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Lentulus

in 730 B.C. Manufactures earthenware, and is a market for wine, oil, grain, and cattle. Pop. (1901) 17,134.

Lentulus, a patrician family of the Cornelian clan, in ancient Rome, of which the best-known member was Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura, who was quæstor under Sulla (81 B.C.), prætor (75), and consul (71). He was ejected from the senate (70) for his disgraceful life, and joined the conspiracy of Catiline. When Catiline left Rome (63), Lentulus was head of the conspirators, but was eventually arrested and executed by Cicero.

Lenz, JAKOB MICHAEL REINHOLD (1751-92), German poet, formed for a short time one of Goethe's circle at Strassburg and Weimar, but owing to his extremely unconventional behavior was forced to leave Weimar, and led a wandering life until his death at Moscow. He was a typical poet of the 'storm-andstress' period. Die Liebe auf dem Lande, addressed to Frederica Brion, stands high among his poems, many of which are dramatic in form. See Stöber's Der Dichter Lenz und Friederike von Sesenheim (1842), and Froitzheim's Lenz und Goethe (1891).

Lenz's Law. See ELECTRICITY, CURRENT.

Leo, an ancient constellation and the fifth sign of the Zodiac, to which is affixed the symbol N. The sun enters it about July 21. The stars in the neck and mane of the asterism form the well

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The Constellation Leo.

known 'sickle,' the handle being marked by Regulus. Denebola (8 Leonis) is a Sirian star of 2.2 magnitude; Algieba (y Leonis) is a slowly revolving binary, composed of 2.6 and 3.8 magnitude solar stars. R Leonis, a red star with a banded spectrum, varies from 4.6 to 10.5 magnitude in a period of 313 days.

Leo, the name of thirteen popes. LEO I., St. surnamed the Great (440-461), born at Rome, and succeeded Sixtus III. With

278

on

Leo's pontificate began the promulgation of papal letters and decrees. Leo 1. merits praise for having induced Attila to spare Rome during his invasion of Italy. He also prevailed Genseric and the Vandals to exempt the city from incendiarism, and three old basilicas from plunder. See Saint-Cheron's Histoire du Pontificat de Saint Léon (1846).-LEO III. (795-816) crowned Charlemagne in Rome, and in return was established as temporal sovereign over the Roman states, subject to the suzerainty of the emperor.-LEO IX. (1048-54) was a native of Alsace, of the name of Bruno, and a relative of the Emperor Conrad II. His first Easter synod enjoined the celibacy of the clergy, and throughout his pontificate he expressed strong convictions adverse to simony and incontinence.LEO X., Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici (1475-1521). born at Florence, the second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, was elected Pope at thirty-six (1513). Cardinal de' Medici, before his accession to the papal chair, showed that he inherited the diplomatic skill of his father. On ascending the chair of St. Peter (1513) he showed himself, during the seven years of his occupancy, a munificent pontiff, if a vacillating and fickle politician. Leo x. made Rome the centre of the world in art and scholarship as well as in religion. See MEDICI; also Roscoe's Life and Pontificate of Leo X. (1806), and Audin's Histoire de Léon X. (1886,-LEO XIII. (1810-1903), son of Count Pecci and 258th Roman pontiff, was born at Carpineto. After taking orders, he became apostolic delegate in succession at Benevento, Perugia, and Spoleto; archbishop of Perugia (1846); cardinal (1853); Cardinal Camerlengo (1857); and finally, on the death of Pius IX. (1877), was chosen Pope (1878). He showed himself a pontiff of enlightened views, while his foreign policy was characterized by foresight and moderation. He restored the hierarchy to Scotland, settled the religious difficulty with Germany, and, though allowing great liberty of action to the Irish bishops, denounced in general terms the methods of the 'plan of campaign' in Ireland (1888). A

man

of wide culture, he wrote Latin verse of a high order; while in his encyclicals he strongly upheld the supreme power and influence of the papacy. See Lives by Bartier (1892), Norbert (1894), M'Carthy (1896), and Des Houx (1900).

