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Lincoln

then visiting in Springfield, who is supposed to have exerted over him a powerful influence.

From the beginning Lincoln's chief interest was in politics rather than in law, and he began his political career as a zealous Whig. He was a member of the lower house of the Illinois legislature (1834-41), in which he advocated internal improvements and first put himself on record against slavery, and of the national House of Representatives (1847-9), in which he opposed the Mexican War, zealously supported the Wilmot Proviso, and introduced a bill (which was tabled), for the suppression of the slave trade in the District of Columbia. It was in the political events growing out of the passage of the KansasNebraska Bill in 1854 that he first became a figure of national importance. He now came forward as one of the foremost leaders of those who, working within party lines, contended for the restriction of slavery, especially in the territories. One of the organizers of the Republican Party in Illinois, he soon showed himself the only man who could meet on equal terms, who could even overmatch, the great Democratic leader in the state, Stephen A. Douglas, who entered the contest against Lincoln with all the prestige that naturally attached to a man who had dominated the national Congress and who had become known as almost invincible in debate. In 1858 a U. S. senator was to be chosen in Illinois and the two parties adopted the unusual course of expressing their choice in state conventions, Lincoln being pitted against Douglas. The campaign, marked by the famous series of joint debates between the two-debates in which Lincoln showed his moral and intellectual superiority and remarkable political sagacityattracted widespread attention; and Lincoln's fearlessness of utterance, especially in his letter of acceptance (in which occurs the oft-quoted assertion ""A house divided against itself cannot stand." I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free'), caused consternation in some quarters, but won admiration and respect throughout the North. Douglas won the senatorship, but Lincoln was the real victor, and his astuteness in forcing from his antagonist admissions damaging in the eyes of the South did much to render impossible Douglas's election to the presidency in 1860. By the national convention of the Republican Party at Chicago in 1860, Lincoln was nominated for the presidency, not, however, so much because his pre-eminent fitness for

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Lincoln

the office was then recognized as because much better known men, like Seward, were regarded as less 'available'; and, by a strictly sectional vote, he was elected to this office, receiving 180 electoral votes out of 303, the rest being cast for Breckenridge, Douglas, and Bell. His election was the signal for which the South had been waiting; it made secession and civil war inevitable. In his inaugural address (Mar. 4, 1861), characterized by simplicity and earnestness, Lincoln made the issue plain; 'no state,' he said, 'upon its own mere motion can lawfully get out of the Union,' and 'I shall take care, as the Constitution itself expressly enjoins upon me, that the laws of the Union be faithfully executed in all the states.' From this time until his death Lincoln's biography is the history of the nation; throughout the terrible years of the Civil War he was the embodiment of the North, and during these four years he won a place among American statesmen second only to that of Washington. The details of the war and of his administrative acts may be found in the articles CIVIL WAR, and UNITED STATES. Throughout he showed marvellous political sagacity, great executive ability, and a capacity to deal with men unexcelled in the nation's history; he exercised power such as no other President has ever exercised, the power almost of an autocrat; he understood thoroughly the people over whom he was placed, and he used a wise restraint in delaying action in many cases-in the case of the issue of the Emancipation Proclamation for instance-until public opinion should be ready for it. In 1864 he was re-elected, receiving 212 electoral votes against 21 for McClellan, the Democratic candidate. Soon after his entry upon his second term, soon after the delivery of his incomparable second inaugural address, at the moment of the final triumph of the cause of the Union, he was assassinated (April 14, 1865) in Ford's Theatre, Washington, by John Wilkes Booth, dying on the morrow. The country mourned as it has never mourned; and in his death not only did the North lose a ruler who was sorely needed for the turbulent Reconstruction Period to come, but the South, as is now and was even then to some extent recognized, lost its best friend. It is safe to say that had Lincoln lived the country would have been spared the bitterness, the strife, and the misrule of the years 1865

70. 'Under Lincoln,' says the historian Rhodes, 'reconstruction would have been a model of statecraft which would have added to his great fame.' Lincoln's characteristics are well

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known: his honesty and transparent sincerity, his simplicity, his self-abnegation and magnanimity, his tender-heartedness, his brooding melancholy relieved by a keen sense of humor and a remarkable gift for story-telling, his sanity, and abounding common sense. He will, moreover, be remembered as a writer of state papers and of addresses, notably the Gettysburg Address, which have all the impress of their author's personality, and in their class are unexcelled.

