Kite

at Philadelphia. Modern scientific kite-flying may be said to date from 1883, when Douglas Archibald, in England, fastened anemometers to the kite wire, and so registered the wind movement at various elevations up to 1,200 feet. The experiments made by Franklin in 1752 were

FIG. 1.-Java Kite.

In

repeated in 1885 by Alexander M'Adie in the U. S., with the addition of an electrometer. 1889 and again in 1892, he measured simultaneously the electric potential at the base and summit of Blue Hill, Mass., and, with kites

as collectors, at several hundred feet above the hill top. Eddy of Bayonne, N. J., in 1890 used an ordinary kite to raise thermometers, but soon discarded this for a tailless kite devised by himself. This resembled the Java kite (Fig. 1). The convex surface exposed to the wind enables a tail to be dispensed with (Fig. 2). In August, 1894, Eddy, at Blue Hill, sent up a thermograph 1,500 ft. above the summit, and so obtained the first automatic record of temperature by a kite. After that the records obtained from the meteorograph included data relating to barometric pressure, temperature, humidity, and wind velocity. Soon the Eddy or Malay kite was discarded for the cellular or box-kite invented by Laurence Hargrave of Sydney, N. S. W. These kites (Fig. 3) generally have two rectangular

FIG. 2.-Eddy Tailless Kite.

cells covered with nainsook cloth, except at the top and bottom, and one is secured above the other by four or more sticks. Some of the kites stand 9 ft. high, have 70 sq. ft. of lifting surface, and weigh only eleven pounds. The kites are flown singly or in tandem (Fig. 4). Steel piano wire is used instead of cord, and as much as 32,000

127

ft. is coiled around a drum driven by steam power. By this means kites have raised meteorographs to altitudes of over three miles. The general results of over two hundred records from kites flown at Blue Hill Observatory have been summarized in several communications to scientific journals. He shows that the wind's velocity steadily increases with elevation, thus confirming the measurements made upon clouds. The decrease of temperature with height varies under different conditions. On cloudless days the fall of temperature during the first mile is at the rate of 1° for each 180 ft. of ascent. On cloudy days the fall is at this rate until the base of the clouds is reached. In the cloud the reduction of temperature with height is slow, while above the cloud it is still slower. The diurnal change in temperature in the free air almost entirely disappears at about 2,500 ft., although it is well marked on mountain stations at 6,000 ft. and upwards. Inversions of tem

FIG. 3.-Hargrave Kite.

perature are not uncommon, especially on calm nights, when the air near the ground is often much colder than at the height of a few hundred feet. During anticyclones the air is sometimes colder near the ground than at the height of several thousand feet. The relative humidity, as a rule, varies inversely with the temperature. As night approaches, it increases near the ground, but diminishes at an altitude of 3,000 ft. The great practical importance of kite records in the United States lies in the information which they give of coming weather changes which are first felt in the upper air. To facilitate weather forecasts, the United States Weather Bureau has equipped a number of observing stations with kite appliances, to obtain daily synoptic data at the height of a mile in the free air, while many of the meteorological bureaus in Europe have organized systematic kite

Kittanning

flights. A recent development of kites has been the multicellular tetrahedral kite of Prof. Alex. Graham Bell, which has shown great lifting power. Military kites are chiefly of two kinds. A small one is used to carry a camera for photographing a fort or intrenched lines from above, the shutter being worked

FIG. 4.-Kites carrying
Meteorograph.

by electric wire or by clockwork. A larger kite, or preferably several kites coupled together, are used to lift a man up to, say, from 50 to 100 ft. or more for purposes of reconnoitring. The entire apparatus is cheaper, lighter in weight, and more expeditious than a balloon. See Rotch's Sounding the Ocean of Air,' in Annals of the Astronomical Observatory of Harvard College, vol. xlii., part 1; Monthly Weather Review (May, 1896); Department of Agriculture Weather Bureau, Bulletin F. Report on the Kite Observations of 1898.

Kit Kat Club, a society in N. Y. city, named after the famous Kit Kat Club of London (q.v.), and composed of painters and illustrators. There is an annual exhibition of the work of the members.