Leo I., FLAVIUS (400-474), Byzantine emperor, native of Thrace, was the first emperor of Constantinople crowned by a

Leo Minor

bishop. He defeated the Huns in Dacia, but while on an expedition to reconquer Africa his fleet was destroyed by the Vandals off the coast of Carthage.

Leo III. (c. 680-741), called 'The Isaurian,' emperor of Constantinople. He obtained a great victory over the Saracens, who had besieged Constantinople for two years (718-719). Leo is best remembered by his strife against the iconoclasts or image-breakers. In 734 he transferred Greece, Macedonia, and Illyria to the patriarchate of Constantinople, thus initiating the separation between the Greek and Roman churches. See Gibbon's Decline and Fall.

Leo, LEONARDO (c. 1694-1746), Italian composer, studied at Naples and Rome, returning in 1717 to the former city to become choirmaster and director of the musical school of San Onofrio. Among his works are the oratorios Santa Elena and La Morte d' Abele, and the operas Sofonisbe, Olimpiade, La Clemenza di Tito, and Achille in Sciro; while his sacred music includes his celebrated Miserere.

Leo Africanus, Berber trayeller and geographer, who, toward the end of the 15th century, travelled through W. Asia and N. and Central Africa. While returning by sea from Egypt he was seized by pirates and sent to Rome, where he became a Christian. His account of his travels, written in Italian and published by Ramusio (1550), was for long the chief source of information on the Sudan.

Leoben, tn., prov. Styria, Austria, 27 m. N.N.W. of Graz, with a mining academy. There are lignite mines and iron works in the vicinity. Here were signed in 1797 the preliminaries of peace between Austria and France embodied in the treaty of Campo Formio. Pop. (1900) 10,204.

Leobschütz, tn. in Silesia, Prussia, on the Zinna, 20 m. N.N.W. of Ratibor. Manufactures woollen goods, glass, and machinery. Pop. (1900) 12,627.

Leochares (fl. 352-338 B.C.), famous Greek sculptor of the later classic school, and a contemporary of Scopas and Praxiteles. He was employed by Philip II. to execute the portrait statues of himself, Alexander, Amyntas, Olympias, and Eurydice, placed in the Philippeum at Olympia. A copy of his masterpiece, Ganymede carried off by the Eagle of Zeus, is in the Vatican at Rome. See Murray's Hist. of Greek Sculpture (1890), and Gardner's Handbook of Greek Sculpture (1896).

Leo Minor, a small constellation between Leo and Ursa

Major, formed by Hevelius

Leominster

(1690). The chief star, 46 Leonis Minoris, is of the fourth magnitude and of solar type.

Leominster. (1.) Tn., Worcester co., Mass., on the Bost. and Me. and on the N. Y., N. H., and H. R. Rs., 40 m. N.w. of Boston. It is an important industrial town, its manufactures including pianos, piano cases, combs (over 30 factories), paper, jewelry, furniture, toys, woollen goods, etc. The philanthropic institutions include an Old Ladies' Home. It has a fine park and a public library of nearly 20,000 volumes. The town was incorporated in 1740. Pop. (1905) 14,297. (2.) Municipal bor., (anc. Leofminstre) Herefordshire, England, 12 m. N. of Hereford. The parish church is in part Norman, and formerly belonged to a priory. The history of the town begins in 658, when a convent was established by Merewald, king of Mercia. Implement works, and trade in cider and hops. Pop. (1901) 5,826. See Townsend's Leominster.