The standard biography is that by Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History (10 v. 1890); the same authors edited the Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln (2 v. 1894). See also Lives by Morse (1893), Arnold (1867), Herndon and Weik (rev. ed. 1892), Lamon (1872), and Tarbell (1900); and, for perhaps the best account of his administration, see Rhodes's History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 (5 vols. 1893).

Lincoln, BENJAMIN (17331810), American soldier, born at Hingham, Mass. At the outbreak of the Revolution he eagerly embraced the cause of the patriots, was a member of the Mass. provincial congress (1775), and in the next year became a major-general of the Mass. militia. In Feb., 1777, he was commissioned as a major-general in the Continental army. He served in the Saratoga campaign against Burgoyne, receiving on Oct. 8, 1777, a wound which kept him out of active service until Aug., 1778; succeeded Gen. Robert Howe in command of the American troops at Charleston (Dec., 1778); attempted unsuccessfully to retake Savannah from the British (Oct., 1779); and was forced to surrender Charleston to the British Gen. Leslie (May 12, 1780), he himself being paroled and being enchanged in Nov. He commanded the right wing of the American army at Yorktown; was delegated by Washington to receive the surrender of that city (Oct. 19, 1781); and was secretary of war of the U. S. (Oct., 1781Nov., 1783). In 1786-7 he commanded the Mass. forces which suppressed Shay's Rebellion, and in 1788-9 was lieutenant-governor of Mass. See Life by Bowen, in Spark's Library of American Biography, Series I, vol. 13 (1847).

Lincoln, HUGH OF. See HUGH OF LINCOLN.

Lincoln, ROBERT TODD (1843), American lawyer and diplomat, eldest child of Abraham Lincoln, was born at Springfield, O., and graduated (1864) at Harvard, where he also took a course in the law school. He acted as volunteer aid on Gen. Grant's staff during

Lincolnshire

the closing days of the Civil War. Mr. Lincoln completed his law studies in Chicago, where he was admitted to the bar, 1867, and practised continuously until his appointment, 1881, as secretary of war by Pres. Garfield. Pres. Arthur retained him in this position during his own term. In 1889 Pres. Harrison nominated Mr. Lincoln as U. S. minister to Great Britain, where he remained until 1893, after which he resumed his practice in Chicago.

Lincoln College. An educational institution for both sexes at Lincoln, Ill., under control of the Cumberland Presbyterians, founded in 1865. In 1901 it became the collegiate department of the James Milliken University, which also maintains an industrial school and other departments at Decatur, Illinois. The college has a preparatory department and schools of pedagogy, music, and elocution. It has an average attendance of 250, a library of 5,000 volumes, $109,000 in productive funds and an income of about $10,000.

Lincoln Judgment, THE, a celebrated ritual case in the Church of England of 1889. Dr. King, bishop of Lincoln, was cited before the Archbishop of Canterbury by certain representatives of the Low Church' party for alleged ritual offences at the administration of the holy communion. The jurisdiction of the archbishop was disputed, but having been established by appeal to the privy council, the trial proceeded. The main points of the judgment were that the celebrant at the eucharist was allowed to adopt the eastward position; the mixing of water with wine was allowed as in accord with primitive practice and not forbidden in the Church of England; ceremonial washing of the vessels after communion and the drinking of the water used in ablution was pronounced legal; and two lighted candles were permitted on the super

altar.

