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Krause

(1874-5); Resurrecturi (1876). He also wrote poems, dramas, and numerous historical, literary, and artistic studies. His novels appeared at Lemberg in 102 vols. (1871-5). See Bohdanowicz's J.I. von Kraszewski (1879).

Krause, KARL CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1781-1832), German philosopher, born at Eisenberg; was a philosophical contemporary of Schelling and Hegel, and a pupil of the former. He was a voluminous writer on philosophical subjects, and for some time a lecturer in the Universities of Jena (1802-5) and Göttingen (1814-31). The doctrine with which his name is mainly associated, his Panentheism, is an attempt to mediate between pantheism and theism. See Life, in German, by Martin (1881).

Kreasote. See CREOSOTE.
Kreatine. See CREATIN.

Krefeld, or CREFELD, tn., Prussian prov. Rhineland, 34 m. by rail N.w. of Cologne; the chief centre in Germany for the manufacture of velvets and silks. There are also railway repairing shops, engineering works, iron foundries, manufactures of sugar and chemicals, and breweries. The foundations of its present prosperity were laid in the 16th and 17th centuries by refugee Mennonites and Protestants. Here in 1758 the allies under Ferdinand of Brunswick defeated the French. Pop. (1900) 106,893.

Krehbiel, HENRY EDWARD (1854), American music critic, was born at Ann Arbor, Mich., and received a public school education. He studied law in Cincinnati, but abandoned it to take a position on the Gazette of that city, of which he was music critic from 1874 to 1880. In the latter year he accepted the same position on the N. Y. Tribune, and afterward held a prominent place as a critic of music. He was identified with the rise of Wagnerian music drama in America, was a juror at the Paris exposition of 1900, and was decorated by the French government. Author of Review of the New York Musical Seasons (1885-90), Studies in the Wagnerian Drama (1891), The Philharmonic Society of New York (1892), How to Listen to Music (1896), Music and Manners in the Classical Period (1898), and editor of various text-books.

Kremenchug, or KREMENTCHUG, tn., Poltava gov., S.W. Russia, 70 m. s.w. of Poltava city. It is one of the principal commercial centres of Little Russia, and one of the chief river ports on the Dnieper. Carriagebuilding, soap, hat, and agricultural instrument making, sugarrefining, tanning, sawmilling, tobacco and saltpetre manufac

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Its

ture, are largely carried on. liqueurs and preserved fruits are also famous; and of late the smelting of iron ore has become important. Pop. including suburb Krukov (1897), 58,648.

Kremenets (Pol. Krzemieniec), tn., Volhynia gov., S.W. Russia, 130 m. w. of Jitomir (Zhitomir). Among the industries are piano, carriage, and mathematical instrument factories, and goldsmiths' and silversmiths' work. Pop. (1897) 17,618.

Kremlin. See Moscow.

Krems, tn., Austria, prov. Lower Austria, on 1. bk. of Danube, 40 m. N.w. of Vienna, manufactures wine, leather, white lead, and grows fruit. Steel, mustard, and vinegar are also made. Pop. (1900) 12,657.

Kremsier, tn., Moravia, Austria, on the March, 28 m. by rail's. by E. of Olmütz. Its principal edifice is the summer palace of the prince-archbishop of Olmütz. There is some malting, brewing, and manufacture of sugar. The Constitutional Diet of Austria met here from November, 1848, to March, 1849. Pop. (1900) 13,991.

Kreutzer, RODOLPHE (17661831), French musician and violinist, born at Versailles. An exponent of the Italian school, he was (1790) first violin at the Italian theatre in Paris, and in 1817 chef d'orchestre at the Paris opera. He himself composed several operas, and Beethoven's Kreutzer Sonata was dedicated to him.

Kreuzburg, tn., Prussian Silesia, 59 m. by rail E.S.E. of Breslau. Birthplace of Gustav Freytag (1816-95). The town has milling, iron-founding, brewing, and distilling industries. Pop. (1900) 10,230.

