Kufic

Kuenlun reaches from about 89° 20' to 104° E. long., from the Lhassa-Tarim route to the meridian of Lan-chow on the Hwangho. It is split into two main chains by Tsaidam. (3.) The Eastern Kuenlun, lying wholly in China proper, stretches from about 104 to 112° 20′ E. long. from the meridian of Lan-chow to a little E. of Ho-nan city in Ho-nan.

E.

The Western Kuenlun is superficially separated from the Pamir by the valley of the Yarkand Daria, but really has its root in that great knot of the Asiatic mountain systems. It runs under the general name of Astintagh, but is backed towards the s. by a great number of parallel ranges e.g. Akato-tagh, Chimentagh, Kalta-alagan, Arka-taghwhich rise like steps up to the level of the vast Tibetan plateau. This is the highest section of the Kuenlun, the average elevations in some cases exceeding 20,000 ft., while the passes which cross the more southerly ranges often range between 16,000 and 17,000 ft., and even reach nearly 18,000 ft.

The Central Kuenlun encloses in its wide ramifications the upland basin of Tsaidam, to the w. of Koko-nor, and is continued E. by the Nan-shan ranges. Some of the greatest rivers of Chinese S.E. Asia, especially the Hwangho and the Yang-tse-kiang, rise in this part of the Kuenlun.

The system is continued from the Nan-shan chain by the mountains of N.W. China (Ku-liang, Ala-shan, and In-shan), to join the highlands of N.E. Asia in the Greater Khingan range.

Kufic Script, from a Koran of
the Eighth Century.

Kufic, or CUFIC, Arabic letters or characters, which were for Mohammedan coins and inscriptions, containing only sixteen out of the twenty-eight Arabic consonants. These letters, in which the Koran was originally written, are distinguished from the Neshki or cursive Arabic, introduced in the 10th century, and still in use for ordinary purposes, and are so called from Cufa, a city near Bagdad, famous for expert writers of these epigraphic characters. The Kufic script was in use for coins from the end of the 7th to the 13th century.

157

Kugler, FRANZ (1808-58), German art historian, was born at Stettin, and appointed professor in the Art Academy at Berlin (1833). He wrote Handbuch der Geschichte der Malerei (1837) from the time of Constantine, which became the standard work on the subject, and was translated into English partly by Sir C. and Lady Eastlake (new ed. by A. H. Layard, 1891), and partly by Sir E. Head (new ed. by Sir J. A. Crowe, 1898); also Geschichte der Baukunst (1855-60); Handbuch der Kunstgeschichte (5th ed. 1872); and Geschichte Friederichs des Grossen (1840; 5th ed. 1901; trans. with Menzel's famous illustrations, 1844).

K'uh-fu, walled city, Shantung, China, 12 m. N.E. of Yenchow. About 1m. to the N. is the burial-place of Confucius, who was born in the city. A magnificent temple in his honor is visited by numbers of pilgrims. The ducal residence of the descendants of Confucius is situated within the walls. Pop. 25,000.

Kuhn, FRANZ FELIX ADALBERT (1812-81), German mythologist, born at Königsberg in Brandenburg; taught (1841) at the gymnasium of Cologne, of which he became the head (1870). One of the founders of comparative mythology, he published Zur ältesten Geschichte der indo-germanischen Völker (2d ed. 1850); Die Herabkunft des Feuers und des Göttertranks (2d ed. 1886); Ueber Entwickelungstufen der Mythenbildung (1874). He also published Märkische Sagen und Märchen (1842); Sagen, Gebräuche, und Märchen aus Westfalen (1859).

Kühne, WILHELM (1837-1900), German physiologist, born at Hamburg; and after working under Vischow at Berlin, became professor of physiology at Amsterdam (1868) and at Heidelberg (1871). He wrote on the physiology of the muscles and nerves, and on digestion.

Kuilenburg, or CULENBORG, tn., Netherlands, on 1. bk. of Lek, 9 m. S.E. of Utrecht; manufactures cigars, chairs, arms, flour, and ribbons. Pop. (1899) 8,280.

