Lodge

mittee. He was a representative in Congress from his state from 1887 to 1893, when he was elected to the U. S. Senate, to which he was twice re-elected. He achieved a high place in Republican councils and came to be known, in certain instances, at least, as the spokesman in the Senate of Pres. Roosevelt, his personal friend. In 1884 Mr. Lodge was elected a member of the Harvard Board of Overseers. His literary activity began with the Life and Letters of Hon. George Cabot, his great-grandfather (1877). He has written A Short History of the English Colonies in America (1881), lives of Alexander Hamilton (1882), Daniel Webster (1883), and George Washington (1889), in the American Statesmen Series, Studies in History (1884), Political and Historical Essays (1888), A History of Boston (1891), A Fighting Frigate, and Other Essays and Addresses (1902), The Story of the Revolution (1898), Certain Accepted Heroes, and Other Essays (1897), and A History of the United States, with J. W. Garner (4 vols. 1906). He has edited The Works of Alexander Hamilton (9 vols. 1885), and one or two anthologies for use in schools. See F. B. Tracy in New England Magazine (Nov., 1905).

Lodge, SIR OLIVER JOSEPH (1851), English physicist, was born et Penkhull, Staffordshire; educated at Newport grammar school and University College, London, and graduated at London University as doctor of science (1877). In 1881 he was appointed professor of physics at the newly founded University College of Liverpool, and in 1900 became principal of the new Birmingham University. He was awarded the Rumford medal by the Royal Society in 1898, and was knighted in 1902. His numerous papers deal chiefly with electrical science, such as the theories of contact electricity and of electrolysis, the action of lightning conductors, the oscillatory discharge in Leyden jars, and the production of electro-magnetic waves in air (see HERTZ), the development of wireless telegraphy and its indispensable piece of apparatus called by him the 'coherer.' He also carried out with great skill a difficult experiment to determine whether rapidly, moving heavy matter exerted a drag on the ether. The result was negative. He is the author of a book on elementary mechanics containing some novelties of treatment. His Modern Views of Electricity (1889; new ed. 1892) and Pioneers of Science (1893; new ed. 1904) rank among the best of popular scientific books. He has also written on Signalling

387

across Space without Wires (3d ed. 1900), on Lightning Conductors and Lightning Guards (1892), Life and Matter (1905), etc. His purely scientific work has been supplemented by excursions into the mystic fields of spiritualism

Sir Oliver Joseph Lodge.

(Photo by H. J. Whitlock & Sons, Ltd.)

and psychical research generally. His public utterances on these as well as on scientific questions are always fresh and interesting. One of the latest problems to which he has directed attention is the mitigation of city fogs by forcing condensation by means of strong electric fields.

Lodge, THOMAS (1558-1625), English poet and pamphleteer, the son of a lord mayor, was born probably at West Ham, Essex. He was educated at the Merchant Taylors' School, Trinity College, Oxford, and Lincoln's Inn, where he was called to the bar (1578); but he drifted into literary work. In 1580 he wrote a Defence of Plays against the Puritans. About 1587 he wrote The Wounds of Civil War, for the Admiral's men, and collaborated with Greene in A Looking-Glass for London and England, for those of Lord Strange (1594). He made a. voyage to South America in 1591. Among his numerous works are:-Poems: Scillaes Metamor physis (1589); Phillis (1593); A Fig for Momus (1595). Prose: Alarum against Usurers (1584); Forborius and Prisceria (1584); Rosalynde (1590), the source of Shakespeare's As You Like It; Catharos (1591); Euphues's Shadow (1592); William Longbeard (1593); and A Margarite of America (1596). The best edition of

Lodz

Lodge's Works is that published by the Hunterian Club (1878-82).