Kreuzer, former Austrian copper coin (100 kr.=1 gulden), so called from the cross formerly stamped upon it, had a value of one-fifth of an English penny. Until the foundation of the German Empire (1870), kreuzers were current in S. Germany, but the German kreuzer was worth about one-third of an English penny.

Kreuznach, tn. and wat.-pl., Prussian prov. of Rhineland, on the Nahe, 28 m. by rail s.w. of Mainz, with saline waters and baths. The town is the ancient Cruciniacum, and several Roman remains have been discovered in the neighborhood. Pop. (1900) 21,321.

Kriegspiel, or THE WAR GAME, invented by a Prussian officer in 1824, is intended to afford a representation of military manoeuvres. It is played on contoured maps of a sufficiently large scale to show the main features of the ground, and

Kriegspiel

enable the effect of fire and cover from view to be estimated. The opposing troops are indicated by metal blocks or dice, colored red and blue, which are made to scale to represent the front of battalions, squadrons, batteries, companies, patrols, and vedettes. The game may be played with a minimum number of three persons, one to act as umpire and the other two to command the opposing forces. For every game a scheme must be drawn up which should contain a 'general idea' on which the operations as a whole are based, and a 'special idea,' which will be obviously different for each side. After receiving the scheme, each commander should forward to the umpire a short memorandum giving his view of the operation to be undertaken, and stating in general terms the mode in which he proposes to carry it out. At the same time he should forward his orders for the day of action. These should be precisely similar, both in form and substance, to those which would be issued in the field, and the players must as a rule be held strictly to them. The framing of orders is perhaps one of the most valuable features of the training to be derived from war games. After these preliminaries have been carried out, from one to three maps are provided, depending upon the game to be played. One small map suffices for the strategic game, showing only the larger operations and omitting tactical details, while for the more elementary and detailed game, three maps are required either in adjoining rooms or separated from one another by screens. At the commencement of this game metal blocks representing the forces on either side will be arranged on their respective maps by the umpire, in`accordance with the disposition and orders of the commanders, and on the central or umpire's map the forces of both sides will be similarly arranged. The successful conduct of the game depends principally on the umpire, who gives notice of the commencement of each move, and regulates its length. The time taken in dedeciding upon and issuing orders should be deducted from the length of time allowed for the corresponding move. At the beginning of a game, when the contending forces are a long way apart, it may be possible to allow troops to be moved for an (imaginary) hour, but when they come to close quarters it may become necessary to limit a move to a few minutes. The game is generally brought to a conclusion when one side has obtained a decisive advantage over the other,

Kriemhild

or when the bulk of the forces on both sides are in such close contact as to render a decision of the result a matter of too great difficulty. The question of losses, possibility of movement, and effect of fire are left to the decision of the umpire. The apparatus for conducting the game may be much simplified, one large scale map answering all purposes, the only other articles required being some representative of soldiers, a scale and a pair of dividers. The true value of any war game lies in the fact that each commander is required to explain the reasons for all movements, and his intentions relating thereto, and depends largely on the ability of the umpire or director.

An arrangement of the game for the navy has been made in which, as in the war game, all movements must conform to laws which would govern in actual war. See Livermore's The Kriegspiel, and Vernois' A Simplified War Game, translated by Swift. See also Jane's Naval War Game.

Kriemhild, the heroine of the Nibelungen Lied, was sister of Gunther, king of Worms, and wife of Siegfried, possessor of the Nibelungen hoard. Gunther married Brunhild, at whose suggestion Siegfried was murdered by Gunther's vassal, Hagen, who threw the hoard into the Rhine. Kriemhild afterwards married Etzel (Attila), king of the Huns, and when Gunther and Hagen visited her, they were put to death.