Leon. (1.) Province in N.W. of Spain, intersected by the Douro and the Minho. It is mountainous in the N. and w., and covers an area of 5,936 sq. m. Agriculture is important, wheat, rye, oats, barley, and maize being largely cultivated. Cattle, mules, coal, iron, and leather are among the chief exports. Pop. (1900) 386,083. The kingdom of Leon was founded in 915, when Garcia, son of Alfonso III. became king. It suffered much from Moorish attacks and from internal feuds until the vigorous reign of Alfonso v. From 1037 to 1157 it formed part of Castile. After the latter date there was bitter strife between Leon and Castile till 1230, when Ferdinand III. permanently united his father Alfonso Ix.'s kingdom of Leon with his mother Berengaria's kingdom of Castile. (2.) Capital of above prov., 77 m. N.W. of Palencia, lies on a fertile plain between the Bernesga and the Tario; has a fine Gothic cathedral dating from the 13th century. The celebrated church of St. Isidore is of Byzantine architecture. In Roman times Leon was the country of the Seventh Legion. Parts of the Roman wall still exist. Pop. (1900) 17,022. (3.) Largest tn. of Nicaragua, Central America, and formerly cap. of the state, 35 m. N.W. of Managua; stands on a fine plain near the Pacific Coast, and is surrounded by plantations. Pop. 45,000. (4.) Town, state of Guanajuato, Mexico. Copper and silver are worked in the neighborhood, and leather is manufactured. Alt. 5,865 ft. Pop. 83,263. (5.) Pueb., in Iloilo prov., Panay, Philippines, 15 m. N.W. of Iloilo. Pop. (1903) 10,277. (6.) ISLA DE, flat, sandy, and marshy

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isl. (10 m. by 2 m.), on the s.w. coast of Spain, between the Bay of Cadiz and the Atlantic. (7.) Prov., Ecuador, centrally situated in the Andes. Cotopaxi (q.v.) is on the N. boundary. Area, 2,595; pop. (1902) 109,000. (8.) City, la., co. seat of Decatur co., on two branches of the Chi., Burl. and Quin. R. R., 60 m. s. of Des Moines. It is situated in an agricultural region, and has extensive dairy and poultry interests. The city has a Carnegie Library. The first settlement here was made in 1851. Pop. (1905) 2,027.

Leon, FRAY LUIS DE. PONCE DE LEON.

See

an

Leonardo da Vinci (14521519), Italian painter, head of the Umbrian Lombard School, one of the most remarkable and manysided intellects of the middle ages, appropriately named 'the Faust of the renaissance.' He was painter, sculptor, architect, musician, poet, engineer, mathematician, and philosopher, as also the great rival of Michael Angelo. Records of his early life are scanty. The illegitimate son of a peasant woman and a Florentine notary, he was educated in Florence, where he studied painting under Verrocchio. His unfinished Adoration of the Kings and his Medusa's Head belong to his Florentine period; and to his Milanese period are ascribed his most celebrated productions, the two versions of Our Lady of the Rocks (Louvre and National Gallery), and The Last Supper (Milan). He also founded' academy of arts, for which he wrote Notes for a Treatise on Painting. Owing to the French Occupation of Milan (1499) Leonardo returned to Florence, and was commissioned, with Michael Angelo, to decorate the council hall of the Signoria-paintings subsequently destroyed. The famous Mona Lisa, in the Louvre, was painted in 1504. For ten years (1506-16) he spent his time between Florence, Rome, and Milan; also painted his St. Anne and St. John the Baptist, now in the Louvre. Thereafter he accompanied Francis 1. to France, and died three years later in the Château de Cloux, Amboise. A man of extraordinary physical beauty and of physical strength, his endless invention, his curiosity in science, and his ceaseless quest after the ideal and the marvellous are reasons for the small number of pictures finished by him. Of these, the Last Supper is practically destroyed through his experimentation with oil methods. But he created a symbolical type of ideal female beauty, subtle, enigmatic, with the mysterious smile that has haunted and perplexed his students of succeeding generations.

Leonid Meteors

Da Vinci's influence through his numerous important pupils has been potent; and many of his great works can be studied in the Uffizi, in Turin, in the Ambrosiana at Milan, in the Louvre, in S. Kensington Museum, and in the royal collection at Windsor. See Brown's The Life of Leonardo da Vinci (1828), Rio's Léonard de Vinci et son Ecole (1855), Heaton and Black's Léonardo da Vinci and his Works (1873). Houssaye's Histoire de Léonard de Vinci (1876), Richter's Literary Works of Leonardo da Vinci (1883), and Seailles's Léonard de Vinci, l'Artiste le Savant (1892).

et

Leonforte, walled tn. in Catania prov., Sicily, Italy, 49 m. w. by N. of Catania; trades in sulphur, cattle, wine, and oil. From the town N.W. through the mountains to Termini Imerese is a highway, 63 m. long, the mediæval route of raiding Arabs from Palermo into the interior. Pop. 19,751.

