Korea

chin, Yongampo, and Wi-ju. Pop. estimated at 10,000,000. See W. E. Griffis's Corea (1905); Mrs. Bishop's Korea and her Neighbors (1898); Angus Hamilton's Korea (1904); Carles's Life in Corea (1888); Wolter's Korea, Einst und Jetzt (1902).

Korea, feudatory state of Chota Nagpur, Bengal, India, with an area of 1,625 sq. m., and a population (1901) of 35,113.

Koresham Church, KORESH COUNTY. See COMMUNISTIC SOCIETIES.

Koriaks, a Mongolian tribe inhabiting a district of N.E. Siberia, between the Chukches and the Kamchadales. They number about 5,000. See CHUKCHES.

Körner, KARL THEODOR(17911813), German poet and patriot, was the son of Schiller's friend Christian Körner, and was born at Dresden. In 1811 he was appointed, through the kind offices of Kotzebue, dramatist to a Viennese theatre; but when Prussia roused herself against Napoleon in 1813, Körner joined Lützow's 'wilde verwegene Schar,' or black-uniformed guerilla troop, and died the patriot's death at Wöbbelin, not far from Schwerin. He occupies almost a holy place in the hearts of his countrymen by reason of the fiery patriotic songs with which he encouraged his fellow-fighters; they have been collected as Leier und Schwert (1814; numerous editions since). He also wrote several bright little plays, such as Der grüne Heinrich, Toni, Der Nachtwächter, and two or three tragedies-e.g. Zriny and Rosamunda. See Life by his father (Eng. trans. by G. F. Richardson, 1845) and by Peschel (1901).

Körös, Nagy and Kis., tns., Hungary. Nagy, or Great, Körös, 56 m. s.E. of Budapest, exports wine, melons and live stock. Pop. (1900) 26,512. Kis, or Little Körös, 38 m. s.w. of Nagy Körös, is the birthplace of the poet, Petöfi. Pop. 8,500.

Kortrijk, Belgium. See COUR

TRAI.

Korvei. See CORVEI.

Kosciusko, mt. group of Australian Alps, N.S.W., near head of Murray R. The two highest peaks are Mueller's Peak (7,268 ft.), and Kosciusko (7,336 ft.), 36° 28' S., 148° 16' E.

Kosciuszko, TADEUSZ (17461817), Polish general and statesman, born at Siechnowice in Lithuania. He went to America (1776), where he served under Washington in the Revolutionary War, and became the friend of Lafayette. He was made

a

colonel of engineers in Oct., 1776, served under Gates in 1777, was commissioned to lay out the fortifications at West Point, be

149

came adjutant to Washington, was Gen. Greene's engineer-inchief during the southern campaign, and in Oct., 1783, was brevetted brigadier-general 'to signify that Congress entertain a high sense of his long, faithful, and meritorious services.' He returned to Poland (1786), and in 1892 led a force against the ininvading Russians, distinguishing himself at Dubienka. On the second partition of Poland he retired to Leipzig. On the outbreak of the insurrection of 1794 he raised the standard of independence at Cracow as dictator of Poland. He defeated the Russians at Raclawice, defended Warsaw for two months, but was defeated and taken prisoner at Maciejowice. He was released by the Emperor Paul (1796). After a long residence in France, he settled in Switzerland, where he died. He was buried at Cracow. There is a monument to him at West Point. See Lives by Falkenstein (1834), Choazko (1837), and Michelet (1863).

Kosel, or COSEL, tn., Prussian Silesia, on 1. bk. of Oder, 29 m. by rail s. by E. of Oppeln, vainly besieged by the Austrians in 1758, 1759, 1760, 1762 and again in 1807. Pop. (1900) 7,085.

Kosher, a term in use among the Jews, signifying that an article is clean and lawful, and conforms to the ordinances of the Talmud in its preparation.

Köslin, tn., Prussian prov. Pomerania, 5 m. from the Baltic and 105 m. by rail N.E. of Stettin; has sawmills, brick works, iron foundries, and breweries. Pop. (1900) 20,417.

Kossovo, vilayet of European Turkey, bounded on N. by Bulgaria and Servia; cap. Usküb. Area, 12,100 sq. m., and pop. 961,000, principally Slavs. On the plain of Kossovo (Field of the Blackbirds') the Sultan Murad 1. destroyed the Servian empire by defeating and killing the Servian king Lazar in 1389. Sultan Amurath (Murad) II. gained here a great victory over John Hunyady (October, 1448).

