Long Island

known as the East river, separates it from New York city, and below upper New York Bay the Narrows separate it from Staten Island. Between it and Connecticut and New York is Long Island Sound. The E. end is divided by Peconic Bay, which runs in 30 m. Orient Point is at the N. entrance and Montauk Point, 20 m. farther E., is at the S. An almost continuous sandbar, called Great South Beach or Fire Island Beach, extending along about half the s. shore of the island, forms the Great South Bay, which varies in width from 2 to 5 m. Glacial drift renders the island somewhat uneven. The ridge lies near the N. coast and the ground falls away gradually to the sea, with much sandy and marshy ground. There are but few elevations exceeding 300 ft. A large part of the island is under cultivation and market gardening is extensively carried on. Other portions, covered with woods, are comparatively wild, and deer are occasionally found there. The principal places on the N. shore are College Point, Sea Cliff, Glen Cove, Oyster Bay, Cold Spring Harbor, Northport, Setauket, Port Jefferson, and Greenport, and on the s. shore are Coney Island, Rockaway Beach, Far Rockaway, Long Beach, Babylon, Islip, Fire Island, Bay Shore, Patchogue, Quogue, South Hampton, East Hampton, and Montauk Point. Long Island constitutes the counties of Kings, Queens, Nassau, and Suffolk, of the state of New York. The boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, practically coextensive with Kings and Queens counties, are cluded in New York city. Pop. (1900) 1,452,611; (1905) 2,638,579.

in

Long Island, BATTLE OF, a battle fought on Brooklyn Heights, Long Island, on Aug. 27, 1776, during the American Revolution, between the Americans under the immediate command of Gen. Israel Putnam, and the English under Lord William Howe, the English very greatly outnumbering the Americans. The Americans were defeated, but escaped, under the direction of Washington, during the night of the 29th30th to Manhattan Island, of which, however, including the city of New York, the British soon took possession, the Americans retreating beyond the Harlem. The American casualties were almost 1,000, the British less than half that number. Among the Americans who were captured were Generals Sullivan and Alexander (Lord Stirling). See Carrington, Battles of the American Revolution (last ed. 1904); Field, Battle of Long Island (1869); and Stiles, History of the City of Brooklyn (3 vols. 1867-70).

VOL. VII.-27

417

Long Island City, former city, now the 1st ward of the borough of Queens, New York city, situated on the East R., N. of Brooklyn. It is a terminus of the Long Island R. R. and has ferries to Manhattan. Large oil works are situated here. The first settlement was made by the Dutch in 1640. Long Island City was formed in 1870 by the union of the villages of Hunter's Point, Blissville, Ravenswood, Dutch Kills, Astoria, Steinway, and Middletown. Pop. (1900) 48,272. See Kelsey, History of Long Island City (1896).

Long Island Sound, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean, about 110 m. long and from 20 to 25 m. wide, separating Long Island from Westchester co., N. Y., and from the state of Connecticut. The Connecticut shore is rocky, but that of Long Island is easy of approach. A passage, at its E. end, known as the Race, connects it with the Atlantic Ocean, and the East river with New York harbor.

Longitude. See LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE.

Longmans, a London firm of publishers, founded by Thomas Longman, a native of Bristol. He was the first of five Thomas Longmans who have successively extended the firm. The Longmans have been associated publishers with many famous names in English literature, and now maintain a branch in the United States.

as

The Edinburgh Review (purchased 1826) is still the property of the firm. Longman's Magazine, a monthly journal of general literature, established in 1882, was discontinued with the number for October, 1905.

Longmont, city, Boulder co., Colo., on the Colo. S., and the Chi., Burl. and Quin. R. Rs., 30 m. N.N.W. of Denver. Its industrial establishments include a sugar factory, canning factory, and flour mills. Gold, silver, and coal are found in the district. The public institutions include a public library and city hospital. Features of scenic interest in the locality are Estes Park and Long's Peak. The first settlement was made in 1873. Pop. (1900) 2,201.

