Lucifer

93). There is an English translation by Franklin (1781), which is nearly complete; a complete translation (Athens, 1895); also one by Irwin (1894) of six dialogues, one by Campbell Davidson (1902) of several others, and a translation of his works by H. W. and F. G. Fowler (1905). See also Collins's Lucian (in Ancient Classics Series, 1873), Croiset's La Vie et les Euvres de Lucien (1882), Mahaffy's History of Classical Greek Literature (1880), and Hime's Lucian the Syrian Satirist (1900).

Lucifer. (1.) Is properly the Latin name of the planet Venus when it appears as a morning star; it corresponds to the Greek Phosphorus. As the evening star, it is called Vesper or Hesperus. (2.) In mythology, Lucifer was represented as a son of Astræus or Cephalus and Aurora (the dawn). (3.) The name is used in the A.V. of the Bible to translate the Heb. hêlol, 'shining one,' R.V. 'day star,' in Isa. 14:12, and is there applied to the king of Babylon (or Assyria). Owing to a false comparison of Luke 10:18 ('I beheld Satan as lightning fall from heaven') with the passage in Isaiah, Tertullian, Gregory the Great, and other fathers regard the name as applying to Satan.

Lucilius, GAIUS (148-103 B.C.), born at Suessa, was the founder of the Roman school of satirical poetry, represented in later centuries by Horace, Persius, and Juvenal. He wrote with extreme rapidity and carelessness; but his vigor, his wit, and his imagery at once made him one of the first of Latin poets. Of his works some eight hundred fragments remain. Cicero, Horace, and Quintilian are the chief ancient authorities on his life. See also Mommsen's Hist. of Rome and Mackail's Latin Literature (1895). The best editions of the fragments are those of Müller (1872) and Lachmann (1876). Müller also published Leben und Werke des Lucilius (1876).

Lucina, in Roman mythology the goddess of light, or rather the goddess who brings to light, presiding over the birth of children. Both Juno and Diana had the surname of Lucina. She corresponds to the Greek Ilithyia.

Lücke, GOTTFRIED CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1791-1855), German Biblical exegete, was born near Magdeburg. He was called to the chair of theology at Bonn (1818), and to Göttingen (1827). His great work is his Grundriss der N. T. Hermeneutik (1817), which, while fixing the scientific principles of exegesis, demands as equally necessary the presence of the religious sense. He exemplified his theories in his Kommentar über die Schriften des

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Evangelisten Johannes (1820-25; partly trans. by Repp in the Bib. Cabinet), and also wrote an introduction to the Offenbarung des Johannes (1832). See Sander's Biographie (1890), and Schleiermacher in Studien und Kritiken (1834).

Luckenwalde, tn., prov. Brandenburg, Prussia, on the Nuthe, 30 m. s.s.w. of Berlin, has woollen manufactures, machine shops, brick fields, and iron foundries. Pop. (1900) 20,986.

Lucknow, chief tn. of dist. of same name, and cap. of prov. of Oudh, is a cantonment and municipality on the Gumti, 610 m. N.W. of Calcutta. The river forms a waterway to the E. coast. Lucknow is picturesquely situated. Its chief architectural features are the fort, the Imambara, or mausoleum of Asaf-ud-Daulá, and the Jama Masjid. The manufacture of muslins and shawls, gold and silver embroidery, glass, and pottery ware are its principal industries. Lucknow is an important educational centre, having, besides the Canning and Martinière Colleges, numerous missionary schools. Pathetic interest is attached to the ruined residency, with its cross and graveyard in memory of those who perished in its gallant defence against the mutineers in 1857. Pop. (1901) 264,049. See Innes's Lucknow and Oude in the Mutiny (1895).

Lucretia, the wife of Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus. It is said that when the Romans were engaged in the siege of Gabii, Lucius Tarquinius and other nobles vied with each other in praising the virtue of their wives. To test which best deserved their praise, they returned suddenly to Rome, and found Lucretia alone, duly engaged in her household tasks. Soon afterwards her husband's cousin, the infamous Sextus Tarquinius, forced his way into her house at night and outraged Lucretia. Next morning she summoned her husband and father, and after telling her sorrow she stabbed herself to death (509 B.C.). The tale is told by Livy and Ovid. See Shakespeare's Rape of Lucrece.