Kuka, tn., Bornu, Central Sudan, on w. shore of Lake Chad the former centre of the slave trade with Tripoli. It was completely destroyed by Rabeh in 1898. Pop. estimated at 60,000.

Ku-klux Klan, a secret association founded in the Southern States of the American Union about 1866, during the early part of the Reconstruction Period, for the purpose of preventing the exercise of political rights by the newly emancipated negroes. Its members terrorized the superstitious blacks not only by working skilfully upon their superstitious fears, but also by whipping

Kulmbach

them and inflicting upon them bodily injury and in many instances death. The same methods were employed in dealing with the 'carpet-baggers' and 'scalawags,' and others who encouraged the negro to exercise his newly acquired political rights and who shared with him and directed him in the systematic plunder of and domination over the ex-Confederate white population. The organization was at the outset, it appears, made up largely of a class of men who did not countenance the license, violence, lawlessness, and criminality which later characterized it; and the 'klan' undoubtedly contributed much toward restoring to power the class of Southern whites which had been dominant before the The 'klan' was investigated by Congress which passed a stringent measure (1871) for its suppression, but it was put down with much difficulty. The Report of the joint investigating committee of Congress was published in 13 vols. in 1872. The article on RECONSTRUCTION should be consulted for further information.

war.

Kulan, KIANG, or DZIGGETAI names given to a variety of the Asiatic wild ass (Equus hemionus) found in Tibet and Mongolia, and distinguished by its reddish color, and the narrowness of the dark stripe down the back. See HORSE and Ass.

Kulasekharapatnam, tn. in Tinnevelly dist., Madras, India, on coast of Gulf of Manaar, 45 m. N.E. of Cape Comorin. Pop. (1901) 19,898.

Kulbarga, or GULBARGA, chief tn. of Kulbarga dist., Haidarabad State, India, 75 m. N.E. of Bijapur. It was (1347-1432) the capital of Hindu and Mohammedan dynasties, and has ruins of palaces. The citadel contains the great mosque, modelled after that of Cordoba in Spain. Pop. (1901) 29,228.

Kulja, or ILI, cap. of prov. Kulja or Ili, in Chinese Zungaria, in the valley of the Ili, S.E. of Lake Balkhash. It is walled, and has a citadel. It produces grain, fruits, vegetables, oil, and paper. In the middle ages it was known as Almalig or Almalik. From 1871 to 1881 it was occupied by Russia. Pop. 15,000.

Kulm, tn., Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, on r. bk. of Vistula, 32 m. N.W. of Thorn; with sawmills and machinery works. It gives a title to a bishopric. Pop.

Kulturkampf

Kulturkampf, the name applied to the controversy and struggle between the Prussian State and the Church of Rome. The name signifies, according to Virchow, the great antagonist of the clerical party, the struggle for education and enlightenment; but, according to the clericals, the struggle against education and enlightenment. It arose out of the May Laws passed in 1872 by Falk, the minister of public worship, to restrain the activities of the Jesuits and others. working compromise was eventually arrived at in 1880 and 1882.

A

Kum, chief tn. of prov. of same name in Irak-Ajemí, Persia, 80 m. s.s.w. of Teheran. It contains the tomb of Fatima, sister of Imam Riza, and is a popular pilgrim resort." Next to Meshed it is considered the most sacred place in Persia. Cotton is largely cultivated. Pop. 20,000.

Kuma, riv., Russia, forming the boundary of the Caucasus prov. on N.E. It rises on the main chain between the Kuban and the Terek, and has a length of c. 400 m. Much of its water is drawn off for irrigation, and it finally loses itself in the sands of the steppe.

Kumamoto, city, Kiushiu, Japan, 50 m. N.E. of Nagasaki. Its (ruined) castle was built in the 16th century. Outside the town is a much-frequented Buddhist temple. Pop. (1898) 61,463.