Longnon, AUGUSTE HONORÉ (1844), French scholar and historian, born in Paris; has been successively titular archivist in the imperial archives (1871), director of the Bulletin of the Historical Society of Paris and Ile de France (1875), professor at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes (1879), and the Collège de France (1892). His most important works are Géographie de la Gaule au sixième Siècle (1878), Atlas Historique de la France, depuis Cé

Longstreet

sar jusqu'à nos Jours (1884-9), and Polyptyque de l'Abbaye de Saint-Germain-des-Près (1886).

Long Parliament, the name commonly given to the fifth and last parliament of Charles I. It met on Nov. 3, 1640, and finally dissolved itself (March 16, 1660). The first few months of the Long Parliament were occupied with the trial of Strafford, the impeachment of Laud, the abolition of the Star Chamber and other special courts, and a bill preventing the king from dissolving Parliament without its own consent. On constitutional matters the members were unanimous, but on ecclesiastical questions a dispute arose which eventually led to the civil war. In 1647, while negotiations were being conducted with the king, a conflict broke out between the Parliament and the army, which ended in the expulsion by the latter ('Pride's Purge') of ninetysix Presbyterian members, and the arrest of forty-six, leaving about fifty members, afterwards known as the Rump.' This remnant was responsible for the execution of the king and the establishment of the commonwealth. In 1654 it was turned out by Cromwell, and did not reassemble till nearly six years later (May 8, 1659). It was again expelled (Oct. 13), but was restored (Dec. 26) in consequence of divisions in the army. On the entrance of Monck into London (Feb. 3, 1660) it agreed to dissolve, and issued writs for a general election.

Longueuil, tn., Chambly co., Que., on the S. Shore R. R., on the r. bk. of the St. Lawrence R., 3 m. E. of Montreal. It is a suburban residential town and watering place. Pop. (1901) 2,835.

Longspur, the name given to a genus (Calcarius) of large northern finches of Canada and the United States in reference to the characteristic hind claw, which is very long and spur-like These are handsomely plumaged birds, which breed in the far north, or on high western mountains, and are seen principally in winter, when they come south into the Northern states in flocks, usually associated with their cousins, the flakes (Plectrophenax).

snow

Longstreet, AUGUSTUS BALDWIN (1790-1870), American lawyer, educator, and author, was born in Augusta, Ga., and graduated (1813) at Yale. After a two years' course at the Litchfield, Conn., law school he was admitted to the bar of Georgia in 1815, where he became a district judge in 1822. He founded the Augusta Sentinel, for a short time officiated as a Methodist Episcopal minister, and was president of several

Longstreet

Southern colleges, including the University of Mississippi. He was a frequent contributor to the periodicals, but is best remembered by his Georgia Scenes (1840), rollicking sketches of middleclass life in the South at the time, which the author was inclined to ignore at a later period.

Longstreet, JAMES (1821-1904), American soldier, born in Edgefield District, S. C., and taken to Ala. by his parents when ten years old. He graduated from West Point in 1842 and was assigned to the Fourth Infantry as brevet second lieutenant. He served at various posts in the West, took part in the military occupation of Texas in 1845-6, and during the Mexican War served under both Gen. Taylor and Gen. Scott. Under the former he took part in the engagements at Palo Alto, and Resaca de la Palma, and then, with the Southern army, assisted in the siege of Vera Cruz, was promoted first lieutenant Feb. 23, 1847, and on Aug. 20 was brevetted captain for gallantry at Contreros and Cherubusco. Later he became major by brevet for his behavior at Molina del Rey, and was severely wounded at the storming of Chapultepec. After the war he continued to serve in the West, became captain Dec. 7, 1852, and in July 19 was made paymaster on the staff with the rank of major. He resigned 1,

was commissioned brigadier general in the Confederate Army.

In the battle of First Manassas, or Bull Run, he commanded the fourth brigade under Gen. Beauregard and handled his troops well. He was promoted major-general and in the Peninsular Campaign commanded the rear guard of Johnston's army in the retreat from Yorktown. At Seven Pines he commanded the right wing and was engaged in the Seven Days' Battle. He distinguished himself in the Maryland campaign and was appointed lieutenant-general. At Fredericksburg he commanded the First Corps and helped to inflict the bloody defeat upon Gen. Burnside. The right wing was again his place in the invasion of Pennsylvania. He vigorously opposed Gen. Lee's plan of attack at Gettysburg and wished to place the army between Gen. Meade and Washington and thereby force that officer to fight under less favoring circumstances. The charge so often made that when his objections were overruled he was dilatory and half-hearted in the battle, cannot be sustained. Though he did not attack until 4 o'clock on the second day nothing was lost by the delay. He preserved the confidence of Gen. Lee, who called him his 'old war horse' to the end of the war. At