Kittanning, bor., Pa., co. seat of Armstrong co., on the Alleghany R. and on the Riv. Div. of the Pa. R. R., 36 m. N.E. of Pittsburg, 45 m. by rail. It is situated in a rich farming district, and natural gas, coal, fire-clay, and limestone are found. It has manufactures of pig metal, iron, brick,, pottery, mirrors, plate glass, and lumber. It was first settled in 1800 and incorporated in 1821. Pop. (1900) 3,902.

Kittatinny

Kittatinny, or Blue Mountains, in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, part of the Appalachian system, is a ridge from 1,200 to 1,800 ft. in height, and is noted for beautiful scenery, including the famous Delaware Water Gap. The region is filled with attractive summer resorts.

Kittatinny, or CRETACEOUS PENEPLAIN. At least three times in early geologic history the Appalachian region was the seat of great dynamic changes. Each time the strata were subjected to folding; and mountain ranges probably comparing favorably with the Alps in ruggedness were developed. But beginning with the Mesozoic, an extremely long era of continental stability was inaugurated, during which time the processes of erosion succeeded in planing off the folds and reducing all sorts of inequalities to near base level. The whole region was reduced in this way till the great streams of that time had accomplished almost the limit of their work and flowed sluggishly to the sea. That ancient plain, at nearly sea-level in its maturity, was subsequently elevated by general continental uplift several hundred feet, by which the streams were rejuvenated and began to carve valleys anew. The truncated folds were discovered beneath the alluvium, the softer strata were readily attacked, and gradually by differential erosion great and deep valleys were sunk into the old plain, whose position and former extent is now marked only by the crests of the greater ridges of harder rocks that still reach up nearly to the level of the original plain. Some of the more powerful streams still hold their way to the sea heedless of the structures that have been discovered by them and their tributaries.

Because of the numerous remnants of this old plain still existing as crests in the Kittatinny Range, this former almost obliterated form, a relic of a former erosion cycle, it known as the Kittatinny Pene plain.

See Bailey Willis, Physiography of the Northern Appalachians, in Nat'l Geog. Soc. Monographs, vol. i.

Kittery, vil., York co., Me., opposite Portsmouth, on the Piscataqua R. and the Boston and Maine R. R. There is a U. S. navy-yard here, commonly called the Portsmouth Navy-yard. It became celebrated in connection with the treaty of Portsmouth, concluding peace between Japan and Russia. Pop. (1900), 2,872.

Kittiwake Gull (Rissa tridactyla), a sea-gull characterized by the absence of the hind toe. It is resident on both sides of the N. Atlantic, and breeds in large VOL. VII.-9

129

colonies where sea-cliffs provide it with ledges of rock. It measures fifteen inches in length, and in summer is white and gray above, and white below, with black tips to some of its wing

Kittiwake Gull.

primaries. The legs are black, a distinction from the related R. brevirostris of the N. Pacific, which has orange legs and feet. See GULL.

Kitto, JOHN (1804-54), English Biblical scholar, born at Plymouth. He was apprenticed to a Plymouth dentist, who assisted him to publish his Essays and Letters (1825). He afterwards edited The Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature (3d ed. 186366), and published The Pictorial Bible (new ed. 1855-6), History of Palestine (new ed. 1859); The Lost Senses (1845); Journal_of Sacred Literature (1848-53). See Memoirs by J. E. Ryland (1856). Kitty Hawk, vil., Currituck co., N. C., on the Atlantic coast; has a signal station.

Kiuh-fow. See K'UH-FU.

Kiu-kiang, treaty port, prov. Kiang-si, China, on r. bk. of Yang-tse-kiang, about 10 m. above the outlet of Po-yang Lake. There is a small colony of foreign residents, and some churches and schools under the management of missionaries. The delicate teas of Kiang-si were formerly shipped thence direct to Europe, but are now sent to Shanghai (445 m.) or Hankow for sale. Besides its teas, porcelain from Kiu-tô-chen is an important export. A large sanatorium has sprung up since 1896 at Ku-ling in the mountains about 4,000 feet above Kiu-kiang. Pop. (1901) 62,000.