Kriloff, IVAN ANDREEVITCH (1768-1844), Russian fabulist,born at Moscow. He was for some time secretary to the governor of Livonia, and held an appointment in the imperial library at St. Petersburg (1812-41). His Fables appeared in 1809; Eng. trans. by W. R. S. Ralston (4th ed. 1883).

Krimmitschau, or CRIMMITSCHAU, tn., kingdom of Saxony, near w. frontier, 39 m. by rail s. of Leipzig, the seat of cloth (buckskin) manufacture on a large scale, with wool-spinning, dyeing, and stamping and iron works. Pop. (1900) 22,845.

Kris, or CREESE, a dagger worn in Java and the Malay Peninsula by almost every male above fourteen, and sometimes by women. The blade is usually wavy, though sometimes straight, while the handle and scabbard are much ornamented.

Krishna, Hindu god, was the eighth incarnation of Vishnu. The circumstances of his birth and early life are set forth in two modern supplements to the Mahabharata, called the Harivansa-pairan and the Bhagavatapuránás. In the Krishna of the Bhagavad-Gita is represented a

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great spiritual teacher; but in the popular legend of his dalliance with the Gopis (wives and daughters of cowherds), and in the indecencies of his worship as Vallabhacharva we have modern Hinduism in its most depraved form. See Farquhar in East and West (Sept., 1904) and Keane in Hibbert Journal (July, 1905), where the Krishna myth is for the first time cleared up.

Krishna. See KISTNA. Krishnagar, munic. tn., Nadia dist., Bengal, 55 m. N. of Calcutta. Pop. (1901) 24,547.

Kristianssund, or CHRISTIANSSUND, seapt. tn., Romsdal co., Norway, 85 m. w.s.w. of Trondhjem; lies on three islands only protected against the sea on the W. It was so named in honor of Christian VI., who gave it its civic privileges in 1742. The main export is fish. There is a thriving coast trade, and_the town boasts its own fleet. Pop. (1900) 12,043.

Kristianstad, or CHRISTIANSTAD, cap. of co. of same name in Sweden, prettily situated about 14 m. from the Baltic, on the peninsula Allon in river Helgra. The town has some industries (iron foundries, machinery, manufactories, breweries, distilleries, tanneries, etc.), and a lively trade in spirits and agricultural produce. A garrison is stationed in the place, which is the seat of the chief tribunal for Scania and Bleking. The chief building is the Trinity Church, of the time of Christian IV., built in the Renaissance style. The town was founded by Christian IV. in 1614, was ceded to Sweden (1658), and suffered many sieges in the Swedish-Danish wars. Pop. (1900) 10,318.

Krolevets, tn., Chernigov gov., S.W. Russia, 100 m. E. of Chernigov city; has beet-sugar, earthenware, and brick manufactures. Pop. (1897) 10,375.

Kris and Sheath.

Kronenberg, tn., Prussian prov. of Rhineland, 7 m. by rail S.W. of Elberfeld, with iron and steel industries. Pop. (1900) 10,210.

Krones. See CRONOS.

Kronstadt, or CRONSTADT. (1.) Town, fortress, naval arsenal, and port in St. Petersburg gov., S.W. Russia, on the E. end of Kotlin island, at the head of the Gulf of Finland, less

Kropotkin

than 18 m. w. of St. Petersburg city, which it protects by sea. To the s. of the town and harbors is the fort of Kronslot. Since the construction of the new maritime canal uniting Kronstadt with St. Petersburg, the largest vessels are able to go up to the quays of the capital. Apart from fortifications, and naval works, arsenals, barracks, cannon foundries, and shipyards, Kronstadt has schools of naval instruction, a marine hospital, cathedral, and summer garden, originally planted by Peter the Great, and properly attached to a small palace in which he lived. Kronstadt was founded by Peter I. in 1710, and has ever since been the principal naval arsenal of Russia in the Baltic. It was the scene of strikes and of conflicts between the military and mutinous sailors during the Russian crisis of 1905. Pop. (1897) 59,539. (2.) (Hung. Brasso), royal free tn., picturesquely situated at foot of the Transylvanian Alps, Hungary, 70 m. S.E. of Hermannstadt; is strongly fortified. Its Gothic Protestant cathedral dates from 1385. It has manufactures of cloth, leather, cement, and candles, also petroleum refineries. In the 16th century it became the centre of Protestantism. Pop. (1900) 31,689.