Kossuth, LAJOS (LOUIS) (180294), Hungarian patriot and statesman, was born at Monok, co. Zemplin. He practiced law in Pest, and in 1832 was sent as a proxy to the House of Magnates of the Hungarian Diet. He threw himself with ardor into the movement for political reform. The fearless independence which he displayed as editor of a liberal paper led to a three years' imprisonment (1837-40). After his release he edited the famous Pesti hirlap, the mouthpiece of the extreme liberals. He entered the lower house of the Diet in 1847, where by his eloquence he

Kostomaroff

rose to the leadership of the opposition. On the outbreak of the revolution in Vienna, in March, 1848, Kossuth demanded an independent Hungarian ministry, and accepted the portfolio of finance in the cabinet of Count Batthyányi. The machinations of the Vienna government, which stirred up the Croats against the Hungarians, soon led to a complete rupture between the Hungarians and the Hapsburg dynasty, and Kossuth assumed the leadership in the movement for an independent Hungary, becoming, as elected governor, the virtual dictator of his country. After an armed conflict (1848-9), which attracted the attention of the whole world, the Hungarians succumbed to the united forces of Austria and Russia, the patriot army being compelled to surrender in August, 1849, Kossuth took refuge in Turkey, where he was kept under surveillance, the Porte refusing to accede to the demands of Austria, reinforced by Russia, for his surrender. He was liberated in September, 1851, owing to the intervention of England and the United States. After visiting England, where he received great ovations, he came to the United States in December of that year. He remained here until July, 1852, visiting New York, Washington, and other cities, and being received with the greatest enthusiasm. He failed, however, in spite of his wonderful oratory, to accomplish the object of his mission, which, as he stated it, was 'to invoke the aid of the great American republic to protect my people, peaceably, if they may, by the moral influence of their declarations, but forcibly, if they must, by the physical power of their arm-to prevent any foreign interference in the struggle about to be renewed for the liberties of my country. Finally he settled (1862) in Turin, where he died. He steadfastly refused to recognize the compromise between Austria and Hungary effected in 1867. He was buried at Pest. See Memories of my Exile (1880), by himself; Hungary and its Revolutions, with a Memoir of Louis Kossuth, by E. O. S. (1854), and Pulszy's Meine Zeit und Leben (1880–83).

Kostomaroff, NICOLAS (181785), Russian historian, was born at Ostrogosz in Voronezh; issued works (drama, poems) in the Little Russian dialect, until prohibited by government; then wrote on the history of the Ukraine, dealing chiefly with the wars of Bogdan Chmielnicki (4th ed. 1884), and embracing Historic Monographs (12 vols. 186372); and finally turned to general Russian history, in which field his principal books are History of

Kostroma

the Old Slav Republics Novgorod and Pskov (1863), and Russian History in Biographies (1873 ff.).

Kostroma. (1.) Government, Central Russia, with an area of 32,490 sq. m., and population (1897) of 1,429,228. The land is generally flat, with

numerous

swamps to the N. and sandy stretches to the s. Much of the area is forest land. The Volga traverses the province in a S.E. direction. Fisheries are important. Flax-culture is rapidly extending. Among the industrial establishments the most important are cotton, leather, and cloth factories, chemical and dye works, tanneries and distilleries. (2.) Capital of above gov., lies at the junction of the Volga and Kostroma, 230 m. N.E. of Moscow. There is an upper town or kreml, in which stand the official buildings and the cathedral; the lower town runs down to the bank of the Volga. Outside the walls is a Tartar suburb with a mosque. The most famous building is the Ipatskoi monastery (1336); the cathedral is among the most picturesque in Russia. The chief industries are flax-spinning, candle, wax, and cloth manufacture, tanning, brick-making, distilling, the preparation of tobacco and cement. Kostroma is an important Volga port. Pop. (1897) 41,268. (3.) River, Central Russia, trib. of Volga, into which it falls above Kostroma city. Its general direction is from N.E. to S.W., and its length is nearly 200 m., of which about half is navigable all the year. Area of basin, nearly 8,000 sq. m.

Köszeg (Ger. Güns), tn., Hungary, Vas co., 11 m. by rail N. by w. of Szombathely (Steínamanger), famous for its resistance to the Turks in 1532. Pop. (1900) 7,422.

