Kobold

Florinus Church dates from the twelfth century, and the Church of Our Lady from 1431. The new government buildings are unusually fine examples of modern architecture. The industries include champagne cellars, piano factories, and paper factories. Pop. (1906) 54,000, exclusive of 6,000 soldiers.

The strategic value of the present site of Koblenz was recognized by the Romans in the first century B.C. In 1632 the town was taken by the Swedes, but was stormed by the Imperialists in 1636; in 1688 ít was partly destroyed by the French. See EHRENBREITSTEIN.

Kobold. See GOBLIN; GNOME.
Koburg. See COBURG.

Koch, ROBERT (1843-1910), eminent German bacteriologist, was born in Klausthal, Hanover. He was educated at Göttingen University. In 1880 he became a member of the Imperial Board of Health; in 1883, Privy Councillor, and Director of the German Cholera Commission. In 1885 he was appointed professor at the University of Berlin, and director of the Institute of Hygiene; and in 1891, director of the Bacteriological Institute in Berlin. In 1905 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for achievements in physiology. He died at Baden-Baden,

Dr. Koch contributed many important discoveries to bacteriological science. As early as 1876 he isolated the bacillus of anthrax, and some years later proposed a method of preventive inoculation against that disease. In 1882 he demonstrated the bacillus of tuberculosis which bears his name; and in the following year, in Egypt and India, identified the cause of cholera (q.v.) in the comma bacillus. Tuberculin (which he prepared in 1890) is of the greatest value as a diagnostic agent, but as a remedy for phthisis it has not fulfilled the high hopes entertained on its introduction. However, it is now used to great advantage in a considerable percentage of inactive cases. In 1901 Koch announced his belief that human and bovine tuberculosis are not identical, and that infection of man with bovine tuberculosis takes place rarely. It has since been demonstrated by others that there are distinct and characteristic differences between the bacilli derived from human and those derived from bovine sources, but that a considerable percentage of fatal tuberculosis in children is due to milk and butter infection-i.e., infection with the bovine type. In adults, bovine infection is, as Koch believed, so rare as to be negligible. Twice, in 1896 and in 1903, he went to South Africa to study rinderpest, and there discovered a method of vaccination against the disease. In 1897 he went to German East Africa to study malaria. In 1905 he was sent to German East Africa to study the sleeping sickness.

VOL. VII.-Jan. '11.

142

He wrote On Cholera Bacteria (Eng. trans., 1886); On Bacteri ological Investigation (Eng. trans., 1891); Investigation of Pathogenic Organisms (Eng. trans., 1886), and other works.

Kochi, town, Honshu, Japan, on S.E. coast of Shikoku, 135 m. s.w. of Kobé. It is noted for its coral, and for its long-tailed fowls; it is the centre of the Japanese paper-making industry. Pop. (1908) 38,500.

Kock, CHARLES PAUL DE (17941871), French novelist, was born at Paris. He published about one hundred novels, in which, in witty, vulgar, and realistic fashion, he described low and middle class life in Paris. Many of his novels were translated into English. Among his best works are: Georgette (1820); Gustave; Mon Voisin Raymond. See Trimm's Life (1873).

Kodak. See PHOTOGRAPHY. Kodama, GENTARO, VISCOUNT (1852-1906), Japanese soldier and statesman, was born in Choshu. He supplemented his Japanese training by study at Rutgers College and in Europe. In 1872 he entered the Japanese army, and was a captain in the Civil War (1877). He became vice-minister of war (1892), governor-general of Formosa (1897), Minister of War (1900), and Minister of Home Affairs (1903). For his success in restoring order in Formosa he was appointed ViceChief of the General Staff. He prepared the plans on which the war with Russia was fought, and during the war showed himself to be one of the ablest of the Japanese strategists. In 1906 he became Chief of the General Staff, and was created viscount and decorated with the Order of the Golden Kite. He has been called the 'brains of the Japanese army,' and has been compared to Kitchener, Richelieu, Napoleon, and, because of his manysidedness, to Leonardo da Vinci.

Kodiak, island lying off Cook Inlet, Alaska, 500 m. from Sitka; about 100 m. long by 50 m. wide. It is lofty and bare in the interior. Fur animals and salmon abound. The U. S. Department of Agriculture uses a part of the island as a breeding range for cattle and sheep, adapted to the extreme northern climates, and also for reindeer.

Kodiak Bear. A distinct species of American bear, the largest of existing carnivora, living on Kodiak island. This animal frequently weighs 1,200 pounds, and sometimes 1,500 pounds. The length of a good-sized specimen is about 10 feet, the breadth across the extended front paws about 11 feet.