Lodgings. Furnished rooms let by the owner or sublet by a tenant in possession for occupancy for limited periods, usually by the week or month. An agreement to let furnished lodgings is an agreement relating to land under the Statute of Frauds, and, in the absence of part performance, cannot be enforced, unless in writing signed by the defendant. In the letting of furnished apartments there is an implied warranty that the rooms are fit for Occupation. Any person who lets lodgings without desinfecting them after infectious disease, or gives a false answer to any question as to the existence of any infectious disease, is liable to fine or imprisonment. A lodging-house keeper is not, like an innkeeper, liable for the loss or destruction of the lodger's goods without the former's fault. On the other hand, the relation is not that of landlord and tenant, the lodger acquiring by his contract no right of property in the premises but only a license to use the same, subject to the terms of the contract. See BOARDING HOUSE; LICENSE; LANDLORD AND TEN

ANT.

Lodi, bor., Bergen co., N. J., on the N. Y., Sus. and W. R. R., and the Saddle R., 2 m. w. of Hackensack and 2 m. N.E. of Passaic. It has large silk dye works, plush dye works, a bleachery, iron works, and a manufactory of tracing cloth. It was settled in 1825. Pop. (1905) 2,793.

Lodi. (1.) Town, prov. Milan, Lombardy, Italy, on the r. bk. of the Adda R., 18 m. s.E. of Milan; manufactures majolica, and Parmesan cheese and other dairy produce. The cathedral dates from 1158. Napoleon Bonaparte gained a victory here over the Austrians in 1796. Pop. (comm.) 27,811. (2.) L. VECCHIO (anc. Laus Pompeia), vil., prov. Milan, Italy, 5 m. w. of Lodi.

Lodolcea, a monotypic genus of fan-leaved palms. L. Sechellarum is a native of the Seychelles I., where it grows to a height of a hundred feet. The fruits are very large, perhaps the largest known, the separate nuts being said to weigh as much as 40 lbs. They are called double cocoanuts, or coco-de-mer, having two seeds or nuts, enclosed in a husk. Dropping into the water, these twin floating nuts, which might have suggested the catamaran, were cast up on other shores, and were supposed to have originated on a sub-marine palm. Enormous prices were paid for the nuts, which were used in the fantastic medicine of former times.

Lodz, tn., Piotrkow gov.,

Loeb

Poland, W. Russia, 27 m. N.N.W. of Piotrkow city, on the Lodka (or Lukda). It has grown more rapidly than any city in Europe, and is now the fifth largest town in the Russian empire. Its numerous industrial establishments employ over 30,000 workmen, and produce $30,000,000 worth of annual output. The chief industry is cotton; after this come silk, wool, linen, cloth, flour, beer, spirits, iron. There are also extensive dye works, flour mills, and agricultural implement manufac tures. Lodz covers an area of 10 sq. m. There are good technical and other schools. The popu lation is mainly composed of Poles, Germans, and Jews, each amounting to nearly a third of the whole. The town was the scene of several strikes and much rioting during the Russian social disturbances of 1905. Pop. (1897) 315,209.

Loeb, JACQUES (1859), a German-American experimental phys iologist and biologist. He studied medicine at Berlin, Munich, and Strassburg, receiving his medical

388

Prof. Loeb has made many original and ingenious experiments upon cells and tissues with light and other stimuli, and also with salt water of differing densities. He has demonstrated interesting facts with reference to heliotropism and geotropism in animals; has shown that instinct and will may be merely stereotropism and reflex action; and has published fascinating studies of development of embryos, regeneration, brain physiology in worms, the nature of ions and ion-proteids, etc. Perhaps he is best known popularly from the extracts of his publications on the nature of the process of fertilization, and the artificial production of normal larvæ from the unfertilized eggs of the sea-urchin. His monographs and essays were collected and published in 1905, under the title Studies in General Pathology, in two volumes of the 'Decennial Publications' of the University of Chicago.