Kroomen, KRU, or CROO, properly Crao, tribe of negroes inhabiting the coasts of Liberia and French Guinea, W. Africa. They are among the most active of negro races, and are skilful sailors and boat-builders. They are the best laborers in all W. Africa. See Buttikofer, Reisebilder aus Liberia, vol. ií., 1890.

Kroonstadt, dist. and tn. in N. of Orange River Colony, Brit. S. Africa. The former is bounded by the Vaal R. on the N. The town is 96 m. s.s.w. of Johannesburg. Pop. (1904) 5,797; of dist. 19,255.

Kropotkin, PETER ALEXEIEVITCH, PRINCE (1842), Russian geographer and nihilist, was born in Moscow, and became secretary to the Physical Geography Section of the Geographical Society. In 1871, at the request of the Geographical Society, he set out to explore the glaciers of Finland and Sweden. The following year, in Belgium and Switzerland, he came under the influence of socialistic and anarchistic teachings. He attached himself to the International Working Men's Association, and became one of its most enthusiastic members. On his return to Russia he held secret conferences among the workmen of St. Petersburg. He was betrayed to the authorities, was arrested, and confined first in the fortress of St. Peter and St. Paul, and later in the military

Kroton

hospital of St. Petersburg, whence he escaped in 1876 to England. He proceeded in the following year to Geneva, where he became the head and front of the socialistic and nihilistic agitation, and founded its organ, La Révolte. Banished from Switzerland in

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1886); In Russian and French Prisons (1887), and Memoirs of a Revolutionist (1899), L'Anarchie (1896; Eng. trans. 1897); Fields, Factories, and Workshops (1899; 5th ed. 1904); The Orography of Asia (1904); The Desiccation_of Asia (1904); and Ideals and Re

President Kruger: the Official Portrait which hangs in the Raadzaal,

Pretoria.

(Photo by N. P. Edwards.)

1881, Prince Kropotkin was next (1883) arrested at Lyons on a charge of anarchist incitements, and condemned to five years' imprisonment, but was pardoned in January, 1886, and conducted to the frontier. He once more sought asylum in England, where he has lived since. He visited the U. S. in 1900. His publications include Researches on the Glacial Period (1876), Paroles d'un révolté (1885; Eng. trans., War,

alities in Russian Literature (1905).

Kroton, Italy. See COTRONE. Krotoschin, tn., Prussian prov. Posen, 60 m. by rail N.N.E. of Breslau, with a seat of the Prince of Thurn and Taxis. Here are brickworks, breweries, etc. Pop. (1900) 12,373.

Krüdener, BARBARA JULIANA VON (1766-1824), Russian mystic, born at Riga. Adopting the views of the Pietists, she devoted her

Kruger

self to preaching and prophesying. She had great influence with Czar Alexander I., and claimed to have suggested to him the plan of the Holy Alliance. She wrote a romance entitled Valeria (1803). See Ford's Life and Letters of Madame Krüdener (1893).