Kodungalur, or CRANGANORE, town, Cochin State, Madras, India, 18 m. N. of Cochin. Pop. 32,000.

Koenig, GEORG AUGUSTUS (1845), American chemist and educator, was born at Willstedt, Baden, Germany. He was graduated from Heidelberg as mechanical engineer

Kohl-rabi

(1865), and received the degree of PH.D. (1867). The following year he came to the United States, and after field work among the Mexican mines was instructor and professor of chemistry and mineralogy at the University of Pennsylvania from 1872 to 1892. Since 1892 he has been professor of chemistry at the Michigan College of Mines. He has discovered several new minerals and a new method of assaying, and has prepared artificial crystals of arsenides of which no natural crystals have been found. His contributions to scientific publications are numerous, and he has written Chemistry Simplified (1905).

Kofu, town, Honshu, Japan, 80 m. s.w. of Tokyo. Its chief industry is that of silk. A kind of sweetmeat, consisting of grapes coated with sugar, is largely made; excellent red and white wines are produced; rock crystals are cut and polished. There are many fine buildings. Pop. (1908) 50,000.

Kohat, town, Kohat district, Punjab, India, at the s. base of the Afridi Hills, 37 m. s.w. of Peshawar. Pop. 33,000. The district has an area of 2,771 sq. m., and a population of 225,000. There are salt mines.

Koh-i-nur (Pers., 'Mountain of Light'), a magnificent diamond, one of the British crown jewels, whose known history begins early in the fourteenth century; weighs about 102 carats. It was long the property of the Grand Mogul at Delhi, where Tavernier saw it (1665). The Persians took possession of it (1739); then it passed to the Afghans, and was finally brought to Lahore. On the annexation of the Punjab (1850) it became the property of Queen Victoria. See DIAMOND.

Kohistan, geographical name applied to mountainous districts of Persia, Afghanistan, and India.

Köhler, REINHOLD (1830-92), German author, born at Weimar; studied philology at Jena, Leipzig, and Bonn. He was one of the most learned men of his day, and excelled as a folklorist. He was also a student of Shakespeare. He wrote Dantes Göttliche Komödie (1865) and Herders Cid (1867).

Kohlmann, ANTHONY (17711838), Roman Catholic clergyman, was born at Kaisersberg, Alsace. He was ordained a priest at Fribourg, Switzerland. He was pastor in New York from 1808-1815, and organized several Roman Catholic institutions and completed the cathedral in Mulberry street. He established the principle that secrets of the confessional cannot be extorted in a law court. He was made superior of the Jesuit order in the United States in 1817, and held other high offices in the church. He died at Rome.

Kohl-rabi (Brassica caulora pa) is a member of the cabbage family, and is largely cultivated in Italy and Germany on account

Kohlrausch

of its swollen, fleshy, turnip-like stem. When quite young it has the flavor of turnip, and may be

stored for a winter vegetable; it is often seen in American markets.

Kohlrausch, FRIEDRICH (1840), German physicist, was born at Rinteln, and after holding several chairs of physics (e.g. Göttingen, Würzburg, Strassburg) was appointed (1895) president of the Imperial Technical College at Charlottenburg. Besides numerous monographs on physical subjects, chiefly in connection with the theory of electrolysis, he has published Leitfaden der praktischen Physik (1870; 1Cth_ed. 1905) and Leitvermögen der Electrolyte (1898). The former of these is an invaluable text-book, and has been translated into English under the title of An Introduction to Physical Measurements (3d ed. 1834).

Kokomo, city, Ind., co. seat of Howard co., on the Pitts., Cin., Chi. and S. L., the Tol., St. L. and Kan. City, and the L. Erie and West. R. Rs., 60 m. N. of Indianapolis. Its manufactures include glass, lumber products, rubber goods, wood pulp, and paper. It was settled in 1844, incorporated as a town in 1845, and received its city charter in 1855. Pop. (1900) 10,609; est (1903) 11,314.

Koko-nor, or KUKU-NOR, lake and region of Central Asia. The lake lies in lat. 36° 58' N., and long. 99° 55′ E., at an altitude of 9,950 ft., and is surrounded by mountains. It is 60 m. in length by 40 m. in breadth. The region lies between Tibet, China, and the Gobi desert, and is sometimes understood to include not only the basin of Koko-nor itself, but also Tsaidam and the upper valley of the Hwang-ho, with the plateau of Odontala, where that river rises.