Koszta Affair, a diplomatic episode between the United States and Austria, having to do with the rights of immigrants to the United States, who have declared an intention of becoming citizens, but have not yet been fully naturalized or, more properly, with domiciled aliens. Martin Koszta, a Hungarian, after taking part in the revolution of 1848, had come to the United States, and in 1852 had declared his intention of becoming a citizen. In 1852 he went on private business, to Smyrna, Turkey, where, notwithstanding his having procured a passport (or tezkereh) from the American consul, he was seized and maltreated at the instigation of the Austrian consul, and was imprisoned on an Austrian war vessel, the Huszar. Capt. Ingraham of the U. S. sloop-of-war St. Louis reached Smyrna soon afterward, and by threatening hostilities, secured the qualified release of Koszta, who was handed

150

over to the French consul for safekeeping. Through Chevalier Hülsemann, the Austrian chargé d'affaires (later minister-resident) at Washington, Austria protested to the U. S. government and requested a satisfaction proportionate to the magnitude of the outrage,' and the prompt extradition of Koszta. Secretary of State W. L. Marcy answered in the famous 'Hülsemann letter,' which was made public, and in which he asserted that Koszta

was seized without any rightful authority,' that he had acquired the right to claim protection from the United States, and that the United States 'had the right to extend it to him.' Marcy added, 'Whenever by the law of nations an individual becomes clothed with our national character. he can claim the protection of this government, and it may respond to that claim without being obliged to explain its conduct to any foreign power; for it is its duty to make its nationality respected by other nations and respectable in every quarter of the globe.' Koszta was thereupon allowed to return to the United States. The affair was important, in that it established a precedent since followed, in cases resembling it, by the U. S. government.

Kotah, tn., cap. of feudatory state of same name, Rajputana, India, on r. bk. of Chambal, and 120 m. s. of Jaipur. The town contains a handsome new palace, and there are a high school and a school for the sons of nobles. The public library is the Crosthwaite Institute. Pop. of tn. (1901), 40,000. The state has an area of 5,700 sq. m., and a population (1901) of 544,879.

Kotayam, or KOTTAYAM, tn. in feudatory state of Travancore, Madras Presidency, India, 32 m. S.E. of Cochin. It is the headquarters of the Syrian Christian Church in India. Pop. (1901) 17,552.

Kotelnoi. See NEW SIBERIA ISLANDS.

Köthen, or CÖTHEN, tn., Germany, duchy of Anhalt, 31 m. by rail S.E. of Magdeburg; was the capital of duchy of AnhaltKöthen from 16C3 to 1847. Hahnemann founded here (1820) a homœopathic academy. Manufactures sugar and chemicals. Pop. (1900) 22,091.

Kotliarevski, IVAN PETROVITCH (1769-1838), Little Russian poet, born at Poltava; was a civil servant and afterwards fought in Turkey. The principal work of his life was to put the language of 'Little Russia' on a literary footing, and this he did by publishing a clever travesty of Virgil's Eneid (1798). He also wrote for the stage Natalka Poltavka (Nathalie of Poltava) (1819), and

Kousso

Moskal Czarivnyk (The Soldier as Magician) (new ed. 1862).

Kottbus, or COTTBUS, tn., Prussian prov. Brandenburg, 71 m. by rail s.E. of Berlin, with manufactures of cloth, woollens, linens, carpets, hats, and jute, brewing, iron-founding, tanning, and distilling. Pop. (1900) 39,322.

Kotzebue, AUGUST FRIEDRICH FERDINAND VON (1761-1819), German dramatist, a native of Weimar; spent his life partly in high administrative offices in Russia and partly in Germany, being for causes unknown banished to Siberia (1800), but soon pardoned. At the same time, he became known as the writer of successful dramas-e.g. The Stranger (Eng. trans. 1798), Poverty and Noblenesss of Mind (Eng. trans. 1799), Pizarro (1799), The Force of Calumny (1799), Kindred (1837), The Patriot Father (1830), and many others. From 1790 onwards he waged a bitter feud with Goethe and the romantic school. Sent to Germany by the Russian government to watch and report (1817), he made himself so obnoxious by his satire of liberal tendencies, especially of the Burschenschaft movement, that he was assassinated at Mannheim by a fanatical student named Sand. His Sämmtliche dramatische Werke appeared in 1827-9 (44 vols.).