Leoni, LEONE (1509-90), Italian sculptor, goldsmith, and medallist, was born at Arezzo. Through the influence of Ferrante Gonzaga he entered the service of the Emperor Charles v., and remained attached to the imperial household during the remainder of his life. Statues of Charles v. and the queen of Hungary are at Madrid, and other examples of his work are in the Museo del Prado, Madrid, in the Louvre, and at Vienna.

Leonidas, in ancient Greek history, the famous Spartan who commanded and died at Thermopylæ. He was king at Sparta (491-480 B.C.), in which fatter year he went to hold the pass of Thermopyle against the forces of Xerxes, with only 300 Spartans and 5,000 allies. For two days Leonidas and his soldiers held the pass against the flower of the Persian army; but the next night a traitor showed the Persians a path over the mountains, which enabled them to attack the Greeks in the rear. They fell to a man.

Leonid Meteors, a swarm of minute bodies revolving round the sun in 331 years, and crossing the earth's orbit at the point traversed by it about November 15. Hence arises a periodical shower of falling stars, called Leonids, because they appear to diverge from a small sky area near Leonis. The position of the 'raidant' indicates the trend of their parallel tracks, and is merely their perspective vanishing point. The Leonids are characterized by their swiftness, their greenish tint, and their persistent trains. Being retrograde travellers, they meet us with a velocity of fortyfour miles a second. The first

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Leonine Verse

authentic notice of a Leonid display was in 902, brilliant recurrences being observed in 1202 and 1366, in 1799 by Humboldt at Cumana, and universally on Nov. 12, 1833. The periodicity of the phenomenon was then recognized, and the prediction of its conspicuous visibility on Nov. 13, 1866, obtained full verification. Its retardation by about three days in each century depends upon the progression of the node resulting from perturbative planetary action. Planetary disturbance, too, doubtless occasioned the failure of the expected meteors on Nov. 15, 1899; for the main body of Leonids, having swerved aside, may never again encounter the earth. These meteors follow in the wake of Tempel's comet of 1866, and, according to Leverrier, were possibly introduced with it into the solar system through the influence of Uranus, 126 A.D., when comet and meteors presumably formed one compact mass. At present Leonid stragglers are dispersed round the entire orbit, and the denser portion of the swarm is distributed over a section of it measured by hundreds of millions of miles.

Leonine Verse, a popular mediæval form of Latin verse, in which the syllables immediately preceding the cæsura of a line rhyme with the final syllables-e.g.:

'En rex Eduardus, debacchans ut

leopardus.'

Strictly speaking, only elegiac
verse (alternate hexameters and
pentameters), as in Bernard of
Morlaix's De Contemptu Mundi,
can be termed leonine; but the
term is loosely used of all inter-
chiming Latin verse. Single leo-
nine verses are met with occasion-
ally in classical Latin, even out
side the works of Ovid-as:
'Vincla recusantum et sera sub nocte
rudentum;'

or, in the Sapphic measure:
'Pone me pigris ubi nulla campis
Arbor æstiva recreatur aura.”

The origin of the term is attributed to Leoninus, canon of St. Victor's, Paris (circa 1150), as also to Pope Leo II. For an account of rhyme in classical Latin, see Munro's Lucretius, preface to

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fell in battle while attempting the relief of Antipater, who was blockaded at Lamia in Thessaly by the revolted Greeks.

Leonotis, a genus of shrubs and herbs belonging to the order Labiata, natives of tropical or subtropical regions. They are characterized by dentate leaves and by showy red or yellow sessile flowers. The most valuable species is L. Leonurus, or lion's tail, a hairy shrub from S. Africa, with whorls of long scarlet flowers in winter. Another good species is L. nepetæ folia, which bears orange-colored flowers in autumn. Propagation is easy by means of cuttings taken in spring.