Kola or Guru Nut, the fruit of a tropical African tree, Cola acuminata, belonging to the order Sterculiacea. The nuts are rather larger than walnuts, and have a very bitter taste. They contain a large quantity of caffe

143

ine, and are eaten by the natives as a stimulant, which enables them to accomplish feats of endurance, and also to stave off the demands of hunger. They also enter largely into the ceremonies of the natives.

Kola, tn., Archangel gov., N. Russia, former cap. of the Kola or Russian Lapp peninsula,, at the head of the Gulf of Kola, lat. 68° 53' N., and long. 33° 1' E. It is one of the most northerly of European settlements. In 1899 it was superseded as capital by the new port of Alexandrovsk or Ekaterininsk, near the mouth of the Gulf of Kola. Pop. (1897) 615. Kolaba, or COLABA. See ВOM

BAY.

Kolapur. See KOLHAPUR.

Kolar. (1.) Town, cap. of Kolar dist., Mysore, India, 43 m. E. of Bangalore, with manufactures of coarse blankets. Pop. (1901) 12,210. The district has an area of 2,845 sq. m., and a population (1901) of 685,396. Kolar gold fields had in 1898 an output exceeding 400,000 ounces. The Gold Fields municipality had a population (1901) of 38,204. (2.) Fresh-water lake on the boundary of Kistna and Godavari districts, Madras Presidency, India. ing the monsoon it covers an area of 100 sq. m.

Dur

Kolarian, a conventional term first applied in 1866 by Sir George Campbell to numerous hill tribes of Central India (Chota Nagpur, the Vindhya uplands, Mirzapur, etc.), who are regarded by many as the true aborigines of the peninsula, or at least its earliest known occupants. The physical type differs little, if at all, from that of the other inhabitants of the same region; but all speak closely-related dialects of the same stock Kol or Munda language, which differs profoundly both from the northern Aryan (Sanskritic) and the southern Dravidian. In 1901 there still survived ten groups of distinctly Kolarian speech, collectively numbering 3,179,275, distributed as follows: Santali (Hos), 1,790,521; Kol (Munda), 948,687; Savara, 157,136; Kharia, 101,986; Korku, 87,675; Gadaba, 37,230; Kora, 23,873; Korwa, 16,442; Juang, 10,853; Asur, 4,872. The word kol is the basis of our word coolie, due to the readiness with which these people lend themselves to the contract system. The distinction between Kolarians and Dravidians is not, however, recognized by several leading anthropologists. They propose the expression Dravido-Munda family' as the collective name of both. In their valuable reports in the census returns for 1901, Messrs. E. A. Gait and H. H. Risley adopt this view. But there can be no manner of doubt that the

Kolhapur

difference is radical in the strictest sense of the term. Apart from a few loan words, the vocabularies have nothing in common, while the accidence and general morphology differ toto cœlo. Dravidian is a moderately agglutinating form of speech already well advanced towards true inflection, like, for instance, Basque or Finnish. But Munda is a purely agglutinating tongue of an extreme type like Turkish or Jagatai. This is, indeed, acknowledged by Mr. Risley himself. See Dr. R. Caldwell's The Languages of India (1875); E. T. Dalton's Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal (1872); Report of the Ethnological Committee of the Central Provinces (1868); W. Crooke's The North-Western Provinces of India, their History, Ethnology, and Administration (1897); A. H. Keane's Man, Past and Present (1900); Census of India, 1901 (2 vols. 1903).

Kolbe, HERMANN (1818-84), German chemist, born at Elliehausen, near Göttingen; studied chemistry under Wöhler. From 1842 he assisted Bunsen, whom he succeeded in the chair of chemistry at Marburg in 1851, being transferred in 1855 to the University of Leipzig, where he remained till his death. His Lehrbuch der organischen Chemie, his contributions to Liebig's Handwörterbuch der Chemie, and his editorial criticisms in the Journal für praktische Chemie, are among the principal of his publications.

Kolberg, seapt. and seaside resort in Prussian prov. of Pomerania, 2 m. from the Baltic coast, and 76 m. by rail N.E. of Stettin. Formerly capital of duchy of Cassubia and one of the oldest towns in Pomerania, Kolberg was strongly fortified. The industries include iron-founding and machinery-making, sawmilling, tobacco manufacture, and fishing. Pop. (1900) 20,200.

Kolding, mrkt. tn., Jutland, Denmark, at mouth of Kolding R., 13 m. by rail s.w. of Fredericia. Kolding dates from 1288, when the Gray Friars established a cloister. It was the scene of a drawn battle in April, 1849, between the Danes and the Schleswig-Holsteiners. Near the town, till 1808, stood the ancient fortress of Koldinghus. Pop. (1901) 12,516.