Kotzebue, OTTO VON (17871846), Russian explorer, son of the preceding, born at Reval; accompanied Krusenstern in his voyage round the world (1803-6), sailed (1815-18) with Chamisso and Eschscholtz to the South Seas, and gave his name to the sound south-east of Bering Strait. In 1821 he published A Voyage of Discovery into the South Sea and Behring Straits (Eng. trans. 1821). He made a new voyage in 1823, described in A New Voyage Round the World in 1823-6 (1830).

Koumiss, or KUMISS, the chief beverage of the nomads of the Russian steppes, is obtained by the fermentation of mares' milk. It is also prepared in the U. S. and England from cow's milk and is used by invalids and others on account of its nutritive properties.

Kouropatkin. See KUROPAT

ΚΙΝ.

Kousso, the name given to the dried panicles of the female flowers of Brayera anthelmintica, a tall, handsome Abyssinian tree belonging to the order Rosacea. It bears large panicles of small greenish-purple flowers which are dioecious. Kousso is used in medicine as an anthelmintic for Tania solium and T. bothriocephalus. The virtue of the plant has long been known to the natives of Abyssinia.

Kovalevsky

Kovalevsky, ALEXANDER (1840-1901), Russian embryologist, born near Vitebsk; became professor at Odessa and St. Petersburg. His most famous papers are those on the development of a simple ascidian (1866 and 1871), and of Amphioxus (1867 and 1877), in which he showed the close resemblance which exists between the tailed larva and the vertebrate embryo, and proved the existence of a connection between the ascidians, Amphioxus, and vertebrates. He also did important work on the development of puzzling forms like brachiopods (1874), the worm Sagitta, and Balanoglossus (1866).

Kovalevsky, SOPHIA VASILYEVNA (1850-91), better known as Sonya Kovalevsky, Russian mathematician, was born at Moscow; won various great mathematical prizes: in 1884 she was appointed professor at Stockholm. She also wrote good novels-e.g. Vera Vorontzoff (Eng. trans. 1895) and The Sisters Rajevski (Eng. trans. 1895). See Anna Leffler's Sonja Kovalevsky (1892).

Kovno. (1.) Government of N. W. Russia, a part of Lithuania. To the N. and N.w. is Courland (Kurland), to the w. and s.w. E. Prussia. Area, 15,692 sq. m. Pop. (1897) 1,549,444. The surface is mostly flat. All the rivers belong to the Baltic basin, the most important being the Niemen. Lakes (180 sq. m.) and marshes (660 sq. m.) are numerous. Of late, flax, potato, and fruit culture, as well as market-gardening, and cattle-rearing, have become much more active. Bee-keeping has somewhat declined; fishery and milk trade have advanced greatly. The chief industrial establishments are flour mills, distilleries, metal and tobacco factories, and breweries. It was at the third partition of Poland, in 1795, that this government fell to Russia. Almost two-thirds of the people are Roman Catholics, more than a tenth Jews; 75 per cent. are Lituanians. (2.) Capital of above gov., 59 m. N.N.W. of Vilna. The chief industries are soap, candle, match, tobacco, and nail manufactories, distilleries and breweries, tanneries and flour mills; there are also iron foundries, potteries, and lace factories. Kovno is an important commercial centre. An annual fair lasts from June 29 to July 12. Jews number fully a third of the population. Kovno suffered much from the rioting and outbreaks which followed the close of the Russo-Japanese war in 1905. Pop. (1897) 75,543.

Koweit, KUWEIT, or GRANE, tn., Asiatic Turkey, at the head of the Persian Gulf, 90 m. s. of Basra; is suggested as the ter

151

minus of the Bagdad railway. Pop. (1901) 25,000.

Kowloon, KAULUN or KowLUNG, peninsula, China, opposite Hong-kong. Part of it was ceded to Great Britain in 1861. In 1898 a lease for ninety-nine years was obtained by the British government of about 376 sq. m., including the port of Kowloon, Mirs Bay and Deep Bay, and the islands of Lan-tao. The harbor of Kowloon has been a free port since 1887. Pop. 100,000.

Kowtow, a ceremony of prostration that is performed by mandarins and others before the emperor of China; consists in kneeling and touching the ground with the forehead three or sometimes nine times.