Kumania, or CUMANIA. (1.) Former dist. of Europe, N. of Danube and N.W. of Black Sea, including the present Moldavia, Walachia, and S. Russia. The Cumans belonged to the Turkish stock, and invaded Hungary about the 11th century. They were conquered and forced to become Christians in the 14th century. (2.) GREAT K., in Central Hungary, E. of the Theiss. The chief mrkt. tn. is Kardzag-Uj-Szallas. Area, 424 sq. m. Pop. 55,000. (3.) LITTLE K., in Central Hungary, between the Danube and the Theiss. Its largest town is Félegyháza. Area, 1,000 sq. m.; pop. 64,000.

Kumassi, or COOMASSIE, cap. Ashanti, Gold Coast hinterland, W. Africa, about 6° 30' N., some 180 m. by rail from Sekondi, its port on the Gulf of Guinea. In 1874 it was taken by a British expedition under Sir Garnet Wolseley. In 1895-6 a second British expedition took the place. There is a British resident. Pop. c. 30,000.

Kumaun, or KUMAON, div., United Provinces, India, consisting of the three districts Naini Tal, Almora, and Garhwal. It lies chiefly on the s. slope of the Himalayas, and consists of mountains and forests (Tarái). Tributaries of the Alaknanda and

158

the Gogra drain it. Tea gardens cover 3,000 ac. Its valuable timber includes sal, Himalayan pine, cypress, and fir, and there are mines (imperfectly worked) of iron, copper, and lead. The division contains numerous pilgrim resorts, such as Deoprayag and Vishnuprayag. Seized by the Ghurkas at the end of the 18th

century, it was annexed by the British in 1815. The inhabitants are Khasias. Cap. Almora. Pop. (1901) 7,500. Area, of div., 13,743 sq. m.; pop. (1901) 1,156,750,

Kümmel, a liqueur imported chiefly from Riga, is produced from bruised caraway seeds, cumin, and other flavoring bodies. Grain alcohol is usually the base of this liqueur. It contains about 34 per cent. of alcohol.

Kundt, AUGUST (1839-94), German physicist, born at Schwerin. After holding professorships at Zürich (1868), Würzburg (1870), and Strassburg (1872), he succeeded (1888) Helmholtz as professor of physics in the Berlin Physical Institute, where he remained till his death. His name is principally connected with the dust figures produced by sound vibrations-an investigation that led to his determination, along with Warburg, of the ratio of the two specific heats of a gas; the method being recently of the utmost value in deciding the nature of the gases helium and argon. His optical work is also of the highest importance. He wrote De Lumini Depolarisato (1864). Kunene. See CUNENE.

Kunersdorf, vil., Brandenburg, Prussia, 6 m. E. of Frankfurt-on-Oder, where, on Aug. 12, 1759, Frederick the Great of Prussia was defeated by the Russians under Soltikoff and the Austrians under Laudon with tremendous loss.

Kunguer, tn., Perm gov., N.E. Russia, 58 m. S.S.E. of Perm city. It has copper and iron mines, and carries on tanning, leatherwork, soap and shoe making, ironfounding, locksmiths' work, farriery, and engineering. It has an important fair. Near the town are famous caverns hollowed out of alabaster, which is quarried. Pop. (1897) 14,324.

Kunigunde, ST. (d. c. 1030), canonized by Innocent III.; was the daughter of Siegfried, Count of Luxemburg, and the wife of the Emperor Henry II. After her husband's death (1024) she entered a convent, founded by herself at Kaufungen, near Kassel. Her day is March 3.

Kunszentmárton, tn., Hungary, co. Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok, on the Körös, 53 m. N. of Szegedin. Pop. (1900) 10,764.

Kunz, GEORGE FREDERICK (1856). American mineralogist, was born in New York, received

Kurdistan

a common-school education, and studied under Prof. Henry Wurtz. He early developed an interest in mineralogy, and made several collections which he disposed of to colleges. His increasing knowledge of precious stones secured him the position of chief gem expert for Tiffany in N. Y. City. He served the U. S. government in many capacities as expert and as special agent at world's fairs. Besides much encyclopædia work, and numerous technical contributions to periodicals, he published Gems and Precious Stones of North America (1890).