DE

Leon Pinelo, ANTONIO (c. 1590-1675), Spanish lawyer and author, born at Cordoba, Argentina. Leon Pinelo was judge of the tribunal of the Casa de Contratacion at Seville, and was appointed royal historiographer (1637). His most important works are the colonial code, Recohilación general de las Leyes de las Indias (finished in 1635 made authoritative by royal command in 1680), and Biblioteca Oriental y Occidental, náutica y geográfica (1629), the first bibliography of the Spanish colonies.

Leontini. See LENTINI.

Leontodon, a genus of composite-flowering plants with dentately-lobed leaves, the lobes pointing backward, an involucre imbricated with scales, a flattened fruit with a long beak, and a hairy white pappus. The flowers are all strap-shaped, and the flower-stalk is hollow and smooth, with a single flower-head on its summit. The leaves are radicle. The fall dandelion, L. autumnale is a member of this genus.

Leontopodium, or LION'S FOOT, a genus of herbaceous plants belonging to the order Compositæ. They bear dense cymes of flowers at the summits of the branches, and all are hairy or woolly plants. The most interesting species is L. alpinum, the edelweiss, a well-known Alpine plant, frequently cultivated in gardens. It is a dwarf plant, and bears its flowers in summer.

Leopard (Felis pardus), a carnivore closely allied to the lion and the tiger, but differing in its inferior size, and in the fact that its tawny coat is covered with dark spots, formed by an incomplete ring of black enclosing a bright central patch. In addition

to

this brightly-colored form, there exists also the black leopard or panther, formerly regarded as a distinct species, but now proved to be merely a variety. Leopards occur throughout India, Ceylon, and Burma, in Persia, Palestine, Syria, Arabia, and Africa; while formerly their distribution even more extensive. They are

was

Leopardi

very active animals, and differ from lions and tigers in that they habitually climb trees. The total length, including the tail, is sometimes as much as eight feet. In India the leopard preys chiefly on dogs and on various kinds of monkeys; but it is capable of killing a bullock or the samber

Leopard.

deer. The litters consist of from two to four cubs, which in India are born in spring, Leopards chiefly inhabit rocky hills covered with scrub, and in the neighborhood of villages are often a dreadful scourge to herds and flocks, and sometimes become habitual man-eaters. See Baker Wild Beasts and their Ways (1898); Ingersoll, Life of Mammals (1906).

Leopardi, COUNT GIACOMO (1798-1837), Italian writer, born at Recanati, of a noble but impoverished family; was a cripple through life. He devoted his youth to a close study of the classics and became one of the most brilliant scholars of the day, while all his earlier work is thoroughly imbued with a classical sense of form. Unhappy at home, he left it in 1822, and led a wretched and penurious life at Rome, Milan, Bologna, Florence, and Pisa. Later he found a refuge in the house of Antonio Ranieri at Naples, where he died. Leopardi's pessimism is justified by his physical sufferings and by the circumstances of his life. The poems of his first period (1819-26), consisting of the Idilli and the first ten canzoni, are freer in their style, though still bound by classical form. The canti of the second period (182636) represent the struggle between the poet's pessimism and his lost ideals. In the Paralipomeni della Batracomiomachia he satirizes the political and other aspiraof tions contemporary Italy. His prose is no less admirable than his verse. The Epistolario, in which Leopardi reveals his innermost self, is a most valuable and touching human document. Ranieri collected Leopardi's works in six volumes (1845-9), and afterward published his Sette anni di sodalizio con G. Leopardi (1880). The best editions of the poems are those of Chiarini (1886) and Mestica (1886); while Straccali a good commentary on

wrote

Leopold

them (2d ed. 1895). The prose works have been well edited by Mestica (1890, 1899) and by Carducci (1898-1900). The best edition of the Epistolario is the fifth, edited by Piergili (1892). See the biographies by Montanari (1838), Giotti (1862), Bouché-Leclerq (1874), Rosa (1880), Annovi (1898), and Cesareo (1902). Leopardi's poems were translated

282

Sobieski, king of Poland (1683). In 1701 Leopold claimed the crown of Spain for his son Charles, and thus initiated the war of the Spanish Succession, which was continued under his successors Joseph 1. and Charles VI. See Baumstark's Kaiser Leopold I. (1873).