418

his own request he was transferred to the Army of Tennessee under Gen. Bragg and was there instrumental in winning the battle of Chickamauga. Next he was sent to East Tennessee to operate against Burnside and became a source of alarm to the Federal leaders, though he was unable to capture Knoxville. In January, 1864, he was ordered to move toward Gen. Lee, and on Feb. 17 received the thanks of the Confederate Congress. He was severely wounded at the Wilderness (May 5-6), but after his recovery participated in nearly all the

engagements in Northern Virginia down to Appomattox.

Gen. Longstreet was tenacious of his opinions, outspoken in his likes and dislikes, a hard fighter and a good hater. At the end of the war he removed to New Orleans to engage in the cotton business, became a Republican in politics and accepted from President Grant, whom he had known at West Point, the office of Surveyor of Customs at New Orleans. This act aroused much bitterness among his old companions and he was severely criticized. Other Federal offices held by him were Supervisor of Internal Revenue, 1878; postmaster of Gainesville, Ga., 1879-80; U. S. minister to Turkey, 1880-1; U. S. Marshal, Western District of Georgia, 1881-4; and U. S. Railroad Commissioner from 1897 until his death. He published a history of his campaigns, Manassas to Appomattox (1896), and since his death his wife has published an elaborate defense of his course at Gettysburg,

entitled Lee and Longstreet at High Tide (1904). See also Johnson and Buel (ed.), Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (1888).

Longton, munic. bor. in the Potteries dist., Staffordshire, England, 2 m. E.S.E. of Stoke. China and earthenware are the staple industries. There are valuable coal and iron mines in the vicinity, also blast furnaces. Pop. (1901) 35,815.

Longview, city, Tex., co. seat of Gregg co., on the Internat. and Gt. N., the Tex. Pac., and the Tex. and Gulf R. Rs., 123 m. E. by s. of Dallas. The chief manufactures are lumber, crates and boxes, pressed brick, ice, cotton-seed oil, ploughs, etc. There is considerable trade in cotton, fruit, and vegetables. The educational institutions include St. Mary's Academy. The first settlement was made here in 1871. Pop. (1900) 3,591.

Longworth, NICHOLAS (1869), American congressman, was born in Cincinnati, of a wealthy family, graduated (1891) at Harvard, and at the Law School there in 1894, and was admitted to the Cincin

Lonnrot

nati bar the same year. After some municipal service, he was a member of the Ohio legislature from 1899 to 1903, when he became U. S. representative from Ohio, and was reelected in 1904. He married Alice, daughter of President Theodore Roosevelt, at the White House, Washington, on Feb. 17, 1906.

LONG

Long Xuyen, or CHUYAN, tn., Lower CochinChina, on the Bassac, 30 m. S.E. of Chandoc. Long Xuyen communicates with the Gulf of Siam by the canal of Rachgia. Pop. (arrondissement) about 95,000.

Lonicera. A genus of shrubs, generally called honeysuckle, and belonging to the Caprifoliaceæ. They are usually hardy; some are upright bushes, while others twine. The numerous tubular flowers are more or less twolipped and fragrant, and may be white, yellow, red, or purple in color. The leaves are opposite, often connate-perfoliate.

Among the earliest to bloom are the cultivated bush-honeysuckles, as L. fragrantissima, with pale flowers, lemon-scented, appearing before the foliage; and L. tatarica, with rosy flowers, one of the handsomest when in bloom. In rocky woods the native fly-honeysuckle (L. ciliata) hangs out its pairs of yellowish flowers, along with the budding leaves.

The woodbines of Europe (L. Periclymenum and L. Caprifolium) are climbing forms, cultivated for their fragrant flowerheads. L. japonica (with its variety L. Halliana), is the common, scandent honeysuckle, bearing long, slender, two-lipped corollas, in pairs, which open in the evening, diffusing much fragrance; they are then creamywhite in color, but change to buff the next day. It is nearly evergreen, and grows rampantly, often running wild. It blooms all summer. Another climber, indigenous to the United States. is the trumpet, or coral, honeysuckle, L. sempervirens, with corollas nearly 2 in. long, and scarlet in hue. A common halftwining honeysuckle, on dry rocks, is L. dioica, with terminal clusters of yellowish-green, purpletinged flowers; the upper leaves are connate-perfoliate, and all of them are very glaucous beneath.