Lincolnshire, maritime co. in the E. of England, between the Humber and the Wash. The surface is in great part flat and low, especially in the E. and S., the Wolds, ranges of low cretaceous hills, stretch through the centre, and the Cliff range extends N. and s. The coast is bordered by sanddunes. Principal rivers are Trent, Ancholme, Witham, and Welland, and these are connected by a network of canals and dykes, some of the latter being also navigable (Carr, Foss, etc.). The soil is fertile and highly cultivated, the coast-lands being enriched by 'warping,' or the deposit of sedíment by the tide. Cereals form the leading crops; large numbers of turkeys, sheep, cattle, and

Lincoln's Inn

horses are reared; and iron ore, building-stone, gypsum, limestone, and brick-clay are worked. Ancient remains include many traces of Roman occupation-camps, castles, abbeys, and numerous interesting churches. Area (ancient co.), 2,646 sq. m. Pop. (1901) 498,847. See Allen's History of the County of Lincoln (1834); Wheeler's History of the Fens of South Lincolnshire (1897); and Venables and Perry's Lincoln (Diocesan Histories, 1897).

Lincoln's Inn. See INNS OF COURT.

Lincrusta, a substance used in ornamental plastic material, invented by James Walton. Composed of cellulose paper and pulverized cork, it is compressed, soaked with oil and resin, and while in a semi-viscous state is stamped with dies to give an impression in low relief. It is nonabsorbent, very elastic and flexible, and resembles costly woods and prepared leather.

Lind, JOHANNA MARIA (182087), known as Jenny Lind, famous soprano singer, born at Stockholm, Sweden, where she received her first lessons in singing from Berg and others in the Court Theatre. She made her début in her native town (1838), and subsequently studied with Manuel Garcia in Paris. In 1844 the influence of Meyerbeer secured her an operatic engagement in Berlin, and from this time onwards her success was assured. Her first appearance in London (1847) created scenes of extraordinary enthusiasm. She retired from the operatic stage in 1849, and was afterwards heard only on the concert platform. While on tour in the U. S., 1850-52, she married Otto Goldschmidt, her accompanist. Jenny Lind possessed a voice of rare brilliance and sympathetic quality, with a compass of from D to D in alt, and her executive powers were of the highest order. She was noted for her charities both in Europe and in the U. S. She practically retired in 1870, but was a professor of singing in the Royal College o Music, London (1883-6). See Memoir by Holland and Rockstro (1891).

Lindale, vil., Floyd co., Ga., 4 m. s. of Rome, on the S. and the Cent. of Ga. R. Rs. The manufacture of cotton is the chief industry. Pop. (1900) 2,643.

Lindau, PAUL (1839-), German dramatist, novelist, and critic, was born in Magdeburg, and, after a journalistic training in Paris, became editor of the Düsseldorfer Zeitung (1863). In 1872 he founded Die Gegenwart, which he edited till 1881, and in 1877 founded Nord und Süd. Meantime he had published two books of travel, Aus Venetien (1864) and

336

Aus Paris (1865), and had become known as a critic, his most noteworthy productions being Harmlose Briefe eines Deutschen Kleinstädters (1870), Literarische Rücksichtslosigkeiten (1871), Molière (1872), and Alfred de Musset (1877). He travelled extensively in the U.S. during 1883, spending considerable time in the new West,' and published letters descriptive of these travels under the title Aus der neuen Welt in 1884. Of his novels, the best are Herr und Frau Bewer (1882) and Vater Adrien und andere Geschichten (1893). His dramatic works, somewhat lacking in originality and force, have been collected under the title Theater (1873-88). Other works are Aus dem Orient (1889) and Altes und Neues aus der Neuen Welt (1893).

Lindau, RUDOLF (1829), German author, brother of the preceding, was born in Gardelegen. He has been a frequent contributor to the Revue des Deux Mondes, Le Figaro, and the Journal des Débats. His works

-some of which are written in German, some in French, and some in English-show a wide knowledge of men and manners. They include Un Voyage Autour du Japon (1864); The Philosopher's Pendulum (1883); Türkische Geschichten (1891); Der Fanar und Mayfair (1898); and Zwei Reisen in der Türkei (1899).

Linden. A shapely, somewhat pyramidal tree (Tilia), often

Linden (Tilia europæa).

