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Lawn Tennis

service-side, and half-court lines. If W and X are playing Y and Z, the order of service is WYXZ, WYXZ, etc. The service is returned alternately by the two partners who are strikers-out throughout each game; but when once the service has been returned, either partner may take the ball.

METHOD OF SCORING. On either player winning his first stroke, the score is called 15 for that player; on winning his second stroke, 30; on winning his third stroke, 40; and the fourth stroke is scored game, except as follows: If both players have won 3 strokes, the score is called 'deuce,' and the next stroke won by either player is scored 'vantage in' for that player. If the same player win the next stroke, he wins the game; if he lose the next stroke, it is again called deuce; and so on until either player wins the two strokes immediately following the score of deuce. The player who first wins six games wins a set, except if each player wins five; in that case, deuce and vantage sets are played, the same as in games. There is no fixed rule as to what shall constitute a match, the decision being left to the agreement of the players. Ordinarily, matches are decided upon the result of three sets.

In Europe and Australasia the game is increasingly popular. International tournaments are held in Homburg-vor-der-Höhe, Scheveningen, Auteuil, and the Riviera. In the United States, besides the annual national tournament held in Newport, R. I., there are a national women's tournament (Philadelphia); a clay court championship (since 1910); national indoor championships for men and for women; intercollegiate, Pacific Coast, and other sectional and State championships.

The holders of the U. S. national championships for the last five years are as follows:

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THE DAVIS CUP.-Competing Champions of the United States, 1907-11.

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Lawrence

feet in the river in half a mile. They include textile mills, which' have an immense annual output of cotton, woollen, and worsted goods, and employ nearly 20,000 persons, the most important being Pacific, Atlantic, Washington, Arlington, Everett, and Pemberton. There are also manufactures of machinery, paper, engines, sewing machines, carriages, boots and shoes, hardware, foundry products, wooden ware, wheels, harness, bobbins and shuttles, fibre board, and chemicals. It has fine civic buildings, besides a Public Library, Masonic Temple, the Lawrence

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loosely to include any legal representative of the people, whether elective or appointive, such as the Attorney-General and assistant attorneys - general of the United States and of the several States, the Solicitor-General of the United States, the solicitor of the State Department at Washington, U. S. district attorneys, and in general the attorneys of municipal corporations and prosecuting attorneys in the several counties throughout the United States. It does not, however, include judges, clerks, or marshals of the courts.

Vol. VII.-Mar. '12

LAWN TENNIS.-Serving.

general in England and Ireland, and the lord advocate and solicitor-general in Scotland.

Law of Nations. See INTERNATIONAL LAW.

Lawrence, city, Massachusetts, one of the county seats of Essex co., on the Merrimack River, and on several divisions of the Boston and Maine Railroad; 26 m. northwest of Boston. It includes the villages of the Arlington district, Carltonville, and Hallsville. Its manufacturing establishments are supplied with abundant water power through canals which utilize a fall of 28

General Hospital and Cottage Hospital, and other educational and charitable institutions. It is well supplied with parks.

In January, 1912, when a new Massachusetts labor law, restricting the hours of weekly labor to fifty-four, went into effect, the Lawrence mills reduced wages in proportion. A general strike followed, involving about 25,000 operatives. Much disorder ensued, and the city was put under military protection for a while. Pop. (1900) 62,559; (1910) 85,892.

Lawrence, city, Kan., co. seat

Lawrence

of Douglas co., on the Kansas R., and on the Union Pac. and A., T. and S. Fé R.Rs., 38 m. w. of Kansas City. It has manufactures of iron and brass foundry products, paper, flour, wire, nails, sashes, and doors, and exports dairy products. Its chief educational institutions are the University of Kansas and the Haskell Institute, a government industrial school for Indians. Lawrence was notable from 1854, the date of its settlement by opponents of slavery, and especially during the Civil War, for its opposition to the proslavery party, and was the headquarters of the abolitionists in Kansas. The notorious Confederate guerilla leader, Quantrell, attacked it in 1863, burned a large part of the city, and killed 123 of its citizens. Pop. (1905) 11,708. (3.) Township, 60 m. s. of Dunedin, New Zealand, the centre of a large gold-mining district. Pop. (1901) 1,159. See Vincent Pyke's Hist. of Early Gold Discoveries in Otago (1887).

Lawrence, ABBOTT (17921855), American merchant, legislator, and diplomatist, brother of Amos Lawrence (q.v.). In addition to his business operations, he filled several public offices, inIcluding those of U. S. congressman, 1835-7 and 1839-40, commissioner for the settlement of the Northeastern boundary question with Great Britain, 1842, and that of minister to Great Britain, 184952. See Memoir, by Hamilton A. Hill (1883).