Kiung-chow, treaty port (opened in 1876) and chief city in island of Hainau, off coast of prov. Kwang-tung, China; is 3 m. from its port Hoi-how. Chief exports, sugar, sesamum, grass-cloth, pigs, and poultry. Net value of annual trade about $4,000,000. Pop. (1901) 35,000. Kiushiu, or KIMO, the most southerly of the four large islands of Japan proper, separated from Korea by the Strait of Korea, and from Nippon or Honshiu by Shimonoseki Strait and part of the Inland Sea. The area (including smaller islands) is 16,840

Klado

sq. m., and the population (1898) 6,811,246. The coast of the large island is much indented, especially on the w., the interior is mountainous and volcanic. Hot springs and solfataras are frequent. Rice, wheat, millet, beans, hemp, tea, and tobacco are produced. The production of coal is rapidly increasing, especially round Karatsu and in the island of Takashima, 8 m. s.w. of Nagasaki. Antimony is found in the S.E. Copper is mined, and tin is said to be abundant in the E. and S.W. The provinces of Hizen and Satsuma are celebrated for pottery, the latter for crackled faience. The chief harbor is Nagasaki.

Kiwi. See APTERYX.

Kiwi, the native (Maori) name in New Zealand for the apteryx (q.v.).

Kizil Irmak, or HALYS, the largest river in Asia Minor, rises in the Karabel-dagh, from 70 to 80 m. E. of the town of Sivas. It flows w., N., and N.E., describing a deep curve, and falls into the Black Sea between Sinope and Samsun. Its length is 550 m., and it is all but useless for navigation.

Kizil-kum, desert tract of Russian Central Asia, stretching between the Amu Daria and Syr Daria, and between the Aral Sea and the Kara-tau highlands, over 200 m. from N. to S., and nearly 380 m. from E. to W. It is a sandy waste, sprinkled with saksaul and a few spiny shrubs.

Kjerulf, HALFDAN (1818-68), Norwegian musical composer, born at Christiania. His choruses for male voices and his compositions for the piano command deserved attention, but he is best known in Britain by his melodious settings of songs, an English edition of which was published in 1883.

Kladderadatsch, the chief political humorous newspaper of Germany, is illustrated, and is published weekly in Berlin. It was founded in 1848 by Albert Hoffmann.

Kladno, tn., Bohemia, Austria, 19 m. by rail w. of Prague; has iron and coal mines, iron furnaces, and iron and steel works. Pop. (1900) 18,600.

Klado, NICHOLAS LAVRENTIEVITCH (1861), an ex-captain in the Russian navy whose violent antiEnglish articles attracted some attention during the Russo-Japanese war. He was appointed chief of staff to Admiral Skrydlof at Vladivostok during the earlier stages of the war, and was with Vice-Admiral Rodjestvensky at the time of the North Sea incident' (October 1904). He has written two standard works on naval tactics, upon which he is regarded as one of the greatest living authorities. He was dis

Klagenfurt

missed from the navy on account of his writings in May 1905.

Klagenfurt, tn. and cap. of Carinthia, Austria, 114 m. by rail N. by E. of Triest. The chief manufactures are leather, white lead, machines, tobacco, and cloth. Pop. (1900) 24,314.

Klamath, riv., California, flows through the Klamath Lakes in S. Oregon, and after a circuitous course through the Cascade and Coast ranges, which it pierces in cañons, reaches the Pacific in lat. 416 32' N. Its length is 270 m., and its drainage basin embraces 14,660 sq. m.

Klamath, lake in Oregon and Cal., 44 m. long and at its N. end 10 m. wide. It is divided into the Upper and Lower lakes

He

Klapka, GEORGE (1820-92), Hungarian general, a native of Temesvar. He joined the Hungarian revolutionists in 1848, and won world-wide fame by his defence of the fortress of Komorn over the Austrians in 1849. wrote The National War in Hungary and Transylvania (1851); The War in the East (1855); and Memoirs of the War of Independence in Hungary (1850 and 1886).