Kolhapur, or KARVIR, cap. of a feudatory state, Bombay Presidency, India, 97 m. w. of Bijapur. The picturesque town contains the remains of several Buddhist shrines dating from the 3d century B.C. Pop. (1901) 54,373. Kolhapur state has an area of 2,816 sq. m. and a population (1901) of 910,001. It has manufactures of cottons, woollens, hardware, and pottery.

Kolin

Kolin, tn., Bohemia, Austria, on the Elbe, 38 m. by rail E. of Prague. It is a centre of the Bohemian sugar industry, and manufactures chemicals, ironmongery, and beer. Here, on June 18, 1757, Frederick the Great was defeated by the Austrians. Pop. (1900) 15,025.

Kollar, JAN (1793-1852), Slovak poet, born in the co. of Thurocz, N. W. Hungary, was a pastor in Pest (1819-49), then professor of archæology at Vienna until his death. His writings did much to awaken the national feelings of the Slovaks in particular, and the sense of community of race among the Slavs in general. The most important of these were Slávy Dcera (1816) a series of original sonnets; Národnie Zpiewanky (1832-3), a collection of Slovak-folk-songs; Dobré Vlastnosti Narodu Slovanskeho (1822) a eulogy on the Slavs; and (in German) Ueber die litterarisch Wechselseitigkeit zwischen den Stämmen und Mundarten der Slawischen Nation (1831).

Kölliker, ALBRECHT VON (18171905), German-Swiss histologist, born at Zürich, became professor of anatomy at Würzburg (18471902). His Handbuch der Gewebelehre des Menschen (6th ed. 1898-1902) is still the standard work on the histology of man. He was also responsible for the Challenger Report on Pennatulida (1870), and published a

work

on the Siphonophora (1853). His interest in general zoology is further attested by the volumes of the Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie, started by himself and Von Siebold in 1849.

Kolmar, or COLMAR, tn., Germany, near the 1. bk. of Ill, in Upper Alsace, 40 m. by rail s.s.w. of Strassburg. It still retains several houses of the 16th and 17th centuries. Kolmar is the seat of a busy manufacture of cottons, woollens, silks, cloth, jute, thread, machinery, and dyeing and brewing. It was in the possession of France from 1680 to 1871. Pop. (1900) 36,844.

Köln. See COLOGNE.

Kölnische Zeitung, a German journal which has appeared for upwards of two hundred years. In 1809 it was suppressed by Napoleon, and was not revived until the expulsion of the French in 1813. During the revolution of 1830, it showed great enterprise in obtaining the latest news from France; and later its influence was widely extended by Joseph Dumont, who, in 1847, took over the direction of the journal. It has always been an advocate of the Liberal cause, and in later years became the medium for the inspired utterances of Bismarck

and his successors in the chancellorship. It was the first German

144

paper to introduce the leading article, and another prominent feature is its full reports of the proceedings in the German Reichstag.

Kolobeng, station in Bechuanaland, British S. Africa, 190 m. N.E. of Vryburg; formerly the mission station of David Livingstone (1849).

Kolomea, tn., Austrian Galicia, 43 m. by rail N.w. of Czernowitz, on the 1. bk. of the Pruth, with petroleum, pottery, and candle industries. Pop. (1900) 34,188.

Kolomna, walled tn., Moscow gov., 60 m. S.E. of Moscow city. It is the seat of a Greek orthodox bishop, and has tobacco, silk, calico, wool, linen, leather, earthenware, and tile industries. It manufactures the celebrated marmalade called postilia. Pop.(1897) 20,970.

Kolozsvár (Ger. Klausenburg), tn. and episc. see of Hungary, chief tn. of co. Kolozs in Transylvania, 95 m. by rail S.E. of Nagyvárad (Grosswardein). It was founded by Saxon colonists in 1272, and for ages was the capital of Transylvania. It has two bishops, one of the Unitarian, the other of the Reformed Church. The chief features of the place are its old churches, its citadel (1715), and university. Pop. (1900) 46,670.

Koltsoff, ALEXEI VASILIEVITCH (1809-42), the Russian Burns,' the son of a cattle dealer at Voronezh. He taught himself, managed his father's business and published verses, which were collected after his death (1846). He is the poet of the steppe and of peasant life.

Kolyma, river of E. Siberia, navigable for c. 720 m., rising in the Stanovoi range, flowing N.E. for 1,000 m., and discharging into the Arctic Ocean through a wide estuary.