Lonigo (anc. Leonicum), tn., prov. Vicenza, Venetia, Italy, on river Gua, 23 m. w. of Padua: has mineral springs. Pop. (1901) 10,403.

Lonneker, vil., prov. Overijssel, Netherlands, 3 m. N. of Enschede; has cotton and thread mills. Pop. (1899) 10,951.

Lönnrot, ELIAS (1802-84), Finnish scholar, born at Sammatti, Nyland. He collected and edited

Lons-le-Saunier

the folk-songs of his peopleKantele (1829-31), their great epic of Kalevala (1835), their lyrical poetry (Kanteletar, 1840), and collections of proverbs (Sanalaskuja, 1842) and riddles (Arwoituksia, 1844; new ed. 1861). He also issued an extensive Finnish-Swedish dictionary (186680). See Life by Ahlqvist (1885) and FINLAND-Language and Literature.

Lons-le-Saunier, tn., cap. of dep. Jura, France, near source of riv. Solman, 35 m. s.E. of Châlonsur-Saône. Near it is Montmorot, famous for its brine springs. The town was the birthplace of General Lecourbe and of Rouget de Lisle, author of the Marseillaise. Trade in salt, wine, and agricultural produce. Pop. (1901) 12,935.

Loo, a card game. See GAM

BLING.

Loo-choo or Lu-chu Islands (Jap. Riu-kiu), contain thirty-six principal islands, extending in a north-east to south-west direction from the Gulf of Kagoshima, in S. Japan, to Formosa, between lat. 24° and 30° N., and long. 125° and 130° E. Of these the northern islands have long since fallen under Japanese rule. Loochoo proper lies between 26° and 27° N. lat., and consists of nine islands, of which the chief is Great Loo-choo or Okinawa, 56 m. long, and from 2 to 14 m. broad. In this is situated the old capital, Shuri, a few miles inland from the port, Nafa or Naba. Unten (Port Melville) is a good harbor on the north-west coast. The islands are mostly volcanic, but in the south are some of coraline formation, and one (Triomote-jima), in the Further Isles,' is of limestone, and possesses rich coal mines. In Yakuno - shima the mountains are over 6,000 ft. high, but elsewhere they seldom exceed 2,000 ft.

At the close of the 14th century the king of Loo-choo recognized Chinese suzerainty, but homage was also paid to Japan. In 1874 China was compelled by Japan to abandon her claims, and in 1876 the islands were incorporated in Japan, and the king was carried to Tokyo, where he died (1901). The principal products are sugar-cane, sweet potatoes, rice, Indian corn, tobacco, indigo, and various cereals; and the exports include sugar, silk, cotton, and hempen fabrics, lacquer, and earthenware. The written language, manners, wedding and burial customs, are distinct from those of Japan and China. Pop. (1898) 453,550. See Basil Hall's Voyage of Discovery to the West Coast of Corea and the Great Loo-choo Islands (1818); Basil Hall Chamberlain's

The Loo-choo Islands and their

419

Inhabitants,' in Geog. Jour. (1895).

Loofah. The fibrous interior of gourds of the genus Luffa. L. @gyptica is the species most commonly cultivated in the Orient, whence it has spread to other warm countries, especially in the West Indies. It is known as vegetable sponge-dish-rag, snake gourd, etc.. and is cultivated not

Loofah.

1, Loofah, 2, fibres.

only as a quick-growing vine, with bell-shaped soft yellow flowers and fruits of various shapes, chiefly oblong, but for the fruit itself. This, after frost, is dried, and discloses a network of interlacing fibres, which are quite ready to be used as a bath sponge. Immature fruits are sometimes eaten.