Loeb, LOUIS (1866-1909), Amer. figure painter and illustrator, born in Cleveland, O.; studied in

degree at Strassburg, in 1884; was assistant in physiology at the University of Würzburg in 1886-88; and at the University of Strassburg in 1888-90, and did research work at Naples Zoological Station, 1889-91. He was associate professor of biology at Bryn Mawr College in 1891-92; assistant professor of physiology and experimental biology at the University of Chicago in 1892-1902; and has been professor of biology, University of California, since 1902. Loeb has done valuable and significant work in the fields of comparative physiology and psychology. He is considered the pioneer in experimental study of the physiology of protoplasm. VOL. VII.-Jan. '10,

Paris under Gérôme, and in 1890 settled in New York city, devoting himself to illustration work of high art quality. His chief paintings consist of landscapes with figures of classical, decorative character. He received many medals and prizes, including a second Hallgarten prize at the National Academy for "The Mother' in 1892, the Webb prize at the Society of American Artists exhibition of 1903 for 'The Dawn,' and two silver medals at St. Louis in 1904. His other works include: 'The Temple of the Winds' (1898); "The Breeze' (1900); "The Joyous Life' (1903); A Siren' (1905), and a portrait of Eleanor Robson as Merely Mary Ann (1905).

Lofty

Loeb, WILLIAM, JR. (1866), American public official, was born in Albany, N. Y. He was stenographer to the N. Y. Assembly in 1888, to the N. Y. State Constitutional Convention in 1894, and to the grand jury and district attorney of Albany co., N. Y., in 1895-98. He then became stenographer and private secretary to Gov. Roosevelt (1899), to whom he was also secretary when the latter became vice-pres. of the U. S. He was assistant secretary to President Roosevelt in 1901-3, when he was appointed full secretary. In March, 1909, he became Collector of Customs at the Port of New York. He completely reorganized the weighing division of the Customs House by the removal and prosecution of dishonest officials. Importers who defrauded the government were convicted, and large quantities of smuggled goods seized.

Loess, a fine porous siliceous and calcareous earth, usually yellow. It is probably a windborne accumulation of dried mud or fine desert sand, retained where deposited in the dry season round grass and other steppe plants. It is found on the margin of deserts, or arid plains, beyond the terminal moraines of the great ice age in Europe and in N. and S. America. The thickness may be great, rising to 1,500 or 2,000 ft. in China, and to 2,000 or even 3,000 ft. in the adobe regions of N. America. Where water can be supplied it gives an extremely fertile soil. The extremely fertile soils of the Missouri river valley of Iowa and Nebraska are loess.

Lofoten, LOFODEN, or LOFFODEN ISLANDS ('Lyn Foot'), large group of islands, Norway, between 67° 40' and 69° 21' N.; 12° and 17° E., separated from the mainland by the Westfjord. The group falls into the sections consisting of (1) the Lofotens proper in the s., comprising Ostvaagö, Vestvaago, Flakstado, and Moskenaesö, (2) Vaerö and Rost and the Vesteraalen, to which belong Hindö, Langö, and Andö. The two groups are separated from each other by the Hadselfjord. Between the islets Moskenaesö and Mosken lies the once dreaded whirlpool Maelström. There is good pasturage for cattle, and little snow falls in winter. Fishing is the chief means of subsistence. Area, over 2,000 sq. m. Pop. 37,000, doubled in the fishing

Log

Log. An apparatus used to measure a ship's speed. In its simplest form, as invented about 1620, it consists of the log-chip, the log-line, the log-reel, and the log-glass. The log-chip is a flat wooden board, triangular in shape and weighted so as to float perpendicularly, with holes at the corners, to two of which the logline is made fast by passing through and knotting. In each of the other holes are knotted the ends of a short span of similar rope. In the centre of this span is made fast a tapered peg which fits closely in a wooden socket lashed to the log-line. For ascertaining the speed of a ship, the log-chip at the end of the line is thrown overboard astern, and the line is paid out from the log-reel. The fine is marked at certain intervals, and a sand-glass is turned over so as to begin running_exactly when the line does. The log-line is marked off in lengths of 47 ft. 3 in. when a 28-seconds sand-glass is used, which is usual.

The lengths between the marks are determined from the fact that 47 ft. 3 in. bear the same proportion to a nautical mile as 28 seconds do to 1 hour. The first 10 fathoms or so of the line are 'stray line,' the allowance made for carrying the log, when it is heaved, away from the influence of the ship's wake.