Kuopio. (1.) Province, Central Finland, with an area of 16,500 sq. m., of which 30 per cent. is marshes and 15 per cent. lakes, while less than 3 per cent. is under cultivation. Iron is obtained. Pop. (1897) 311,539. (2.) Town, cap of above prov., 285 m. N.N.E. of Helsingfors. It stands on a peninsula in Lake Kallavesi, and is the terminus of a railway from Kotka and the Gulf of Finland. It has several colleges, a cathedral, and public gardens. Pop. (1897) 9,688.

Kupferschiefer, a black bituminous shale, not over two feet in thickness, which occurs at the base of the Upper or Zechstein group of the Permian rocks of Germany. It is an important. source of copper, being mined near Mansfeld.

Kura, or KUR, riv., Russia, the largest of the Caucasus, with a drainage basin of 60,000 sq. m. It rises on N. side of Chaldyr ridge and enters the Caspian Sea after a course of 700 m., and with an average fall of about nine feet per mile. Below Tiflis it deposits large quantities of silt, and at high water floods the surrounding country. Steamers ply up it as far as Piraza. Sturgeon, salmon, shad, and other fish abound. chief tributary is the Aras (anc. Araxas), 540 m. long.

Its

Kurdistan, the mountainous country stretching southward from the riv. Araxes to the plains of Mesopotamia and the mountains of Luristan, and from the Euphrates E. to Urmia in Persia. The Kurds, probably over two millions in number, are an Iranian people, supposed to be descended from the Medes or the Carduchi; but the admixture of Turkish, Armenian, and Persian blood has produced a variety of types. Generally they are of middle stature, gracefully and powerfully built, with regular features and abundant hair, brown or occasionally black in color. They are barbarous and cruel, and are notorious for their massacres of Armenians. The Kurds are divided into a large number of small tribes, each governed by a hereditary chief.

Kurgan

The majority are Mohammedans of the Sunnite sect. The Yezids, most numerous in the Singar range, are generally regarded as devil-worshippers. Formerly all were nomads. Those who have taken to agricultural pursuits still often migrate to distant pastures in summer. They keep cattle, goats, and horses, but their chief wealth consists in sheep.

Kurgan, tn., Tobolsk gov., Siberia, on 1. bk. of Tobol, 200 m. S.E. of Ekaterinburg, and the first station of the Siberian railway. Pop. (1897) 10,579.

Kurgans are ancient sepulchres and grave mounds found in various parts of European Russia and Siberia.

Kuria-Muria, a group of rocky barren islets off S.E. coast of Arabia, ceded in 1854 to Britian by the sultan of Muscat for a Red Sea cable station. They are now attached to Aden, and are leased for guano collection.

Kuriles (Japanese, Chishima), chain of small, volcanic, barren, fog-infested islands, belonging to Japan, and stretching N.E. from the N. of Yezo to the s. of Kamchatka. They cover an area of 6,153 sq. m., the chief islands being Kunashiri, Iturup (formerly Staten), Paramushiri, and Shamshu. The highest summit is Chacha-nobiri (7,900 ft.), in Kunashiri. Tomari, in the same island, is the nearest port to Japan. The inhabitants (Ainus and Kamchadales) are joined by hunters and fishermen during the summer. The northern islands were ceded to Japan by Russia in 1875, in exchange for part of Sakhalin. Pop. (1901) 4,413.

Kurla, munic. tn., Thana dist., Bombay Presidency, India,, on Salsette, 8 m. N.E. of Bombay. with which it is connected by a causeway. It has cotton mills. Pop. (1901) 14,831.

Kurland, or COURLAND, Baltic prov. of Russia, between the Gulf of Riga on the N. and the prov. of Kovno on the s. It is 10,535 sq. m. in area, and its surface is mostly level. It has many small scattered lakes, and almost onethird of the surface is covered with forest. Agriculture, cattlebreeding, and sheep-rearing occupy most of the inhabitants. Cotton, iron goods, agricultural implements, leather, and matches are made, chiefly at Libau (chief port) and Mitau (the capital). The inhabitants are chiefly Letts, and mostly Protestants. A possession of the Teutonic knights since the 13th century, Kurland came under Polish rule in 1561, and was finally united to Russia in 1795. Pop. (1897) 672,634.