Komárom (Ger. Komorn), tn. of Komárom co., Hungary, at the confluence of the Vag (Waag) with the Danube, 65 m. by rail N.W. of Budapest. It was first fortified by Matthias Corvinus, but was refortified in 1805-8; it successfully resisted the Turks in 1594 and 1663, and the Austrians in 1848-9. The novelist Jokai was born here in 1825. Pop. (1900) 16,816.

Komati. (1.) River of S.E. Africa, entering Delagoa Bay from the N.; near its source are gold fields. It drains the N. part of the Drakenberg range. (2.) KOMATI POORT, pass on the E. frontier of the Transvaal Colony, British E. Africa, traversed by the Delagoa Bay R. R.

Komorn, Hungary. See KoMÁROM.

Komotau, tn., Bohemia, Austria, 79 m. by rail N.w. of Prague,

Königsberg

at the southern foot of the Erzgebirge. Lignite mining and fruit cultivation. Pop. (1900) 15,925.

Konakry, seapt. and cap. of French Guinea, W. Africa, on the island of Tombo, is connected with the mainland by an iron bridge. A railway runs between the town and the Niger.

Kong, town, Kong country, French Ivory coast, W. Africa, in 8° 53' N. and 4° 10' w. It has a trade in cloth and gold. Pop. 15,000.

Kongsberg, tn., Norwegian co. of Buskerud, on the Laagen, has royal silver mines, discovered in 1623, and an arms manufactory. Here is one of the most beautiful churches in Norway. Pop. (1900) 5,585.

konieh, or KONIA (anc. Iconium), tn., Asiatic Turkey, 143 m. s. of Angora, in the midst of orchards. From the date of the capture of Nicæa by the crusaders (1097) down to the time of Jenghiz Khan, it was the capital of the Seljuk (Turkish) sultans. Paul and Barnabas on their first missionary journey preached here (Acts 13:51, ff.). The manufactures consist of woollen goods, carpets, and leather. It is the seat of a Greek archbishop. Pop. 44,000. See ICONIUM.

König, FRIEDRICH (1774-1833) German inventor, born at Eisleben in Saxony. With the help of English capital he patented a steam printing-machine (1810), also a cylinder press, which turned out 1,100 copies of the London Times in an hour. Returning home (1817), he established near Würzburg a factory for making printing-presses, which became known all over Europe.

Königgrätz, tn. and episc. see of Bohemia, Austria, 79 m. by rail E. of Prague, on the Elbe. The Gothic cathedral (Roman Catholic) was founded in 1302. Here was fought, on July 3, 1866, a battle (also known as Sadowa) in which the Austrians sustained a crushing defeat by the Prussians. Pop. (1900) 9,773.

Königinhof, tn., Bohemia, Austria, near 1. bk. of Elbe, 34 m. by rail N. of Pardubitz; carries on cotton and linen manufacture and brewing. Pop. (1900) 10,601.

Königsberg, fort. tn., Prussia, cap. of prov. E. Prussia, on the Pregel, 4 m. from the north-eastern end of Frisches Haff, and 25 m. from the Baltic, with which it is connected by a new (1900) canal to Pillau, its outer port. The second capital and place of residence of the kings of Prussia, Königsberg is the most imporiant town in the N.E. of the monarchy. The royal palace was formerly a castle of the Teutonic knights. It houses the provincial supreme court, the archives,

Königshütte

and the museum of antiquities. The university, founded in 1544, has 149 instructors and 1,367 students. Here the philosopher Kant lived and taught. The Gothic cathedral (of the bishops of Samland) was begun in 1333. In the palace chapel Frederick 1. crowned himself first king of Prussia in 1701. Almost every one of the mediaval buildings has been destroyed or modernized. There are about forty public and private parks and gardens. Industry embraces the making of machinery, iron-founding, printing, the manufacture of tobacco, cloth, linen, sugar, flour, wood pulp, chemicals, etc., sawmilling, oilseed-crushing, brewing, tanning, and the production of bricks and lime. Königsberg exports corn, timber, flax, hemp, flour, amber, sugar, seed, etc., and imports coal, iron, herring, fruit, tallow, and building materials to an aggregate value of about $50,000,000 annually. The town grew up round the castle (1255) of the Teutonic knights, and from 1457 it was the place of residence of the grand masters of the order, and from 1525 to 1618 of the dukes of Prussia. Pop. (1909) 232,218.