A log was patented by Edward Massey of Hanley, Staffordshire, in 1834, for registering the speed of ships by a mechanism which was towed from the quarter, with line enough to clear the eddy in the wake of the ship, showing the distance actually gone through the water, by means of the revolutions of a fly-wheel, and registering upon a dial plate the knots and tenths. Massey's log was never very much used and has

Log, New Patterns.

a long line. The turning of the propeller causes the line to twist, and this operates a dial mechanism on the taff-rail which shows the actual distance passed over. See KNOT.

Log-book, the official journal of all important occurrences in and in connection with a ship. A log-book is usually kept upon printed forms, which are bound up together, containing ruled columns in which are entered the date, the nature and force of the wind, the state of the weather, the course, the currents encountered, the progress made, the performances of the engines, the state of the thermometer and barometer, the observed latitude and longitude, bearings and distances, and other particulars, together with remarks as to work done on board, places visited, punishments inflicted, drills carried out, health of the ship, and signals made and exchanged. The official ship's log is kept by the navigating officer in charge, and is initialed by the officer on watch. In addition to the ship's log-book, an engine-room log-book has to be kept by the engineer officer.

Logan. (1.) City, Utah, co. seat of Cache co., on the Ore. Short Line R. R., 65 m. N. of Salt Lake City. It is situated in the fertile Cache Valley and is the trade centre of a large farming district. Water from the Wasatch Mts. supplies abundant power. It has knitting, lumber and flour mills, brewery, and a

Logan

sugar-beet factory. Agricultural, stock-raising and dairying interests are important. It is the seat of the State Agricultural College, of Brigham Young College (Latter Day Saints), and a U. S. experiment station. Logan Cañon lies just east of the city in the Wasatch range. The first settlement here was made in 1859. Pop. (1900) 5,451. (2.) Vil., Hocking co., O., on the Hocking R. and the Hock. Val. R. R., 50 m. s.E. of Columbus. Its chief manufactures are paving and building brick, sewer pipe, pottery, fire proofing, flour, woollen goods, furniture, etc. The first settlement was made here in 1802. The village was named after Logan, the Indian chief. Features of interest in the vicinity are Rock House, Cantwell Cliff, and the Rock Bridge. Pop. (1905) 3,480.

Logan, MOUNT, peak (19,514 ft.) in the s.w. corner of the Yukon territory, Canada, close to the Alaskan boundary and N. of Mt. St. Elias. It is probably the second highest peak in N. America.

Logan, BENJAMIN (c. 17521802), American pioneer, born in Augusta co., Va. While a very young man he moved westward and joined Daniel Boone in the settlement of Kentucky in 1775. His stockade, Logan's Fort, near the present site of Stanford, was attacked by Indians, May 20, 1777, but after a desperate defense was relieved. From this time until 1788 he was frequently and usually successfully engaged against the Indians. After the latter date he remained on his farm in Shelby co., though he sat in the constitutional conventions of 1792 and 1799 and was several times a member of the legislature.

Logan, GEORGE (1753-1821), American public man and agriculturist, the grandson of James (q.v.), born at the family residence, 'Stenton,' now a part of Philadelphia. He graduated in medicine at Edinburgh in 1779, but devoted his attention to agriculture. In 1798 he visited France on his own responsibility to persuade the French government to raise the embargo on American shipping. The Federalists in Congress, angry at his action, passed the 'Logan Act,' forbidding a private citizen to take any part in a controversy between the U. S. and a foreign country. He was U. S. senator from Pennsylvania in 1801-07, and in 1810 went to England to endeavor to bring about a better understanding in the controversies which were to lead up to the War of 1812. He published several books and pamphlets on agricultural subjects.

Logan, JAMES (1674-1751),

Logan

by his deceased fellow-student, Michael Bruce, inserting extraneous matter and taking other liberties, which were keenly resented by Bruce's friends. In 1781 a volume of his own poems was issued, containing various pieces claimed for Bruce, and especially a modified recast of the exquisite Ode to the Cuckoo included in the book of 1770. He published a Review of the Principal Charges against Warren Hastings (1788). The Visit to the Country in Autumn and the fine ballad Braes of Yarrow have undeniable claims to recognition for their poetical merit. See Memoir prefixed to his Sermons (1810), Anderson's British Poets (1795), and Maclagan's Scottish Paraphrases (1889).