Ge

Klaproth, HEINRICH JULIUS (1783-1835), German orientalist and traveler, was born at Berlin; became known by the publication of Asiatisches Magazin (1802, etc.) and was interpreter in the Russian embassy to China. As the result of a scientific mission to the Caucasus, he published Archiv für die Asiatische Litteratur, schichte, und Sprachkunde (1810). In 1816 he was appointed professor of Oriental languages in Paris, and published there Asia Polyglotta (1823), and Aperçu Général des Trois Royaumes (1833). See Landresse's Notice Historique et Littéraire de Klaproth (1835).

Klaproth, MARTIN HEINRICH (1743-1817), German chemist, was born at Wernigerode. He discovered uranium, titanium, and zirconium; advanced the theory of the conservation of mass by his careful quantitative work; and, besides memoirs on specific subjects, published Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper (6 vols. 1795-1815). Klausenburg, Hungary. KOLOZSVÁR.

See

Klausthal, or CLAUSTHAL, mining tn., Prussian prov. Hanover, in Harz Mts., 19 m. by rail s. of Goslar; is the centre of one of the principal mining districts (silver and lead) of Germany, and has a famous mining academy. It virtually forms, however, one community with Zellerfeld (pop. 4,396). Pop. (1900) 8,565.

Kléber, JEAN BAPTISTE (17531800), French general, was born at Strassburg. Joining the republi

130

can forces, he was commander in the Vendéan war, distinguished himself at Fleurus (1794), captured Maestricht, and defeated the Austrians at Altenkirchen (1796). He was general of division in Egypt (1798) under Bonaparte, and played a prominent part in the Syrian expedition, winning the battle of Mount Tabor (1799). He was assassinated at Cairo by a Turkish fanatic. See Life, in French, by Pajol (1877).

Klein, BRUNO OSCAR (1858), German-American composer, was born at Osnabrück, Germany, and studied music under his father and at the Munich Royal Music School. He came to the U. S., 1878, was organist of a R. C. church in N. Y., 1884-94, and took charge of the department of the piano in the convent of the Sacred Heart, Manhattanville. His opera, Kenilworth, was produced at Hamburg, Germany 1895, and he composed a great number of sacred and secular pieces, both vocal and instrumental.

Klein, FELIX (1849), German mathematician, was born at Düsseldorf, Germany. He studied at German universities, with several of which he was associated as professor of mathematics. He was appointed to this position at Göttingen in 1886, and was commissioned by the Prussian government to attend the conference at Chicago in 1893. His numerous mathematical works have been much in use among American students. Those that have been translated include Vorträge uber ausgewählte Fragen der Elementargeometrie (1895).

Kleist, EWALD CHRISTIAN VON (1715-59), German poet, born near Köslin; served under Frederick the Great, and was mortally wounded at Kunersdorf. His best-known poem is Der Frühling (1749). He was a close friend of Lessing. A complete edition of his works was issued in 1880-2. See Life, in German, by Karl Einbeck (1861).

Kleist, HEINRICH VON (17771811), German dramatist of the romantic school, was born at Frankfort-on-the-Oder. He was harassed till the day of his suicide, beside Wan Lake, near Potsdam, by his inability to achieve his literary ideals. He left at least five plays-Der zerbrochene Krug (1806), Penthesilea (1808), Das Käthchen von Heilbronn (1810), Die Hermannsschlacht (1810), and Der Prinz von Homburg (1810)and one tale, Michael Kohlhaas (1808), which have won a permanent place in German literature, chiefly in virtue of their freshness and clarity, and in part their happy characterization. There are good editions of his Gesammelte Schrif

Klinger

ten by Tieck (new ed. by Schmidt, 1891) and by Karl Siegen (1895; new ed. 1900). See Lives by A. Wilbrandt (1863) and Brahm (3d ed. 1892).

Klephts, the bands of Greeks who, in the 15th century, carried on a system of guerrilla warfare against the Turkish conquerors of their country. Later they developed into ordinary brigands.

Kleptomania is a manifestation of insanity, in which the patient is possessed by an irresistible impulse to steal. The impulse is more frequently found in women. It is a partial degenerative insanity of the impulsive type, and is classed with pyromania and with dipsomania. The real kleptomaniac steals, often without concealment, articles which are of little or no use to him, rarely trying to utilize them. Legally he is accountable, since irresistible impulse is not a defense in the courts.