1, Flower.

known in America as basswood or whitewood. Although the European species, T. Europaa, the 'lime tree,' is frequently planted,

Lindley

the American, T. Americana, is quite as handsome, and is very similar. Each has a sturdy trunk, and slender, upright, close-growing branches. The leaves are large, inequilateral and heartshaped, pointed at the apex, and with a downy under surface. The yellowish-green flowers apparently spring from a broad membranous bract, which is, in reality, adnate to the peduncle. They are fragrant, and furnish much honey to bees, which haunt the trees when in bloom. The wood is white when freshly cut, but becoming browner when seasoned. It is used for carriage bodies, cabinet work, wooden ware and paper pulp, being soft, easily worked, and not warping. The inner bark furnishes florists' 'bast.'

Linden, tn., prov. Hanover, Prussia, 6 m. w. of Hanover. Manufactures include machinery, velvets, woollen goods, carpets, chemicals, sugar, rubber, and artificial manures. Pop. (1900)50,423.

Linderman, HENRY RICHARD (1825-79), American financier, was born at Lebanon, Pa., and was a practising physician in various parts of his native state until his appointment as chief clerk of the Philadelphia mint, 1855-64. He was director of the mint, 1864-5, and subsequently visited London, Paris, and Berlin, and published for the U. S. government a report on the mints of those cities. Linderman was superintendent of the mint, 1873-9. The coinage of the 'trade dollar' as an outlet for surplus silver was due to his suggestion, and he helped frame the coinage act of 1873.

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Lindley, JOHN (1799-1865), English botanist, born and educated at Catton, near Norwich. He devoted himself to botanical studies, translated Richard's Analyse du Fruit, and wrote Monographia Rosarum (1820), illustrated with drawings by himself. He became professor of botany in University College, London (1829), and lecturer in botany to the Apothecaries Company in 1836. His chief works are Introduction to the Natural System of Botany (1830); The Vegetable Kingdom (1846); and, in conjunction with Hutton, The Fossil Flora of Great Britain (1831-7).

Lindley, NATHANIEL, BARON LINDLEY (1828), English jurist. born at Acton Green, son of the preceding; was called to the bar (1850), and made a judge (1872). In 1875 he was knighted, and ap pointed judge to the Court of Common Pleas. He became a member of the Privy Council (1881), and master of the rolls (18971900). Lindley has written sev

Lindleya

eral valuable works on law, including Introduction to the Study of Jurisprudence (1855), a Treatise on the Law of Partnership (7th ed. 1905), and The Law of Companies (6th ed. 1902).

Lindleya, a genus of Mexican evergreen trees, order Rosaceæ. There is only one species, L. Mespiloides. It grows to a height of about twenty feet, and bears solitary white fragrant flowers in summer. The flowers are followed by capsular fruits.

Lindsay. Tn., Ontario, co. seat of Victoria co., on the Scugog R., and on the Grand Trunk R. R., 70 m. N.E. of Toronto. It has manufactures of flour and lumber products, agricultural implements, carriages and wagons, boots and shoes, woollen goods, veneer, etc., and is the centre of a considerable grain and lumber trade. A U. S. consular agent resides here. Pop. (1901) 7,003.

Lindsay, LORD OF THE BYRES. See CRAWFORD AND BALCARRES.

Lindsay, or LYNDSAY, SIR DAVID (1490-1555), Scottish poet, and Lyon king-of-arms, was the son of David Lyndsay of the Mount, Fifeshire, and of Garmylton, Haddington. He was a member of the royal household by November, 1511; and on the birth of the young prince, afterwards James v., April 10, 1512, he was appointed keeper of his person. When the government was usurped by Angus in 1526, Lindsay and also the king's tutors, Gavin Dunbar and John Bellenden, were dismissed; but after the escape of James from the Angus domination, Lindsay was appointed Lyon king-of-arms (1529). He compiled a Register of Scottish Arms (1542), now in the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh, published in 1822, and repubfished in 1878. Nearly all the poetry of Lindsay has a social or political aim. He seeks to attain his purpose mainly by satire, and often by satire that is broadly indecorous. His verse has no strictly poetic qualities, and perhaps its highest intellectual merit is its shrewdness. But if his portraiture of character is lacking in depth and individuality, his political and social judgments are thoroughly sane; and he scourges the vices and corruptions of his time with admirable discernment, and keen if rather coarse humor. His more important poems are The Dreme, an allegorical medley, with a very manifest political and social moral; The Complaynt of the Papyngo, in which the greed of the ecclesiastics is specially satirized; and the remarkable drama, Ane Satyre of the Three Estaitis, an interesting link between the old 'morality VOL. VII.-22