Kruger, STEPHANUS JOHANNES PAULUS (1825-1904), four times president of the South African Republic (1883, 1888, 1893, 1898), was born at Colesburg in Cape Colony, but his father joined in the great trek of 1836, and with his family settled in the Magaliesburg. In 1852 he accompanied Pretorius to the Sand R., where the Sand River Convention was concluded. A year later he figured as second in command of Pretorius's commando in an expedition organized to avenge the murder of Hermann Potgieter by the Kaffirs. In 1857 he was associated with Pretorius in what is known as the Potchefstroom revolt against the dominance of Lydenburg. A raid was made by Pretorius and Kruger into the Orange River Free State, in connection with this movement, in circumstances somewhat resembling those of the subsequent Jameson raid into the Transvaal (1895), and with a like ineffective result. Kruger was actively concerned in the civil war (1861-4), on what was called the 'Government' side, and it was largely on his initiative that the negotiations were entered upon which brought the strife to an end, and led to the foundation of the united republic, of which he was elected first commandant-general. The 'Dopper' party, who declared that they had had enough of progress under President Burgers, nominated Kruger as their candidate for the presidency. After the annexation of the Transvaal by Sir T. Shepstone, Kruger was one of the deputation chosen to proceed to England to present a formal protest For some time after his return to the Transvaal, Kruger accepted the pay of the British government, but on his appointment expiring in November, 1877 the government refused to reappoint him. At length the republic was formally proclaimed at Paardekraal, near Krugersdorp, in December, 1880, under a triumvirate consisting of Kruger, Joubert, and Pretorius. In 1883 Kruger was elected president, and with General Smit proceeded to England and negotiated the London convention of 1884, which modified that of 1881. By his refusal of the franchise to the Outlanders, he provoked the Jameson Raid. The raid did more than anything else to focus attention on the internal affairs of the Transvaal, and negotiations were entered upon between Mr. Cham

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Krugersdorp

berlain, on behalf of the British government, and Mr. Kruger, which only ended in the Boer 'ultimatum' of Oct. 11, 1899. (See SOUTH AFRICAN WAR.) Mr. Kruger sailed from Lorenzo Marques for Europe on Oct. 19, 1900, where he resided till his death. His body was afterwards conveyed back to Pretoria and buried there. He published his Memoirs in November, 1902. See also Scohle and Abercrombie's The Rise and Fall of Krugerism (1900).

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was translated successively to
Barmen (1825), Elberfeld (1834),
Trinity Church, Berlin (1847),
eventually becoming court chap-
lain at Potsdam (1853). He was
eloquent, imaginative, and thor-
oughly versed in Scripture. His
best-known works are Salomo und
Sulamith (sermons on Canticles

-trans. 1838); Elias der Tishbiter
(1828; trans. 1838, etc.); Elisha
(1835); Das Passionsbuch (Suffer-
ing Saviour, 1870); David (1867;
trans. 1870). See his Autobiog-
raphy (trans. 1871).

Krusenstern

Krupp introduced the process of carburizing the impact face, thus giving the surface a glass-hardness, which shatters the projectile, the plate neither cracking nor flaking. In 1902 the Krupp works at Essen, Annen, Kiel, and Gruson at Magdeburg employed 43,100 persons, 24,000 of these being in and around Essen. Alfred Krupp was succeeded by his only son FRIEDRICH ALFRED KRUPP (1854-1902), who constructed the 105-ton gun for the defence of Cronstadt, and estab

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Krugersdorp, dist. and tn. in Transvaal Colony, British S. Africa. The town is 21 m. from Johannesburg. Here the Dutch used to celebrate annually, on Dec. 15, their victory over Dingaan (1836), and also their triumph over the British forces at Majuba Hill (1881). Near here (Doornkop) Dr. Jameson surrendered to the Boers on Jan. 2, 1896. Krugersdorp is a mining centre. Pop. (1904) 12,118.

Krummacher, FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1796-1868), German preacher and religious writer, was born at Mörs on the Rhine; was assistant in the Reformed congregation at Frankfort (1819-23), pastor at Ruhrort (1823-5), and

Gun Factory at the Krupp Works, Essen.
(Photo by F. Krupp, A.G., Essen.)