Klerksdorp, tn., Potchefstroom dist., Transvaal Colony, British S. Africa, 118 m. w. of Johannesburg. Here is a tinuation of the W. Rand gold fields. Pop. (1904) 4,235.

con

Kleve, or CLEVES, tn., Prussian prov. of Rhineland, 40 m. by rail N.N.W. of Krefeld. The castle of the former dukes, with which the legend of the Knights of the Swan (Lohengrin) is associated, is now converted into law courts and jail. Agricultural implements and tobacco are made. Henry VIII. of England married (1539) Anne, daughter of John, Duke of Cleves. Pop. (1900) 14,678.

Klinger, FRIEDRICH MAXIMILIAN VON (1752-1831), German poet and playwright, was born at Frankfort-on- Main; was from 1780 to 1830 in Russian service, chiefly as head of the corps of pages. His drama, Sturm und Drang (1776) gave the name to the exuberantly-romantic school to which he belonged. He is best known by his novel, Der Weltmann und der Dichter (1798), and the plays Conradin and Media. See Riegen's Klinger in der Sturm- und Drang-Periode.

Klinger, MAX (1857), German painter and sculptor, born at Leipzig. In his etchings and paintings this romantic realist endeavors to unveil nature's hidden phenomena and the working of the human mind. His conceptions are original and bizarre, and his coloring unconventional. Among his etchings, Eve of the Future (1880), the series entitled Life (1882) and Death (1889) are remarkable. As a painter, his most noted work is The Judgment of Paris (1888), now in the Vienna Gallery. His Pietà is in the Dresden Gallery, and his statue of Salome (1894) in the Leipzig Museum. See Meissner's Life, in

Klipspringer

German (2d ed., 1899), and his Klingerwerk (1896-1901).

Klipspringer, or KAINSI, a small but very active antelope (Oreotragus saltator), found in the rocky regions of South Africa from

Klipspringer.

the Cape to Abyssinia. The height is under two feet, and the hoofs are said to be so small that all four could stand on a penny. It has been called the 'chamois of Africa' because of its fondness for rocky country, while its agility in hillclimbing is marvellous, Klipspringer stalking is a famous sport. Klondike. See YUKON.

Klopsch, LOUIS (1852-1910), German-American journalist and philanthropist, was born in Germany, and was educated in the New York City public schools. After a period of journalistic work (1877-90), he became proprietor of The Christian Herald, in 1902, and thereafter carried on his vast charitable works through the medium of that paper. He collected and distributed funds for the relief of the Russian famine of 1892, and the Indian famine of 1896-7; was one of the three commissioners appointed to relieve the starving reconcentrados in Cuba (1898); in 1900, raised $700,000 for the assistance of sufferers from the famine and cholera in India, and guaranteed the support of 5,000 orphans for a period of seven years. From 1901 to 1903 Dr. Klopsch collected thousands of dollars for starving people in China, Japan, Finland, and Sweden. He also collected large sums of money for relief work in San Francisco (1906-8), and Messina (1908-9). In the aggregate these funds have amounted to over $4,000,000. He founded the Bowery Mission, and conducted a summer home for tenement-house children near Nyack, N. Y. While on a tour around the world he was received in audience by the rulers of England, Russia, Italy, Sweden, and Denmark. He was decorated by the Emperor of Japan with the Order of the Rising Sun.

VOL. VII.-Jan. '11.

131

Klopstock, FRIEDRICH GOTTLIEB (1724-1803), German poet, was born in Quedlinburg. He was a pupil at Schulpforta (1739-45), and there conceived the idea of writing a great religious epic. The first three cantos of his Messias were published in 1748. In 1751 Klopstock received a pension from Frederick v. of Denmark, and remained at Copenhagen till 1770, when he went to Hamburg, where he lived until his death. The twenty cantos of the Messias were not completed till 1773. Although Klopstock devoted so much labor to his epic, his gifts were essentially lyric. By his Messias and by his early Odes Klopstock did much to emancipate German literature from the French forms of verse. His works have been edited by Boxberger (6 vols., 1879), by Hamel (4 vols.), and by Muncker. For his life, see Muncker's Klopstock (1900); Bailly's Étude (1888).