Lookout Mountain, a ridge running N.N.E. and S.s.w. from the vicinity of Chattanooga, Tenn., across the N.W. corner of Georgia, and for some distance into Alabama. The highest point (2.126 ft.), 23 m. from Chattanooga, the scene of the famous battle of the Civil War, is much visited by tourists, being surrounded by grand scenery and commanding a view extending into seven states. See CHATTANOOGA, BATTLE OF.

Loom. See COTTON-Manufacture, and WoOLLEN TEXTILES.

Looming, the name applied by nautical men when distant objects appear abnormally elevated above their true positions. The illusory appearances are due to successive

Loomis

bending of the rays of light in their passage through atmospheric strata. The phenomenon is of the nature of the mirage. See MIRAGE.

Loomis, ALFRED LIBBEUS (1831-95), American physician, born at Bennington, Vt., and graduated at Union College (1850), studied medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, and received his degree in 1853. He was appointed assistant physician to the charity hospitals on Ward's and Blackwell's islands, New York city, and afterward was in private practice in New York, giving particular attention to the study of pulmonary complaints. Dr. Loomis was appointed visiting physician to Bellevue Hospital, New York, in 1860, and retained the position until his death. He was also visiting physician to the charity hospitals from 1860 to 1875, and to Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, from 1870 to 1880. From 1862 to 1865 he was lecturer on physical diagnosis in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, and was then appointed adjunct professor of the theory and practice of medicine in New York University. He was appointed professor of pathology and the practice of medicine in the same institution in 1867, and held that chair continuously until his death. Dr. Loomis took an active interest in improving the conditions of the hospitals he was associated with, and induced a friend to establish a medical department in New York University, which, under the name of the

Loomis Laboratory, has become famous throughout America. Dr. Loomis was the author of many text books on medicine. His most important works are as follows. Diagnosis and Practice of Medicine; Lessons in Physical Diagnosis (1868); Diseases of the Respiratory Organs, Heart and Kidneys (1876); Lectures on Fevers (1882); Diseases of Old Age (1882); and Text Book of the Practice of Medicine (1884).

tute.

Loomis, CHARLES BATTELL (1861), American author, born in Brooklyn, N. Y., and educated at the Brooklyn Polytechnic InstiHe has been a frequent contributor of amusing and whimsical stories and sketches to the magazines. His books are: Just Rhymes (verse) (1899); The Fourmasted Cat-boat (1899); Yankee Enchantments (1900); A Partnership in Magic (1903); Cheerful Americans (1903); More Cheerful Americans (1904); I've Been Thinking (1905); Minerva's Manœuvres (1905).

Loomis, ELIAS (1811-89), American scientist, born at Willington, Conn. He graduated at Yale in 1830, and was engaged as

Loomis

a tutor in that institution from 1833 to 1836. In 1837 he was appointed professor of natural philosophy in Western Reserve College, Ohio. While holding that position he made a number of valuable astronomical and magnetic observations which were communicated to the American Philosophical Society and published in its Transactions. From 1845 to 1849 he undertook astronomical observations for the government, and determined the difference in longitude between New York and several important cities on the Atlantic coast. In 1844 he was appointed professor of natural philosophy in New York University. In 1860, he

420

Tribune, and as a librarian, he was appointed U. S. consul at St. Etienne, France (1890-93), devoting himself to investigations upon the labor question in Europe. From 1893 to 1896 he was editor of the Cincinnati Tribune, after which he became envoy and minister to Venezuela (1897-1901) and accomplished much for the development of commercial relations between the United States and South America. From 1901 to 1903 he was envoy and minister to Portugal, when he was appointed Assistant-Secretary of State. Early in 1905 charges were brought against him by H. W. Bowen concerning his financial relations with private corporations

Lope

He

astronomical observations for the U. S. Coast Survey, and from 1861 to 1867 he was professor of chemistry in Georgetown University. He afterwards held a similar position in Howard University. was an active experimenter, and introduced some valuable improvements in manufacturing processes, and in the construction of astronomical instruments. His most important discoveries were a process of dyeing textiles with an extract of palmetto, and a process of reducing chromium ore to metallic chromium. He was the author of Normal Arithmetic (1859), and Analytical Arithmetic (1860).