Kuroki, BARON (1842), Japanese general, distinguished himself in the Chino-Japanese war of 1894. At first he was superin

Kursk

Kursk. (1.) Government, Central Russia; area, 17,937 sq. m., pop. (1897) 2,603,205.' It is mostly flat plain. There are many small streams belonging to the basins of the Don and Dnieper. Most of the soil is black earth. Wheat, millet, hemp, tobacco, beetroot are raised. The cattle are celebrated. No part of Russia is more noted for its orchards and honey. The industries include distilleries and breweries, sugar refineries, tanneries, soap, candle, and tobacco manufactures, brick works, flour mills, copper and iron foundries, woollen manufactures, and potteries. The government of Kursk was formed in 1707. It is now divided into fifteen districts-those of Kursk, Bielgorod, Graïvoron, Dmitriev, Korocha, Lgov, Novii - Oskol, Oboyan, Putiol, Rilsk, Tim, Starii-Oskol, Suja, Fatej, Shchigri. Almost all the people belong to the Russian race and to the Orthodox church; there are 15 district towns, 3 lesser towns, 937 villages, 1,564 hamlets. The free peasant emigration from this government to Siberia has been very extensive of late years. (2.) Town, cap. of above gov., 330 m. s. of Moscow, The industries include carriage works, tobacco, soap, and waxcandle manufactures, distilleries, and breweries, tanneries, iron foundries, and flour mills.

Kursk

suffered much from the rioting and outbreaks which followed the close of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. Pop. (1897) 52,910.

Kurtz, JOHANN HEINRICH (1809-90), German church historian, was born at Montjoie, near Aachen. From 1850 to 1870 he was professor ordinarius of church history at the Universities of Halle and Bonn. His works have enjoyed great popularity as academic text-books, especially the Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte (1849; new Eng. trans. 1888-90). He also published Astronomie und Bibel (1842; New York, 1857); Lehrbuch der heiligen Geschichte (1843; trans. 1855); Biblische Geschichte (1847; Eng. trans. 1867); Geschichte des alten Bundes (184855; trans. 1863); Der A. T. Opfercultus (1862; trans. 1863); Abriss der Kirchengeschichte (15th ed. 1901).

Kusi, Kosi, or Koosy, riv., N. Bengal; has its source in the Himalayas of Nepal, runs s.w., S.E., and finally s., and enters the Ganges. It has a rapid flow, and is liable to floods. Length, 325 m. Kuskoquim, second largest river in Alaska, between 500 and 700 m. long, flows s.w. into Kuskoquim Bay. It is navigable for 300 m.

Küssnacht, vil., Switzerland, 6 m. E.N.E. of Lucerne, at N. end of Lake Lucerne; is associated with the romance of William Tell

160

and Gessler. Pop. (1900) 3,562. Kustanaisk, tn., Turgai Russian Central Asia, on Tobol R. R., 600 m. E. of Orenburg. First called Nikolaievsk, it has grown up since 1871. Its industries include tanneries, potteries and the manufacture of tallow. Pop. (1897) 14,065.

Küstenji. See CONSTANTA.

Küstrin, fort. tn., Prussian prov. Brandenburg, on r. bk. of Oder, at confluence of Warthe, 52 m. by rail E. of Berlin. Beer, hardware, machinery, and cigars are manufactured. Pop. (1900) 16,473.

Kutaiah, or KUTAYA, tn., Turkish prov. Brusa, Asia Minor, 70 m. S.E. of Brusa; is surrounded by gardens and orchards. Carpets and pottery are manufactured, and opium is grown; has

an

ancient Byzantine fortress. Pop. (1904) c. 23,000.