Klosterneuburg, town, Austria, province Lower Austria, on the Danube River, 5 m. by rail N.W. of Vienna. Its chief feature is the institution of the Augustine Canons (1106). There is also a Mechitarist (Armenian) college. Excellent wine is made. Pop. 13,000.

Knabenshue, Roy (1876), American aeronaut, was born in Lancaster, O. After several years of experience in ballooning, he constructed a dirigible balloon and made several voyages at the St. Louis Exposition, in 1904. Since then he has made many short exhibition voyages in various parts of the United States.

Knapp, MARTIN AUGUSTINE (1843), American jurist, was born in Spafford, New York. He graduated from Wesleyan University (1868), and was admitted to the New York bar (1869). He served as corporation counsel for Syracuse (1877-83); as a member of the Interstate Commerce Commission (1891-1910), and as Chairman of the Commission after 1898. In 1910 he was appointed Presiding Judge of the new Court of Commerce, which is to try cases affecting Interstate commerce.

Knapp, SAMUEL LORENZO (1783-1838), American author, was born in Newburyport, Mass. He was graduated (1804) at Dartmouth, studied law under Theophilus Parsons, and was successful as a practitioner. At different periods he edited the Boston Gazette and the National Republican, and was active as an author, writing lives of Lafayette, De Witt Clinton, Thomas Eady, Burr, and Andrew Jackson, and dictionaries of American biography. He also wrote Lectures on American Literature (1829).

Knapsack. See KIT.

Knapweed. See CENTAUREA. Knaresborough, market town, West Riding, Yorkshire, 18 m. W.N.

Knee

w. of Leeds. Among its features of interest is St. Robert's chapel, an artificial cave, once the cell of a thirteenth-century hermit. Another artificial cell, farther down the river, was the scene of the murder of Daniel Clarke by Eugene Aram (1745), an incident which forms the subject of Tom Hood's well-known poem. Near the town is a petrifying dropping well. Pop. 5,000.

Knatchbull - Hugessen, EDWARD HUGESSEN, BARON BRABOURNE (1829-93), English states-" man, born at Mersham Hatch, Kent; assumed the name of Hugessen (1840); sat as Liberal M.P. for Sandwich (1857-80); a lord of the Treasury (1859-66); was undersecretary for the home department (1860 and 1866); and for the colonies (1871-4). He wrote books for children, and edited the letters of Jane Austen.

Knaus, LUDWIG (1829-1910), German genre painter, was born in Wiesbaden. He was professor at the Berlin Academy from 1874 to 1884. Among his best-known pictures are Peasant's Dance (1850); Gipsies' Camp (1865); Children's Feast (1869), in the National Gallery, Berlin; Holy Family in Their Flight (1876), and None But the Cats, in the Metropolitan Museum, New York; Behind the Stage (1880), and many pictures of childrene.g., The Village Prince.

Knee. The knee is a hingejoint or ginglymus, and the bones entering into its formation are the lower end of the femur, the upper end of the tibia, and the posterior surface of the patella, or knee-cap. The synovial membrane of the knee is the largest in the body. The chief movement at the knee is that of flexion and extension, but slight rotation is also possible.

Injuries and Diseases of the Knee. -The chief affections to which the knee-joint is liable are sprain or rupture of ligaments, synovitis, fracture of the patella, displacement of semilunar cartilages, and tubercular disease. Dislocation of the knee is rare. As in other joints, rest plays a leading part in the treatment of disease or injury of the knee. The joint should be fixed by splints or by other mechanical contrivance; and should synovitis be present, counter-irritation and elastic pressure may also be employed. Elevation of the limb is generally desirable. In transverse fracture of the patella great difficulty is often experienced in securing sufficient relaxation of the extensor muscles to allow of bony union taking place between the fragments, and it is sometimes necessary to clamp or wire the upper fragment in apposition with the lower. Patients whose occupation compels them to kneel much are liable to an inflammation of the bursa over the patella. The condition is often