Lawrence, AMOS (1786-1852), American merchant, was born at Groton, Mass., and studied at its academy. After serving as clerk, he established a dry-goods business at Boston, 1807, receiving his brother Abbott as partner, 1814. The firm were instrumental in developing the manufacture of cotton goods in the U. S., and started a factory of their own at Lowell, Mass., 1830. During his life he gave $639,000 for educational and charitable purposes. See his Diary, edited by his son (1855).

Lawrence, GEORGE NEWBOLD, (1806-95), American ornithologist, was born in New York, 1806, received his education in private schools, and entered the drug business of his father, retiring in 1862. He began ornithological work early in life and besides contributing a great number of articles to scientific journals, personally made the collection of 8,000 and more American birds now in the American Museum of Natural History in New York. Member of various learned societies. Collaborated with Baird and Cassin in The Birds of North America (1860).

Lawrence, SIR HENRY MONT

VOL. VII.-16

241

GOMERY (1806-57), Anglo-Indian soldier and statesman, elder brother of Lord Lawrence, was born in Ceylon. He joined the Bengal Artillery (1823); fought in the Burmese War (1824-6), the Afghan War (1838), and the Sikh wars of 1845-9, besides holding important political posts at Lahore and at the court of Nepal. When the Punjab was annexed (1849), he was appointed first administrator. On the outbreak of the mutiny, Sir Henry's wise precautions saved the European inhabitants of Lucknow, enabling the Residency to withstand a four months' siege after the city was in the hands of the rebels. Here he was mortally wounded on the second day of the defence. See Lives by Edwardes and Merivale (1872), and Sir C. Aitchison (1892).

Lawrence, JAMES (1781-1813), American naval officer, was born at Burlington, N. J., and was appointed midshipman, 1793. He became lieutenant in 1802, and passed five years on the Barbary coast, distinguishing himself in the war with Tripoli, being second in command in Decatur's dash into the harbor of Tripoli to burn the captured Philadelphia. He was promoted captain, 1811, and in the War of 1812 sank the Peacock off Demerara, while in command of the Hornet. He was placed in command of the frigate Chesapeake at Boston harbor, and being challenged by Capt. Broke of the Shannon, went out with a new crew and fought an unsuccessful battle (June 1, 1813), his ship being taken after he himself had been shot down. His cry while being carried below, 'Don't give up the ship,' became a noted saying.

Lawrence, JOHN (1750-1810), American statesman,, was born in Cornwall, England, came to New York, 1767, and practised law until the Revolutionary War, in which he served as aide-decamp to Washington, and was judge advocate at the trial of Major André. He was a supporter of the Constitution and a Federalist. He served several terms in Congress, and was a United States senator, 17961800.

Lawrence, JOHN LAIRD MAIR, LORD (1811-79), who distinguished himself in the Indian mutiny, was born at Richmond, Yorkshire. He was sent to India (1829), and co-operated with his brother in the settlement of the Punjab, of which he was lieutenant-governor when the mutiny broke out. He instantly took the most vigorous measures, and through his influence with the Sikhs was able to raise a fresh army of 60,000 men to replace the mutinied regiments. He

Lawrence

marched on Delhi, and after a three months' siege retook the city, winning the title of 'the saviour of India.' He was granted a life pension of £2,000 a year, and created a baronet (1859). In 1863 he became governor-general of India. He was made a peer in 1869. See Lives by Smith (1883) and Sir R. Temple (1889).

He

Lawrence, SIR THOMAS (17691830), English portraitist, was born at Bristol. At the age of five he was famed for his recitations and for his crayon portraits. In Oxford many distinguished people were among his sitters; and his studio at Bath, before he was twelve, was frequented by beautiful women and men of rank and taste. began to use oil colors at seventeen, and entered the Royal Academy schools (1787). His professional and social success in London was immediate. By the king's desire he was elected a supplemental A.R.A. (1791), and appointed his Majesty's painter (1792). When he received full academical honors (1795), he was already without a rival in public estimation. Knighted by the prince regent (1815), three years later he went abroad on a commission to paint the allied sovereigns and principal continental personages in commemoration of the treaty of peace. On the death of West (1820) he was unanimously elected president of the Royal Academy. See Williams's Life and Correspondence of Sir T. Lawrence (1831), Cunningham's Lives of the Most Eminent British Painters (1829 - 33), Gower's Sir T. Lawrence (1900), Knepp's An Artist's Love Story (1904), and Ward's English Art in the Public Galleries (1888).