Logan, JOHN (c. 1725-1780), American Indian chief, born in Western Pennsylvania. His name Tah-gah-jute, was changed to Logan in honor of James Logan (q.v.). He removed to the Ohio river in 1770, and his family was murdered at Yellow Creek by whites in 1774, an outrage attributed, probably unjustly, to Col. Michael Cresap. In revenge Logan is said to have taken thirty scalps himself and he cherished his enmity toward the whites until his death. The well-known 'Speech of Logan' preserved in Thos. Jefferson's Notes on Virginia is alleged to have been his reply to Lord Dunmore's summons to a council. While frenzied by drink he was killed in selfdefense by one of his own relatives. See Moyer, Tah-gah-jute, Logan, the Indian (1867).

or

Logan, JOHN ALEXANDER (1826-86), American soldier and politician, born in Jackson co., Ill. After attending the common schools, and receiving instruction from a private tutor, he attended Shiloh College for a short time. He volunteered as a private in the Mexican War, but was promoted to lieutenant and acted as quartermaster. After the war he began to study law, was elected clerk of Jackson co. in 1849, but resigned to continue his legal studies. He graduated from the law department of the university at Louisville, Ky., in 1851, was a member of the Ill. legislature in 1852-53, removed to Benton, Ill., and was elected prosecuting attorney in 1853. He was a presidential elector in 1856, and in 1856-57 again sat in the legislature. 1858 he was elected to Congress as a Douglas Democrat, and was reelected in 1860. He took strong ground against disunion and showed his sympathy with those intending to preserve the Union at whatever cost. While attending the extra session of Congress in 1861, he went out with the army and fought at the battle of Bull

In

Logan

He

Run. He soon resigned his seat in Congress to become colonel of the 31st Ill. Infantry, which he commanded at Ball's Bluff, Fort Henry, and Fort Donelson, where he was severely wounded. was promoted to brigadier-general of volunteers, March 21, 1862, and took part in the attack on Corinth. On Nov. 29th of the same year, he was promoted to major-general of volunteers, and he commanded a division in the Vicksburg campaign. On the capture of the city, he was appointed military governor, assumed command of the Fifteenth Corps, November, 1863, and after the death of Gen. J. B. McPherson (July 22, 1864) commanded the Army of Tennessee until relieved by Gen. Howard. He secured a leave of absence to take part in the presidential campaign, and his fiery eloquence was effective in rallying the West to the support of the administration. He rejoined Gen. Sherman at Savannah and remained until the end of the war. He refused the mission to Mexico offered by President Johnson, resigned from the army, August 17, 1865, and in 1866 was elected to Congress as a Republican. He was re-elected in 1868, and again in 1870, but resigned to become a member of the U. S. Senate in 1871. At the expiration of his term in 1877 he returned to the practice of law, but in 1879 again returned to the Senate where he remained until his death. He was prominent both in the House and in the Senate, was one of the managers in the impeachment of President Johnson, and delivered a powerful speech against Fitz John Porter (g.v.) in 1880. His intensity of feeling was so great and his partisanship so bitter that his name is connected with no great piece of constructive statesmanship. Logan was a candidate for the Republican nomination for the presidency in 1884, and was unanimously nominated for vicepresident on the ticket with Blaine. His defeat was a bitter disappointment from which he never recovered. He published The Great Conspiracy (1886), and after his death appeared The Volunteer Soldier of America (1887), in which he attacked existing methods of military training. See Dawson's Life (1887).

Logan, STEPHEN TRIGG (180080), American jurist, was born in Franklin co., Ky., and after studying law was admitted to the Kentucky bar. He practised in that state for several years, and in 1832 removed to Illinois. He established himself at Springfield, and in 1835 was elected judge of the 1st judicial circuit of the state. He served in the state legislature and helped to draft the Illinois

391

constitution of 1847, having meanwhile had as his law partner the future president, Abraham Lincoln, from 1841 to 1843. Judge Logan was a delegate to the Republican convention of 1860 at Chicago, which nominated Lincoln for the presidency, and was one of the Illinois commissioners at the peace convention in Washington in February of the following year.