Leopold II. (1747-92), Holy Roman emperor, third son of

Leopold II., King of the Belgians.

into English by Cliffe (1893, 1903), Morrison (1900), and Sir T. Martin (1904); his prose works by Edwards (1882), Patrick Maxwell (new ed. 1905), and by the poet James Thomson (1893; new ed. 1905).

Leopold, LAKE. See RIKWA, LAKE.

Leopold I. (1640-1705), Holy Roman emperor, son of Ferdinand III., became king of Hungary (1655), and king of Bohemia (1657). Elected emperor (1658), he made war with the Turks, whose defeat at St. Gothard (1664) led to the peace of Tenneswar. His persecution of the Protestants of Hungary caused an insurrection, which he suppressed with the aid of John

VOL. VIL-Jan. '10.

Francis 1. and Maria Theresa, became grand-duke of Tuscany (1765), and succeeded his brother, Joseph II., as emperor (1790). In 1792 he concluded an alliance with Prussia for the restoration of Louis XVI. of France, but died just as hostilities were about to begin.

Leopold I., GEORGE CHRISTIAN FREDERIC (1790-1865), king of the Belgians, son of Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg. At an early age Prince Leopold took service with Russia, and in 1813 fought against Napoleon at Lützen, Bautzen, and Leipzig, and entered Paris with the allied sovereigns. Prince Leopold visited England in 1815, and the following year married the Princess

Leosthenes

Charlotte, daughter of George IV., was naturalized, created Duke of Kendal, and made a general in the British army. The princess died in 1817. In 1830 he declined the crown of Greece, and in 1831 he was elected first king of the Belgians. In 1832 he married Louise, daughter of Louis Philippe. He bore the title 'Juge de Paix de l'Europe' for his good offices as umpire in international disputes.

Leopold II., LOUIS PHILIPPE MARIE VICTOR (1835-1909), king of the Belgians, was born at Brussels, and succeeded his father, Leopold 1., Dec. 10, 1865. He was the virtual proprietor of the Congo Free State with its thirty millions of people and immense resources. He set apart for himself the Crown Domain, more than ten times the size of Belgium, and accumulated a fortune estimated at $50,000,000 at his death. Reports of atrocities committed upon the natives of the Congo under his administration aroused the protest of the whole civilized world during the last years of his reign, but they remained unanswered. At his death, these charges and indignant condemnation of his private life completely overshadowed the many improved conditions that he had established in Belgium, especially among the industrial classes. In 1853 he married the Archduchess Marie Henriette Anne of Austria, and by her had four children-the Duke of Brabant (d. in 1869), Princess Louise (m. 1875 to Prince Philip of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha), Princess Stephanie (m. in 1881 to Archduke Rudolf, who died in 1889, and in 1900 to Count Lonyay), and Princess Clementine (b. 1872). The Queen of the Belgians died on Sept. 19, 1902. See MacDonnell's King Leopold II.: his Rule in Belgium and the Congo (1905).

Leopold, KARL GUSTAF (17561829), Swedish poet, was born at Stockholm. In 1786 he became literary assistant to Gustavus III. and in 1788 his private secretary, and an academician. His tragedies Odin and Virginia excited much admiration in his time. See his Poetiska Skriften (1873).

Leopoldville, trading station in the Congo Free State, W. Africa, on 1. bk. of the Congo, at the entrance to Stanley Pool. Beyond it the river is open for navigation for 1,000 m. There is a government organized transport service of thirty steamers for the Upper Congo trade. Seaward the river's course is beset with cataracts, and a railway (250 m.) has been constructed between Matadi and Leopoldville.

Leosthenes, an Athenian who commanded the confederate Greeks in the Lamian war (322 B.C.), and fell in battle before

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