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play' and later drama, and, apart from its literary merits-which, especially as regards wit, are considerable-one of the most valuable historic documents of the 16th century, on account both of its direct and indirect portraiture of the social manners of the time. The modern editions of Lindsay's poems are those of Chalmers (1806), the English Text Society (1865-71), and Laing (1879).

Lindsay, JAMES BOWMAN (1799-1862), Scottish scientist, born at Carmylie, Forfarshire. He devoted himself to science, and discovered the heating and lighting possibilities of electricity as early as 1834, and lit his garret in Dundee with electric light. was also a pioneer of wireless telegraphy, and transmitted messages by this means across the Firth of Tay. His merits received little recognition until after his death.

He

Lindsays, EARLS OF CRAWAND BALCARRES. See

FORD

CRAWFORD.

Lindsborg, city, McPherson co., Kansas, 20 m. s. of Salina, on the Smoky Hill R., and on the Union Pacific and the Missouri Pacific R. Rs. It is the seat of Bethany College (Lutheran), and is the centre of Swedish colonies. Its manufactures include flour and bricks. Pop. (1904) 1,814.

Lindsey, Vil., Jefferson co., Pa., 20 m. w.s.w. of Clearfield, on the Pa. and the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburg R. Rs. It has foundries, machine shops and brick yards. Pop. (1900) 2,500.

Linea, a tn. of S. Spain, in the prov. of Cadiz, between Gibraltar and San Roque, and within the Spanish lines-hence the name; supplies Gibraltar with vegetables and fruit. Pop. (1900) 27,743.

Linear Measure. See WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

Linen, a fabric spun and woven from the fibres of flax (Linum usitatissimum), a plant of the order Linacea, which grows from two to three feet in height. It is widely grown in Europe, Asia, and America. The art of spinning and weaving flax into linen is very ancient. Linen is mentioned in the Bible, and has been found as mummy-cloths in Egypt. Linen is manufactured in France, Belgium, and Germany. Courtrai in Belgium and Westphalia in Germany produce fine linen yarn, used in the making of costly laces; and in the United Kingdom Belfast is the most important town engaged in the manufacture of fine inen fabrics. The first mill for spinning yarn by machinery was built at Darlington in 1787. In 1790 mills were erected in Scotland, the first near Glamis. But though Cartwright's loom was applied

Linen

to the weaving of cotton in 1785, the first successful factory for weaving linen by power-looms was not erected till 1812. The total annual value of linen manufactures exported from the United Kingdom is about $30,000,000. Of late years the manufacture has shown signs of decline through competition with jute for heavy goods, and with cotton for finer fabrics. Damask at the present time is often woven of cotton and

linen together. In Ireland very artistic colored linens are being produced for use as dress materials and in upholstery and embroidery.

Process of Manufacture.-The stems of the flax plants, after

Flax Plant (Linum
angustifolium).

1, Flower (petals removed).

being pulled up by the roots, are converted into a textile fabric by the processes of 'rippling,' 'retting, or steeping, grassing,' 'breaking,' and 'scutching.' Rippling is the process of separating the seeds from the plant by means of 'beaters,' which loosen the seeds, and 'shakers', which shake them out from the flax straw. Retting is the process of getting rid of the resinous matters present in the plant. This is done by steeping the flax stems in water and subjecting them to fermentation. Soft water is essential. Grassing is the drying of the flax stems. They are then passed between horizontal fluted rollers, which break up the woody portion of the stems and render it easy afterwards by means of scutching to separate

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