Kutais. (1.) Russian gov., Transcaucasia, extends N. from the Turkish frontier round the E. end of the Black Sea. The interior is exceedingly mountainous, while the coast is marshy and unhealthy. Manganese ore, coal, copper, and galena are mined. Forests cover a large part of the suface, and timber, especially walnut, is exported. Good tobacco is grown, and fruit is abundant; olives in the south. Tea has been cultivated during the last ten years. The ports are Batum, Poti, and Sukhum Kali. Area, 14,084 sq. m. Pop. (1897) 1,075,861. (2.) Town of above gov., on the Rion, 110 m. w. by N. of Tiflis; is supposed to be the Kutatision of the Argonauts. In the 5th century A.D. it was destroyed by the Persians. The present town has been built within the last half-century. There are remains of the golden palace of the kings of Imeritia. Gardening is carried on. Pop. (1897) 32,492.

Kutch. See CUTCH.

Kuttenberg, tn., Bohemia, Austria, 30 m. by rail E.S.E. of Prague. It has a former royal castle (13th century), and manufactures tobacco, sugar, liqueur, cotton, and calico. In the middle ages silver was mined here, and Kuttenberg was often a royal residence. Pop. (1900) 14,799.

Kutusoff, MICHAEL ILARIONOVITCH (1745-1813), Russian fieldmarshal, served in the Turkish wars (1770, 1788-92), distinguishing himself at Shumna Otchakov, Hadji-Bei, Bender, and Ismail; and in 1805 commanded an army corps against the French, leading at Austerlitz. In 1812 he was commander-in-chief of the Russian army, and was defeated by Napoleon at Borodino, but defeated Ney and Davoût at Smolensk. See Life, in French, by Michailovsky-Danielevsky (1850).

Kwang-tung

Kuvera, the Hindu god of wealth.

Kuyper, ABRAHAM (1837), Dutch statesman and author, born at Maassluis; became pastor of the Reformed Dutch Church (1863). He also took an active part in politics, and in 1901 was appointed prime minister, as leader of a coalition of Calvinists and Roman Catholics. He has edited De Standaard (1872) and Heraut; founded the Free University of Amsterdam (1880), and in 1886 the Free Reformed Church. His chief work is Encyclopædia of Sacred Theology (1901); he edited the works of John à Laska (1866).

Kuznetsk. (1.) Town, Saratov gov., E. Russia, 150 m. N.N.E. of Saratov city. The industries include tanneries, boot and glove factories, leather-dressing, harness-makers', wheelwrights', joiners', and bushel-makers' workshops. Pop. (1897) 20,555. (2.) Town, Tomsk gov., Siberia, over 200 m. S.E. of Tomsk, in the mining region of the Kuznetski Ala-tau. Pop. c. 3,000.

Kwala Lumpur. See KUALA LUMPUR.

Kwang-chau-fu. See CANTON. Kwang-chau-wan, bay on E. coast of Lei-chau peninsula, Kwang-tung, China; the harbor, 20 m. long and from 14 to 6 m. broad, is completely landlocked. It was made a free port in 1902. The bay, with the adjoining coast, was leased to France by China in 1898.

Kwang-hsu (1871), emperor of China, born in Peking; succeeded to the throne in 1875. He owes his position to the intrigues of the Empress Tsu-hsi, his aunt, who held the regency during his minority. She again made herself regent in September 1898, and since then Kwang-hsu has been a mere puppet in her

hands.

Kwang-si, inland prov. of S. China, borders with Kwang-tung and Tong-king on the s., and Yün-nan on the w. Area, 78,250 sq. m.; 480 m. long by 300 m. broad. The province has suffered greatly from rebellions and famines. Its eastern half is by far the more important. The chief exports are cassia, sugar, tobacco, and rice. Part of the province is inhabited by Shans. Kwei-lin-fu is the capital, and Wu-chau and Nanning are treaty ports. Lungchau is opened to trade with Tong-king. Pop. (1902) 5,250,

000.

Kwang-tung, maritime prov. of S. China, borders on the E. with the China Sea, and on the S. with the Gult of Tong-king. Area, 79,456 sq. m. Greatest length, from N. to S., about 420 m.; from E. to w., 370 m. It is a semi-tropical country, containing the lower basin of the west, north,