Lawrence, WILLIAM (1819-99), American jurist, was born in Mount Pleasant, Ohio, and graduated (1838) at Franklin College. He filled public legal offices in Logan co. for several years, edited a local paper, was editor of the Western Law Journal, and served in the state legislature. He was judge of the Court of Common Pleas, 1857-64, served as colonel of volunteers in the Civil War, and sat for several terms in Congress. From 1880 to 1885 he was comptroller of the currency. His Decisions as comptroller were published, 1881-5, and among his legal writings were The Law of Religious Societies and Church Corporations (1873) and The Law of Claims against the Government (1875).

Lawrence, WILLIAM (1850), American P. E. bishop, grandson of Amos Lawrence, was born at Boston, Mass., and graduated (1871) at Harvard, studying for the ministry at the Cambridge

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Law Reports

ing as acting governor. He lived at Newport for the remainder of his life, and busied himself with the collection of a great law library, and the writing of his works on law, of which there are a great number, occasionally ap pearing in some case of national importance.

Lawrenceburg, city, Ind., co. seat of Dearborn co., on the r. bk. of the Ohio R., and on the B. and O. Southwestern and the Cle., Cin., Chi. and St. L. R. Rs., 22 m. w. of Cincinnati. Its chief manufactures are buggies, flour, coffins, steam pumps, staves, beadings, distilled liquors, fireworks, etc. It was first settled in 1802. Pop. (1900) 4,326.

Lawrence, St. (d. 258), martyr, one of the deacons at Rome under Sixtus I. During the persecution of Valerian he was called upon. to surrender the church treasures; but instead he produced the poor and sick under his charge, declaring that these 'were his treasures.' He suffered martyrdom by burning. His day is August 10. Lawrence University. An undenominational institution for both sexes at Appleton, Wis., founded in 1847 as Lawrence Institute, the present title being assumed two years later. It comprises an academy, a college of liberal arts, and schools of expression, commerce, music, and correspondence, the last not leading to a degree. It had in

1905 526 students, 31 instructors, and a library of 22,000 volumes, with a property valuation of over $500,000.

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Lawrenceville School. important preparatory school for boys at Lawrenceville, N. J., established in 1882 on the John C. Green foundation. occupies a beautiful tract of 250 acres, with modern buildings thoroughly equipped. The school is divided into five forms, and all students, except those of the fifth form, lodge and board with masters. The entire income of the school is expended for the benefit of the pupils. In 1905 it had a student body of 400 and 31 instructors. The school maintains a summer camp for needy young boys from the city.

Law Reports. Printed reports of judicial decisions collected in volumes and published for the information and guidance of judges and lawyers. In a system of jurisprudence which is developed through the decisions of the courts and in which every recorded decision becomes a precedent which the judges are bound to follow in future cases, it is of the utmost importance that the record of such decisions shall be available for consultation and reference. The common law of Great Britain and

Lawson

the United States is contained in a long series of reports of decided cases, extending from the Year Books of Dyer (1513-82), down to the latest volume of the so-called official reports of an American State. As the reporting of the cases during the greater part of this period, consisted in recording oral opinions from memory or from notes taken by a member of the bar who happened to be in attendance, the earlier English reports are of very unequal value, some of them being almost worthless as evidence of the law. The modern judicial practice of handing down written opinions in all important cases and the assumption by the state or the organized bar of the business of law reporting, has completely obviated these imperfections of the system; though the reproduction in extenso of the written opinions of judges who are restrained by no considerations of time or space is in itself an evil from which the earlier reports were free. The business of law reporting continued in private hands in England until 1866, since which time it has been conducted by the Council of Law Reporting, instituted by the bar. In the United States judicial proceedings are everywhere officially reported and published by authority of the several states, and, in the case of the federal courts, under that of the national government. The preparation of the report (which consists of a headnote giving the precise point decided in the case, à brief statement of the facts, the opinion or opinions of the court, and the judgment rendered) is committed to an official reporter, usually appointed by the court, who also collects the cases into a volume, usually in chronological order, and publishes them. It has always been the practice of the courts and the bar to cite reports by the name of the reporter, and these are usually abbreviated in practice (as '9 Co.,' meaning the ninth volume of Sir Edward Coke's reports; 2 W. Bl.,' indicating the second volume of Sir William Blackstone's reports, etc.), but it is, since the institution of official reporting, becoming more and common to cite a report by its number in the official series of which it forms a part (as '15) U. S.,' '150 N. Y.,' signifying the 150th volume of the reports of the United States Supreme Court and of the reports of the Court of Appeals of the State of New York, respectively). Complete lists of the British and American reports, in the order of their appearance and indicating the manner in which they are cited, may be found in Soule's Reference Manual of Legal Literature (Boston).

