a readiness which was neither guided nor disturbed by that spirit of critical investigation which is one of the most striking features of modern science. Criticism, that is doubt, comparison, and conclusion, is now the indispensable condition without which scientific conviction cannot be obtained. As to ancient geography in particular, there was among the Greeks and Romans a considerable stock of knowledge, the result of experience and tradition, which existed alongside that knowledge which was contained in the works of so many distinguished authors. The ancient geographers of course pre The substance of this paper, but re- | Geographical Society of Paris, in the presenting the subject in a somewhat month of August, 1842. ED. different light, was read in the Royal sented fewer difficulties to their contemporaries than to us, their readers were generally able to complete deficiencies understand rough sketches which present to us as man mountable difficulties. In many cases we cannot un those geographers, because we have no knowledge of t sical changes which rivers, lakes, shores, and similar 1 have gradually undergone during the long period which their age from our own. As to names, a great number still exist, though partly altered or mutilated. The form of others has entirely disappeared, but they are in translations; for as they had an expressive meaning, t translated into the language of those nations which s the Greeks and Romans in the dominion of the countries those names are to be found. This is especially the Thrace, Illyria, Macedonia, Epirus, Asia Minor, and the round the Euxine, where a great number of Roman a names are still to be recognized in a Slavonic or Turkish tion. Sometimes also, when the ancients are obscure in scription of important localities, it is evident that a detailed tion appeared useless to them, those spots being then u known. They wrote for the practical want of their conten and not for the scientific curiosity of later generations. the knowledge of the ancients was in a great measure the hearing, seeing, and oral discussions; they cultivated th by educating their senses. Revolutions of the soil, and alterations of names, are the results of a slow process; and many a century is requi the primitive state of things entirely disappears either surface of the earth or from the memory of a nation. S lutions may have been observed by later geographers, purposely or accidentally communicated their observation contemporaries, and thus to posterity. Our knowledge of times will therefore often derive many a valuable contrib observations made during subsequent centuries. It m happened, for example, that the Greeks of Constantinopl their declining empire against the sword of the Khal arrows of the Bulgarians, on a plain but imperfectly des contemporary of Augustus; and a Byzantine writer, in |