Krupp, ALFRED (1812-87), iron
and steel manufacturer, head of
the works at Essen in Prussia, was
a native of that town. In 1847
Krupp manufactured the first
cannon made of cast steel, a 3-
pounder, and in the Exhibition
of 1851 he showed a 6-pounder
steel gun.
When the Bessemer
process of steel manufacture came
into operation in England (1857),
with the simultaneous use of the
steam hammer, Krupp saw their
advantages, and at once adopted
both inventions. In 1880 he
forged a steel breech-loading gun
of 100 tons weight, till then the
largest ever cast. The Krupp
works are also noted for the manu-
facture of armor for warships.

lished the Germania Shipbuilding Yard at Kiel. See article with portraits, "The Founders of the Krupp Establishment,' in The Engineering Magazine, vol. xx., pp. 519-530.

Krusenstern, ADAM JOHN (1770-1846), Russian navigator and traveller, was born at Haggud in Esthonia. In 1803 he was entrusted by Alexander I. with the command of a scientific and commercial expedition to the N. Pacific coasts of America and Asia, during which he discovered the Orloff Is., examined and took soundings around the Washington and Marquesas groups, and was the first Russian to circumnavigate the world. In 1810 he pub

Krypton

lished his Voyage round the World (Eng. trans. 1813). He was also the author of numerous works on hydrography, including an Atlas of the Pacific Ocean. See Memoir by Bernhardi (trans. by Sir John Ross, 1856).

Krypton, Kr, 81.8, is a gaseous element existing in the atmosphere. It was discovered spectroscopically by Sir William Ramsay, and is a colorless gas that liquefies at - 152° C., has a density of 41, is marked by a brilliant green and yellow line in its spectrum, and is chemically inactive.

Kshatriyas. See CASTE.

Kuala Lumpur, cap. of British protected state of Selangor, in the Malay Peninsula, and chief centre of the tin-mining industry. Pop. (1901) 77,234.

Kuala Selangor, seapt. at mouth of Selangor, in British protectorate of Selangor, in the Malay Peninsula. Next to Malacca it was the most important stronghold of the Dutch in the Malay Peninsula. The chief exports are tin, gutta-percha, timber, ivory, hides, salt fish, and rattans. Pop. 31,000.

Kuango. See CONGO.
Kuanza. See COANZA.

Kuba, tn., Baku gov., Russian
Transcaucasia, 95 m. N.W. of
Baku; has a trade in silk, fruit,
and rugs. Pop. (1897) 15,346.

Kuban. (1.) Russian prov., Caucasus, includes the valley of the Kuban and the N. slope of the Caucasus range as far as E. Elbruz, and the plains of the lower Kuban and the coast of the Sea of Azov. Agriculture is almost entirely in the hands of Cossacks and German colonists. The mountaineers (Karacnai, etc.) and the nomads of the plains are a pastoral people, and rear horses. Petroleum, coal, and salt are obtained. Area, 36,438 sq. m. Pop. (1897) 1,922,773. (2.) (Anc. Hypanis and Vardan), riv., 450 m. long, rises in Mount Elbruz, drains an area of 21,000 sq. m. in N.W. Caucasus, and enters the Black Sea s. of Taman peninsula, and sends one arm N. to the Sea of Azov after a fall of 8,580 ft. It is navigable for 70 m. In the lower course the water is extensively used for irrigation.

Kubango, or OKAVANGO, riv., S. Africa, rising in Portuguese W. Africa, about 13° s. and 16° E., flows generally S.E., and enters the marshy tracts N. of Lake Ngami. During the rainy season its waters are said to flow in part to the Zambesi and in part to Lake Ngami.

Kubelik, JAN (1880), Bohemian violinist, born at Michle, near Prague; began to give recitals in 1898; in 1900 made his début in London, and in 1901-2 and again in 1905-6 toured in the U. S. Possessing phenomenal technical

156

powers, he excels in the rendering of works of virtuosity. In 1903 he married the widow of Count Czaky.