Königshütte, town, Prussian Silesia, 6 m. by rail S.E. of Beuthen, and some 7 m. from the Russian frontier. It has extensive iron, steel, and zinc works, and stands amid the coal mines of Upper Silesia. Pop. (1906) 66,000.

Königsmark, PHILIPP CHRISTOPHER, COUNT (1662-94), Swedish officer, and associate of Augustus of Saxony, had an intrigue with Sophia Dorothea, wife of George of Hanover (George II. of England). He is supposed to have been assassinated on the discovery of the affair.

Königssee, lake in Upper Bavaria, 24 m. above Berchtesgaden, at an altitude of 2,000 ft. It is shut in by rocky mountain walls 4,500 ft. high, is 17 m. in circuit, and 610 ft. deep.

Königsstuhl, castle beside the Rhine, Germany, 5 m. s. of Koblenz, at a spot where the territories of the four Rhenish electors (Cologne, Treves, Koblenz, and Palatine) met. Here, from early ages down to the fifteenth century, the electors sometimes assembled to choose the future emperor. The original castle was built in 1376 and restored in 1843.

Königswart, summer resort of Bohemia, Austria, 5 m. by rail N.W. of Marienbad, with mineral springs, mud baths, and a seventeenth-century castle. Pop. 2,500.

Koniscope, an instrument to test the purity of the air as regards dust. It consists essentially of an air pump and a test tube with glass ends. The inside of the tube is lined with blotting paper kept moist, on which condensation of vapor takes place, and the resultVOL. VII.-Jan. '11.

145

ing color phenomena indicate the amount of dust present in the air.

Konkan, a strip of country about 200 m. in length along the w. shore of the Bombay Presidency. The breadth varies from 1 to 50 m. The country, which is generally level and fertile, consists of rice fields, cocoanut plantations, and salt pans. Its area is 17,000 sq. m.

Konotop, town, Chernigov government, S. W. Russia, 70 m. E.S.E. of Chernigov city. From 1635 to 1648 it was the leading Polish frontier fortress. Pop. 20,000.

Konrad. See CONRAD. Konstanz, or CONSTANCE, town, Germany, grand-duchy of Baden, on north shore of Lake of Konstanz, at the point of efflux of the Rhine, 89 m. by rail east of Basel. The most noteworthy edifices are the Cathedral (begun in 1052) and the Church of St. Stephen (fifteenth century). The Dominican monastery, in which Huss was imprisoned (1414-15), is in part converted into a hotel. Other ancient buildings are the Chancellery (1593), the house in which the Emperor Barbarossa (Frederick 1.) signed the treaty of peace (1183) with the Lombard League; the guild-house of the butchers, now the Rosgarten Museum; and the merchants' exchange (1388). Chief products of industry are cottons, linen, sacking, machinery, chemicals, and hardware. The remains of prehistoric pile dwellings have been discovered in the lake.

The Romans settled here in the fourth century or earlier. From the sixth century down to 1821 Konstanz was an episcopal see. In 1806 it became a part of the grand-duchy of Baden. In the second half of the nineteenth century it was a stronghold of the Old Catholic movement. Pop. (1910) 27,000. Consult Hirsch's Konstanzer Häuserbuch (1906-8).

Koodoo. See KUDU. Kooringa, town, South Australia. See BURRA.

Kooso, Kosso. See Kousso. Kootenay, Lake, British Columbia, about 60 m. long, and from 1 to 4 m. wide.

Kootenay River, British North America, rises in the Rocky Mountains, and flows at first s., nearly parallel to the Columbia; then, after making a loop into Montana and Idaho, flows through Kootenay Lake, and joins the Columbia after a course of 400 m. Throughout its basin gold is found, and there are rich deposits of iron. Its navigation is obstructed by rapids.

Kopais. See COPAIS.

Kopek, or COPEK, a Russian copper coin worth the hundredth part of a rouble (q.v.), or about half a cent.

Köpenick, or COPENICK, town, Prussia, 8 m. by rail s.E. of Berlin, on an island of the Spree, with manufactures of shoddy, sealing

Korán

wax, carpets, sugar, dye works, saw and flour mills. Pop. (1906) 25,000.

Köprülü, or VELES (anc. Bylazora), town, Turkey in Europe, on Vardar River, in vilayet of Saloniki, 27 m. s.s.E. of Uskub. It has trade in silkworms. Pop. about 15,000.