Loón, pueb., Bohol, Philip

succeeded Prof. Olmsted as professor of natural philosophy at Yale. He made many important contributions to science, and contributed a large number of papers on scientific subjects to the technical journals. He also published the following works: Plane and Spherical Trigonometry (1848); Progress of Astronomy (1850); Analytical Geometry and Calculus (1851); Tables of Logarithms (1855), Natural Philosophy (1858), Practical Astronomy (1855); The Descendants of Joseph Loomis (1870), and several elementary works on geometry, algebra, and other branches of mathematics.

Loomis, FRANCIS B. (1861), American journalist and diplomatist, born in Marietta, O., and graduated from Marietta College in 1883. After some newspaper experience upon the New York

when envoy in Venezuela, but he was upheld by President Roosevelt, who sent him to Paris in July as special ambassador to the public ceremonies incident to the removal of Paul Jones's body. He resigned in September, 1905. He was made an officer of the Legion of Honor by the French government in 1904.

Loomis, SILAS LAWRENCE (1822), American scientist, was born at Coventry, Conn., graduated from the Wesleyan University in 1844. He then went to Georgetown University and studied medicine. He received the M.D. degree in 1856, but adopting teaching as a profession, was appointed principal of the Western Academy, Washington, D. C. In 1859-60 he was professor of physiology in Georgetown University. In 1857 he undertook

pines, on w. coast of the isl., 12 m. N. of Tagbilaran. It is picturesquely situated on the side of a hill and has an old Spanish fort. It is reached by steps cut in the rock from the anchorage, which is sheltered by a mole 328 yards long. Pop. (1903) 18,114.

Loon, or Looм, the name usually given in N. America to the great northern diver on account of its clumsiness on land, but also used provincially in England for the great crested grebe. Loosestrife. and LYTHRUM.

See LYSIMACHIA

Lope, FELIX DE VEGA CARPIO (1562-1635), Spanish dramatist, born in Madrid, and educated at the Jesuit College there. As a soldier, he fought at the Azores (1582) and in the Armada (1588), serving in several official posts, but all the while writing

Lope de Rueda

facile, witty verse. His firstknown play, El Verdadero Amante, was written when he was twelve years old. During the dreadful voyage with the Armada he wrote most of his Hermosura de Angélica (11,100 verses), an epic in imitation of the Orlando Furioso. Then followed a pastoral prose narrative, Arcadia, of which fifteen editions appeared in the author's lifetime. In 1598 appeared the famous epic poem on Sir Francis Drake, Dragontea, a savage attack on the great seaman who had beaten the naval power of Spain. His sacred San Isidro, followed

poem,

(1599)-one of his best works. Rhymes and sonnets by the hundred were issued during the next two years, and Lope was then acknowledged the first poet in Spain. He now devoted himself for some time to sacred poems, such as Soliloquios and Los Pastores de Belen (1612). He then became a priest and a 'familiar' of the Inquisition, but never slackened in his marvellous fecundity in every branch of letters. In drama alone he wrote 1,800 separate plays and 400 autos (religious pieces), of which 400 plays and 40 autos survive. A large number of the dramas are to be found in the series Autores Españoles by Hartzenbusch (184680). A complete edition of his Obras is in course of publication by the Spanish Academy. Ticknor's History of Spanish Literature. vol. ii. (1849), Von Schack's Geschichte der Dramatischen Literatur und Kunst in Spanien (1845-46), Lord Holland's Life (1806); FitzmauriceKelly, A History of Spanish Literature (1898): Tichnor, History of Spanish Literature (6th Amer. ed. 1888); and Rennert's Life (1904).

See

Lope de Rueda. See RUEDA. Lope de Aguirre. See Aguirre. Lopez, CARLOS ANTONIO (c. 1795-1862), president of ParaIn guay, born near Asuncion.

He ten

1840 a junta of which he was secretary seized the government, and in March, 1841, he was made first consul and until his death had almost supreme power. was elected president for years in 1844, re-elected for three years in 1854, and for seven years with the privilege of naming his successor in 1857. A small navy was formed, and the Paraguay river was fortified. Only the isolated position of the state prevented punishment by France, Great Britain, and the United States, whose envoys and citizens he insulted. At his death the government was assumed by his son Francisco Solano (q.v.).