Lawson, CECIL GORDON (1851

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82), English landscape painter, born in Shropshire. He did much of his best work in black and white for the Graphic and other journals, and in 1870 exhibited a view of Cheyne Walk at the Academy, and other works at the Grosvenor Gallery. Paintings by him are in the Manchester, Liverpool, and Tate Galleries. His principal works have been reproduced in a Memoir by E. W. Gosse (1883).

at

Lawson, JOHN (?-1712), American historian, was born in Scotland, and sailed to America from Cowes, England, landing Charleston, S. C., in 1700. He travelled extensively among the Indians of North and South Carolina, and became surveyor-general of the former colony, serving for twelve years. His A New Voyage to Carolina (1709), afterward republished as A History of Carolina (1714), is an important contribution to colonial history. Lawson was killed by Indians on the Neuse river, N. C.

Lawson, THOMAS WILLIAM (1857), American financier, was born at Charlestown, Mass., and received a public-school education. He began business as a banker and broker in 1870, and, while residing at Boston, took an active part in New York financial affairs, also, acquiring a large fortune. He became a frequent contributor to periodicals, and has published The Krank (1887), Secrets of Success (1888), and Frenzied Finance (1905).

Lawson, SIR WILFRID (1829), English statesman and temperance advocate, entered the House of Commons as Liberal representative for Carlisle (1859-65 and 1868-85), for Cockermouth (18861900), and for Camborne Division, Cornwall, since 1903. In March 1864 he first brought in his Permissive Bill, 'to enable owners and occupiers of property in certain districts to prevent the sale of intoxicating liquors within such districts.' This cost him his seat. In 1880 he carried his Local Option resolution by a majority of twenty-six. The resolution was also passed in each of the two succeeding years. Sir Wilfrid is considered 'the licensed wit' of the House of Commons, and published in conjunction with F. C. Gould a book entitled Cartoons in Rhyme and Line (1904).

Lawsonia, a genus belonging to the order Lythracea, containing only one species, L. alba, the henna plant. This is a tropical shrub, from whose fragrant white flowers is prepared the alhenna used in Arabia and Egypt for whitening the nails.

Law Terms. See TERMS OF COURT.

Lawton, tn., Comanche co.,

Lawyer

Okla., on Cache Creck and on Chi., Rock Isl. and Pac. R. R., 25 m. s. by w. of Anadarko. Pop. 7,000.

Lawton, HENRY WARE (184399), American soldier, was born at Manhattan, Ohio. He entered the army as a private in 1861, served with an Indiana regiment during the Civil War, and was brevetted a colonel of volunteers (1865). In July, 1898, he was advanced to the rank of majorgeneral of volunteers for distinguished gallantry before Atlanta, Ga. (1864). After the war he entered the regular army as a lieutenant, served with the 41st and then with the 24th Infantry, was transferred to the 4th Cavalry (1871), and was promoted to the rank of major and inspector-general (1888), and then brigadiergeneral (1898). He served with distinction against the Sioux and Ute Indians (1879) and captured Geronimo (1886). In the SpanishAmerican War, he commanded the 2d Div. of the 5th Army Corps, at Santiago. Then he was transferred to the Philippines, captured Santa Cruz (April 10, 1899), and San Isidro (May 15), and the next month was put in command of Manila. While conducting a campaign against Aguinaldo, he was killed (Dec. 19, 1899) in the battle of San Mateo. He was a fearless and able commander, and his death was universally lamented.

Lawyer. The popular term for a member of the legal profession. Specifically a lawyer is a person who has been trained in the principles and practice of the law of the land and licensed by the state or under its authority to conduct legal proceedings for others. Every developed system of law calls for a body of trained experts to administer it and to advise others as to their rights and duties thereunder, and these, owing to their association with each other in the conduct of legal business and their common relation to the courts, tend to become an exclusive profession, admission to which is guarded and regulated by themselves. A code of unwritten rules regulates the relations of lawyers to one another and to their clients, and a serious infraction of these rules subjects a lawyer to loss of professional standing and, in grave cases, to disbarment or exclusion from the profession. A lawyer is not permitted by law to disclose any communications from a client without the latter's consent, even though his employment has ceased. He may become liable to a client for negligence in conducting proceedings or for breach of faith. He cannot represent both parties to a controversy, but may serve any number of persons who have

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