Kublai Khan (1216-94), founder of the Mongol dynasty of China, was a grandson of Jenghiz Khan. While his brother Mangu occupied the Mongol throne, Kublai completed the conquest of N. China, or Cathay, commerced by his grandfather, and on Mangu's death (1259) he became 'the Great Khan.' He subsequently made himself master of the southern provinces of China (1276), and an empire of vast extent, including Tartary, Tibet, Burma, and other countries. Japan, however, defied all his efforts at conquest. Kublai was an able and enlightened monarch, encouraging literature, establishing Buddhism as the state religion, but delighting in Oriental magnificence, which Marco Polo has described in vivid language.

Kuch Behar, feudatory state, Bengal, India, near the Himalayas. It contains the ruins of two ancient capitals of the Kamrup Hindu dynasty. Area, 1,307 sq. m. Pop. (1901) 566,974. Its capital is Kuch Behar.

Kuching. See SARAWAK,

Head of Kudu.

Kudu, a large African antelope related to the eland, but differing in that horns are absent in the female, while those of the male are curved in a spiral. The tail is short, the neck is maned, and the body is marked by narrow vertical white stripes. The common kudu (Strepsiceros kudu) occurs in wooded regions from the Cape to the highlands of Abyssinia. The lesser kudu (S. imberbis) is confined to Somaliland and its vicinity. Both are favorites with sportsmen.

Kuenen, ABRAHAM (1828-91), Dutch Biblical scholar, was born at Haarlem in Holland. In 1853 he became professor of Old Testament theology at Leyden, where he died. Kuenen will rank as one of the great masters in Old Testament criticism, and to him,

Kuenlun

almost more than to any other, falls the honor of placing the modern theory of the Pentateuch and of the history of Israel on a proper scientific footing. H. Graf, following certain suggestions of Vatke, had ventured, in his Geschichtliche Bücher des A. T. (1866), to draw a distinction of origin and date between the historical and legal portions of the Grundschrift (i.e. P; see article HEXATEUCH; and Kuenen, in his Godsdienst van Israël (1869-70; Eng. trans. The Religion of Israel, 1874-5), showed the untenableness of the hypothesis, and solved the matter by assigning the whole of the 'priestly' Grundschrift, both legal and historical, to a date much later than the prophetic' narrative (JE). In pursuance of the method adopted by Baur in his book on early church history, Kuenen began with the literary prophets of the 8th century B.C. as a fixed historical point, and from this worked his way backwards to the earlier stages. Kuenen's superb learning, his brilliant insight, and his fine quality of reverence are displayed in all his works, the chief of which, besides the Godsdienst above mentioned, are Historischkritisch Onderzoek naar het Ontstaan en de Verzameling van de Boeken des Ouden Verbonds (186165; Eng. trans. The Pentateuch and Joshua critically examined, by Colenso, 1865; Historico-Critical Inquiry into the Origin and Composition of the Hexateuch; German by Schultz, 1886-92); De Profeten en de Profetie onder Israël (1875; Prophets and Proph ecy in Israel, 1877); Natural Religions and Universal Religions (Hibbert Lecture, 1882). Kuenen also contributed largely to reviews, especially the Theologisch Tijdschrift. See Jewish Quart. Rev. (1892), and Kuenen's Levensbericht, by W. van der Vlugt (1893).

Its

Kuenlun, or KWENLUN, a system of mountains forming one of the loftiest ranges in Asia, and constituting the northern wall of the Tibetan plateau. general direction is from w. to E.; its length is about 2,300 m. Like the Andes and Himalayas, the main range is continually dividing into several parallel chains. Most geographers, following Richthofen, divide it into three main parts-Western, Central, and Eastern. (1.) The Western Kuenlun extends from about 76° 20' to 89° 20′ E. long., from the Pamir to the Tashdavan pass in the Altin-tagh section of the range, where the trade route from the Tarim valley to Lhassa crosses the mountains. This point answers roughly to the west end of the Tsaidam upland basin. (2.) The Central

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