Lopez, FRANCISCO SOLANO (1827-70), president of Paraguay, born at Asuncion, the son of

421

Carlos Antonio (q.v.). At the age of nineteen he was appointed commander-in-chief of the army, but saw little fighting. In 185354 he was in Europe as special minister and contracted for large quantities of military and naval supplies. He became minister of war in 1855. On the death of his father (1862) he assumed the government, in October of the same year was duly elected president for ten years, and continued his efforts to build an empire. In 1864 he interfered in a dispute between Brazil and Uruguay, and declared war against Brazil and Argentina the next year. The three countries mentioned united against him and the contest lasted

five years. Lopez was beaten at every point, in spite of the natural defences of the state, and with his eldest son was killed at the river Aquidaban, in April, 1870. His mistress, Madame Lynch, an Irish adventuress, who had followed him from Europe, influenced him towards his destruction. See Washburn's History of Paraguay (2 vol. 1871); Thompson's War in Paraguay (1869); Burton's Letters from Battlefields of Paraguay (1870).

Lopez, NARCISO (c. 1798-1851), South American adventurer, born in Caracas, Venezuela. He fought with the Spanish against the revolutionists, and reached the rank of colonel. When the independence of Venezuela was acknowledged he went to Spain and In fought against the Carlists. 1841 he went to Cuba with Governor Valdés, but when that official was superseded, lost his offices. In 1848 he engaged in revolutionary plots, and took refuge in the United States, where he began to fit out filibustering expeditions. The first, in 1849, was prevented from sailing by President Taylor, the second failed.

The third, composed of about 600 men, landed at Bahía Honda, and had a temporary success. The inhabitants did not rise, however, and Lopez was captured and executed.

Loquat, the Japanese medlar or quince, is the fruit of a small tree (Eriobotrya japonica). The flowers are white, and are borne in drooping racemes, the edible, ovoid, orange-red fruit appearing in bunches.

Lorain, city, Lorain co., O., on Lake Erie, 25 m. w. of Cleveland, and on the N. Y., Chi. and St. L., the B. and O., the Wheeling and L. Erie, the L. Erie and Pitts. and the L. Shore and Mich. S. R. Rs., and on all the big lake steamship lines. It is a great ship-building place (immense steel vessels being built here), and a busy manufacturing town, making iron pipe, gas and gasoline stoves, automatic steam

Lord

shovels, pressed steel products, gas engines, refrigerating machinery, etc. There are also large railroad shops. An important shipping trade is carried on in coal, grain, lumber, and iron ore. The public institutions include St. Joseph's Hospital, the Lorain Business College and the Carnegie Public Library. The town is beautifully situated on the shore and has a deep inland harbor. It was settled in 1822. Pop. (1900) 16,028; est. (1903) 91,379.

Loranthaceæ, an order of parasitic evergreen shrubs, bearing usually small, inconspicuous, whitish flowers, followed by fruits containing a viscid substance often used as birdlime. The genus (Viscum), containing the mistletoes, is the best known.

Lorca, city, prov. Murcia, S.E. Spain, 41 m. from Murcia. It was the scene of much strife between Moors and Christians in the 12th and 13th centuries. Wine is produced, and there are some lead mines in the neighborhood. Pop. (1900) 69,836.

Lord. There are many uses of the word 'lord' in English in the sense of a master, or person possessing or entitled to authority. This appears from such widely different expressions as the Lord God,' our Lord Jesus Christ,' the lord of the manor,' 'her lord and master,' and the common wordlandlord.' But it is only necessary to consider here two uses of the word-first, as meaning a nobleman; and secondly, as an honorary title of certain official persons, used either in addressing them or as part of their designation. In the first sense all peers are lords temporal, and all archbishops and bishops of the Church of England are lords spiritual. It is often erroneously said that the lords spiritual and temporal are the archbishops, bishops, and peers who have seats in the House of Lords; but this mistake arises from the fact that Acts of Parliament are expressed as being made by and with the advice and consent of the lords spiritual and temporal and comImons in this present Parliament assembled.' There are lords as well as commons who are not in Parliament. By courtesy the eldest sons of peers above the rank of viscount assume a title, which is usually the second or some other title of their father. They do not always assume the same title, and in some cases they assume a courtesy title which the father has not got. The eldest grandson of a duke by his eldest son in some cases takes by courtesy a title of his grandfather. The younger sons of dukes and marquises assume by courtesy the