Logan, SIR WILLIAM EDMOND (1798-1875), Canadian geologist, born at Montreal; educated at Edinburgh High School, and after being engaged in a mercantile house in London and copper-smelting works at Swansea (where he prepared maps of the Welsh coal basins), was placed at the head of the projected geological survey of Canada (1842), a post which he held till 1871. His so-called fossil, Eozoön canadense, discovered during this period, gave rise to considerable controversy as to its organic or inorganic origin. He published his Geology of Canada (1863). See Life by Harrington (1883).'

Logansport, city, Ind., co. seat of Cass co., on the N. bk. of the Wabash R. and on the Wabash, the Pitts., Cin., Chi. and St. L., and the Vandalia Line R. Rs., 70 m. N. by w. of Indianapolis and 110 m. S.E. of Chicago. The largest industry is represented by the repair shops of the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad. The manufactures include automobiles, motors, iron, brass and aluminum castings, machinery, water wheels, furniture, woollen goods, paper, lime, brooms, etc. It has a shipping trade in lumber, grain, fruits, pork, etc. Among its educational institutions are the Logansport Business College and Holy Angel's Academy. Its larger public institutions are the Northern Indiana Hospital for the Insane, with 34 buildings and 300 acres of land, Saint Joseph's Hospital (R. C.), the Orphans' Home, Home for the Friendless, and the Carnegie Library. There is a soldiers' monument in Mount Hope Cemetery. The city possesses several parks. The number of bridges has won for Logansport the local sobriquet of the City of Bridges.' The first permanent settlement was made in 1826. Pop. (1900) 16,204; est. (1903) 17,068.

Logarithms are numbers related to the natural numbers in such a way as to enable us to substitute addition for multiplication and subtraction for division. Their invention (by Napier of Merchiston, 1614) constituted one of the most fruitful advances ever made in practical mathematics. The principle of the method is

Logarithms

contained in the algebraic law of indices, which asserts that ax Xay =αx+y. If we put ax=m and av =n, the quantities x and y are the logarithms of the numbers m and n respectively to base a. If we represent m by its logarithm x, and n by its logarithm y, then the product mn will be represented by the sum x+y, and the ratio m/n by the difference x-y. Any number may be taken as base, but practically by far the most convenient base is 10. To this base the logarithm of 10 is 1; of 100, 2; of 1,000, 3; and so on, as indicated in the following

table:

1,000,000 10 000,000 100,000,000

8

Evidently all numbers between 1 and 10 will have logarithms between 0 and 1, numbers between 10 and 100 will have logarithms between 1 and 2, and so on for all sets of numbers intermediate to successive powers of 10. For example, the logarithm of 2 is (to five figures) 0.30103. Since 20 is 10 times 2, the log. of 20 will be the sum of the logs. of 2 and 10-i.e. 1.30103. Similarly, log. 200 2.30103, log. 2000-3.30103, and so on. It is this property of the logarithms to base 10 which gives the system such a great advantage over systems to other bases. The fractional part of the logarithm is the same for the same succession of figures, quite independent of the position of the decimal point. The decimal point determines between which two powers of 10 the number lies and the number which precedes the fractional part of the logarithm is known at once by mere inspection. For practical use it is convenient to tabulate the logarithms of all successive numbers to, say, five significant figures. By simple processes of interpolation it is easy to calculate from these the logarithms of numbers given to six or seven significant figures. For most practical purposes, seven-place logarithms are too accurate; six-place logarithms, or even five-place logarithms, are amply sufficient for nearly all purposes; and for many practical uses four-figure tables will suffice.

Το facilitate trigonometrical calculations, it is usual to tabulate the logarithms of the circular functions of angles.

Logarithms to base 10 are usually called common logarithms, or Briggsian logarithms, after Briggs, who continued Napier's