Kozlov, tn., Tambov gov., Central Russia, 45 m. w. of Tambov city. The industries include breweries, brickworks, soap, tallow, and candle manufactories, and cloth-weaving, Over 14 m. from the town is the famous convent of the Trinity, where an_important annual faír is held. Pop. (1897) 40,347.

Kra, ISTHMUS OF, the connecting link between the Malay Peninsula and the continent of Asia, at its narrowest only 10 m. wide, and not more than 100 ft. above sea-level.

Krag, THOMAS PETER (1868), Norwegian novelist, born at Kragerö. Principal works: Eensomme Mennesker (1893); Ada Wilde (1896) and Ulf Ran (1897); Kobberslangen (1895); Mulm (1893); Hjem (1900); Gunvor Kjeld (1904); and the drama Kong Aagon (1894). He excels in describing the influence of the grim, uncanny Norwegian coast scenery on those who live near it, and his work is full of force and dignity.

Krag, VILHELM (1871), Norwegian poet, born at Christiansand, brother of Thomas Krag. The best of his works, which are inspired by a somewhat melancholy pessimism, are the volume of Digte (1891); the poems Nat (1892) and Sange fra Syden (1893); the romances Hjemve (1895 and Den Glade Loitnant (1896); and the dramas Vester i Blaafjäldet (1893), De Gamles Julaften (1894), Isaac Seehuusen (1900), and Isaac Kapergast (1902).

Kragujevac, tn., Servia, 59 m. S.S.E of Belgrade, with an arsenal. Pop. (1900) 15,503.

Krain. See CARNIOLA. Krait, a snake. See COBRA. Krakatoa, or KRAKATUA, volcanic isl. (area, 6 sq. m.), Sunda Strait, between Sumatra and Java, E. Indies; was the scene of a series of volcanic discharges in May to August, 1883, the most tremendous eruption known to history. A cubic mile of rock material was

Kraszewski

hurled into the air, and the explosions were heard 150 miles away. Violent atmospheric disturbances and gigantic sea-waves, the latter causing great loss of life, estimated at more than 30,000 persons, resulted; and the ascending dust, caught in the upper air currents and carried twice all round the earth, gave rise to a succession of widely-distributed brilliant sunsets in the following winter and spring. As a result of the explosion, the north part of the island, including its highest peak, altogether disappeared.

Krakau, or KRAKOW, Austria. See CRACOW.

Kraken, a fabulous monster of the northern seas, first described by Pontoppidan (1750) in History of Norway. It resembles an island, plunges suddenly into the depths, and can drag down ships.

Krapf, JOHANN LUDWIG (181081), German African missionary and traveller, born near Tübingen; joined the London Church Missionary Society, and went to Shoa (1839), to Mombasa (1843), where he translated the New Testament into Swahili, and to the Wanika (1846). He discovered Mount Kenia, visited Usambara and Ukambani, and was twice in Abyssinia (1854 and 1867). He compiled a Vocabulary of Six East African Languages (1850), and a Dictionary of the Suahili Language (1882), and wrote Reise in Ostafrika in den Jahren 183755 (1858; Eng. trans. 1860). See Missionary Career of Dr. Krapi, by the Church Missionary Society.

Krasnoe Selo, vil., St. Petersburg gov., N.W. Russia, 16 m. s.s.w. of St. Petersburg city. It has manufactures of earthenware and calico. Here stands an imperial residence. Krasnoe Selo is also one of the chief military camps of Russia. Pop. 3,286.

Krasnovodsk, fortress, Asiatic Russia, on E. of Caspian Sea; is the starting-point of the Transcaspian Ry. Pop. (1897) 6,329.

Krasnoyarsk, chief tn., Yenisei gov., Siberia, on the Yenisei 560 m. N.W. of Lake Baikal. It is the residence of the bishop of Yeniseisk and Krasnoyarsk. A fort, the Krasni Yar, was erected here by Cossacks in 1628. Pop. (1897) 27,300.

Kraszewski, JOZEF IGNACY (1812-87), Polish author, born at Warsaw; edited (1841-52) the Athenæum at Vilna. He became editor of the Gazeta Codzienna (1860), but in 1863 settled at Dresden. In 1884 he was sentenced to seven years' imprisonment for high treason, but was liberated in 1886. It is upon his novels that his reputation chiefly rests. These include Poeta Swiat-The Poet and the World (1839); Ulana (1843); Morituri