Köprülü, or KOPRILI, an Albanian family of Turkish statesmen, the most notable of whom were: (1.) MOHAMMED (1585-1661) created grand vizier (1656) at the age of seventy, and, at the head of an army remodelled by himself, took Lesbos and Tenedos from the Venetians; fortified the Dardanelles (1657-61); and reduced Transylvania, after capturing the fortress of Grosswarden.-(2.) AHMED (163076), son of the above, grand vizier at the age of twenty-six; invaded Transylvania (1663), and though defeated by the Imperialists under Montecucculi at Saint Gotthardt, imposed the peace of Vasvar on the emperor, whereby Grosswarden and Neuhäusel were abandoned to the Turks. (3.) MUSTAFA (P1640-91), brother of the above. When the rebellion against Sultan Mohammed IV. burst forth, Köprülü saved the life of the Sultan's younger brother, Soliman III., at whose accession (1609) he was made grand vizier. He assisted in placing Emerich Tököly on the throne of Hungary, drove the Imperialists out of Servia and Bosnia, and in 1690 replanted the Crescent on the bastions of Belgrade. On Aug. 9, 1691, he was defeated and slain by the Prince of Baden at the battle of Salankemen.

Korah, an Israelite who rebelled against the authority of Moses and Aaron, and who, with all his following, was destroyed by an extraordinary manifestation of divine power.

Korán, the sacred book of Islam, is made up of revelations which its founder professed to have received direct from God. The revelations, begun in the solitude of the cave at Hira, were continued from time to time during the prophet's life. But Mohammed wrote nothing himself. After his death the need was felt of an authentic record of the prophet's utterances, and Abu Bekr, the first caliph, commissioned Zaid ibn-Thabit, Mohammed's secretary, to prepare such a record from all available sources. About seventeen years later Ottman, the third caliph, had the text carefully revised, and put forth the edition which has been used ever since. There is probably no other book in the world which has suffered so little corruption of text during a period of twelve centuries; and there is reason to believe that Zaid's original edition faithfully reproduced Mohammed's preaching. The book consists of 114 suras, or chapters, which vary in length from a few lines to many verses. It is written in Arabic, and is all preaching without explanatory or connecting narrative.

Korat

In the earliest compositions we discover the fragmentary impassioned utterances of an embryo prophetappeals to his countrymen to return to the worship of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful.' In the second group the unity of the Godhead is proclaimed, idolatry is denounced, and vivid pictures are drawn of judgment, of heaven, and of hell. In the third group Mohammed lays stress on the divine character of his mission. In the next group-Mecca suras-we find a militant Islam appealing to the arbitrament of the sword. Finally, in the Medina suras, we have Islam triumphant; fasts, festivals, and the pilgrimage to Mecca are instituted, and the slaughter of all 'infidels' is authorized. The style is difficult and the meaning is often obscure; but there are passages of surpassing power and grandeur, of true poetry, and of lofty moral teaching. Of the English_translations, those of Sale and Palmer may be mentioned. Lanepool's Speeches of Mohammed (1882) is a convenient book of selections. See also Muir's The Coran, its Composition and Teaching (1878). Consult MOHAMMED; MOHAMMEDANISM.

Korat, town, Siam, 170 m. N.E. of Bangkok. Pop. about 8,000.

Kordofan, province, E. Sudan, between Darfur and White Nile. It is flat in the N. and very hilly in the s. (Jebel Nuba Mountains). During the dry season it is practically desert, but during the wet season (June to October) vegetation is luxuriant. The chief products are groundnuts, cotton, tobacco, and millet; while the principal exports are ostrich feathers, gum arabic, ivory, and ox hides. Population about 300,000, the most important tribes being the Nubas, Hasanieh, Kababish, and Bagara. Capital, Él Obeid.

Korea, CHO-SEN, or DAI-HAN, a country which extends south of Manchuria, between lat. 34°-43° N. and long, 125°-130° E., forming a peninsula (600 miles long by 135 miles broad) between the Japan Sea and the Yellow Sea, of about 86,000 sq. m. in area. A range of mountains (highest point, 8,700 ft.), closely following the east coast, leaves only a narrow tract of land for cultivation. But on the west the mountains slope more gradually; the valleys are fertile, and generally capable of irrigation. The character of the south coast is more abrupt, with deeper water. On the east coast harbors are few, and the sea is almost tideless. The thermometer ranges from 100° F. to below zero; rivers are frozen for months. There are valuable gold mines, owned chiefly by Americans. Iron and copper are also found, as well as silver in small quantities. The chief cities are Seoul, with 250,000 inhabitants; Ping-Yang, with 50,000; KaiSeng, and the new capital Fu-san. VOL. VII.-Jan. '11.

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The people are in features, dress, customs, and architecture distinct from the Chinese and Japanese. It is believed that Mongol, Malay, and Aino elements have all entered into the population-estimated in 1910 at 12,363,400 natives, 143,046 Japanese, and 11,791 foreigners. The language is Ural-Altaic. sembles Japanese in structure, but they have few vocables in common. There is scarcely any Korean literature. To all intents and purposes, Chinese is the written language of the country.

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HISTORY.-Early in the Christian era the country was divided into three kingdoms, called Kokuryö, Pèkché, and Silla. The native annals begin 57 B.C, but have little historical value until the second half of the fourth century. At that time, Silla conquered Kokuryo and Pekché, and annexed the small Japanese province of Imma, or Mimana, in Southern Korea. A period of great prosperity followed. Writing and Buddhism were then introduced from China, to whom Korea owes its civilization and arts. Early in the tenth century Kokuryö was resuscitated under the name of Koryö (our Korea), and soon became master of the whole peninsula.

In 1392 the dynasty just ended was founded, and the country was called Cho-sen. In 1592-7 the Japenese invaded Korea, but were driven out by Chinese, to whom tribute was paid down to 1894, though for many generations it was only nominal. The nation steadily refused to hold communication with the outside world; but in 1876 a treaty was made with Japan, in 1882 with the United States, and in 1883 with Great Britain. China's action in 1894 led to war with Japan, and to the latter's declaration of the independence of Korea. The king in 1897 assumed the title of Emperor of Korea, to which the name Dai-han was given. At the close of 1903 Russian influence was all powerful in Korea; but by the Treaty of Portsmouth it was formally placed under the suzerainty of Japan.

In November, 1905, a treaty giving Japan direction of all Korean foreign affairs was negotiated. The appearance of Korean delegates at The Hague Peace Conference of 1907 was protested by the Japanese as a violation of the terms of this treaty; and when the Conference refused to accredit these delegates, the Korean ministry compelled the Emperor's abdication. He succeeded by his son, Prince_YiSyek, of little force or ability. Considerable disorder followed, and a new convention was agreed to by Yi-Syek, which made Korea virtually a Japanese province, with Prince Ito (q.v.) as resident general. A flood of Japanese immigration followed. Viscount Sone succeeded Ito in July, 1909. On Oct. 26,

was

Korea

1909, Prince Ito was murdered at Kharbin by a Korean fanatic.

The difficulty of administering the Korean government under any other system led Japan to announce a formal treaty of annexation in August, 1910. The Korean Emperor issued a decree urging the peaceful acceptance of Japanese rule; and the change was effected without serious disturbance. The regulations adopted (September, 1910) for the government of the province which is to be known as Cho-sen, provide for a provincial Privy Council, a Premier, and a Governor-General having authority to make ordinances subject to the approval of the Japanese Emperor. The status of the missionaries and mining rights were not affected by the change. The Governor-General is Lieutenant-General Viscount Terauchi, formerly Resident General, and the President of the Privy Council is Isaburo Yamagata, formerly Deputy Resident General. The former Emperor, Yi-Syek, becomes Prince Gi, and takes rank immediately after the Japanese Crown Prince. The existing Korean tariff is to be maintained for ten years, but the Japanese laws covering inventions, designs, trade marks, and copyrights are extended to the new province. The administrative headquarters have been moved from Seoul to Fu-san. The thirteen former provinces are to be superseded by prefectures according to the Japanese plan. Since the annexation, Shin Wiju has been added to the open ports.

Since Japan became actively interested in Korea, various institutions, including schools for teaching forestry and manual training, have been established. Experiments in cotton culture are also being made, and many internal improvement works are in course of construction. The new government printing-office in Seoul completed in 1909 at a cost of $250,000, imported its machinery from Germany, its electric plant from the United States, and its experienced workers from Japan. Among the subordinate employees are 100 Korean women. COMMERCE.-In 1909 the imports (chiefly cotton goods, woollens, railroad materials, and arms) were valued at $17,000,000; and the exports (chiefly ginseng, beans, rice, silk, cattle, and hides) at $8,045,000. For 1908 exports of the United States to Korea were $2,097,000. Silver, copper, iron, and coal mines are being developed. The railroads are from Seoul to Fu-san (275 m.), a branch to Chemulpo (24 m.), Seoul to Wiju (310 m.), and several branch lines under construction-in all, 639 miles, and all Japanese property.

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Among the treaty ports Chemulpo, Fu-san, Wonsan__ (or Gensan) Mokpo, Chinnampo, Kunsan, Masampo, Charg-jin, Song