Lucretius (c. 98-55 B.C.), Roman poet, whose full name was Titus Lucretius Carus. Practically nothing is known of his life. His great work, De Rerum Natura, a poem in six books, amounting to upwards of 7,400 hexameters, is an exposition of the philosophy of Epicurus, in which he believed. It is Lucretius's first object, as it was that of Epicurus, to free mankind from the fear of the supernatural, of death and the life hereafter. The world arose from the fortuitous concourse of atoms moving through space. Gods indeed existed, but they did not interfere with human

Lucullus

concerns. Thus all phenomena were material in origin, and death simply meant the resolution of the body into its component atoms. This philosophy Lucretius expounds with extraordinary clearness, force, and dignity; yet the best parts of his poem, to modern readers, are his digressions-as, for example, on the fear of death, the origin of the world, the development of society, and the description of the plague of Athens. Of all Latin poets, Lucretius best represents Roman dignity. The best editions are those of Lachmann (1866), Munro (with explanatory notes, 1891-3), and Brieger (1894); bks. i. to iii., Lee (1882); bk. v., Duff (1888). Engl. trans., verse, Creech (1682); prose, Munro (1873). See Malloch's Lucretius (Ancient Classics, 1878), Lange's History of Materialism, trans. by Thomas (1881), Masson's Atomic Theory of Lucretius (1884), and Mackail's Latin Literature (1895).

Lucrinus Lacus, the Lucrine lake, was really only the inner part of the Bay of Cuma (Sinus Cumanus), off the coast of Campania, in ancient Italy; but at an early date it was separated from the rest of the bay by a dike about a mile long. It was famous for its oyster beds. Agrippa, the minister of Augustus, made a passage from the lake of Avernus into the Lucrine lake, and from that into the sea, thus constructing the great Julian harbor. In 1538 A.D. the Lucrine lake was filled up by a volcanic eruption, a conical hill, the Monte Nuovo, being formed on its site. See Grässe's Orbis Latinus (1861).

Luculia, a genus of evergreen shrubs, order Rubiaceæ. A beautiful species for house decoration is L. gratissima, a native of the Himalayas, which bears terminal, many-flowered cymes of rosecolored flowers.

Lucullus, LUCIUS LICINIUS (c. 110 B.C. to 57 B.C.) famous Roman general, belonged to a plebeian family; first distinguished himself in the Social War, and then accompanied Sulla to Asia as his quæstor in the war against Mithridates, in which he did good service, remaining in Asia until 80 B.C. In 77 B.C. he was prætor, and afterwards governed Africa with justice and success. In 74 he became consul, and in the campaigns of 74, 73, and 72 destroyed Mithridates's forces, conquered his kingdom of Pontus, and drove the king himself to take refuge in Armenia. In 69 war broke out with Armenia, as Lucullus required Tigranes, the Armenian king, to surrender Mithridates; and in that year he gained a brilliant victory over Tigranes. In 68 he advanced far into Armenia, but next year had to re

Lucy

treat. He was then superseded by Pompey. After his return to Rome, Lucullus took little part in politics, but lived a life of luxury. Plutarch has left a Life of Lucullus. See also Mommsen's History of Rome.

Lucy, HENRY W. (1845), 'Toby, M.P.,' of Punch, was born near Liverpool. He joined the staff of the Pall Mall Gazette (1870) and the Daily News (1873), being the chief of the gallery staff on the latter paper, at the same time writing Under the Clock' for the World-a column afterwards transferred to the Daily Telegraph. On the death of Tom Taylor, in 1880, he took up the writing of "The Essence of Parliament' for Punch, which, under the title of "The Diary of Toby, M.P., is still one of the brightest articles in the English weekly press. He has written diaries of the various Parliaments since 1880, and various other works, including Faces and Places (1895); Mr. Gladstone: a Study from Life (1896); Peeps at Parliament (1903); and Later Peeps at Parliament (1905).

Luddite Riots were the outbreaks in which the popular discontent expressed itself in the Midlands about 1811-18. General distress being caused by the progress of the industrial revolution, the anger of the rioters was directed against the new machinery, much of which was destroyed. The name was derived from Ned Lud, a Leicestershire imbecile, who, in a fit of passion, demolished two stocking-frames. Pellew's Life of Lord Sidmouth (1847), and Peel's Risings of the Luddites, Chartists, and Plugdrawers (2d ed. 1888).

See

Lüdenscheid, tn., Westphalia, Prussia, 19 m. S.E. of Barmen. Manufactures cutlery, musical instruments, hardware, machinery, and cotton; has also iron foundries. Pop. (1900) 25,520.

Lüderitz Bay. See ANGRA PEQUENA.

Ludhiana, cap. of Ludhiana dist., Jalundhar div., Punjab, India, 73 m. N.w. of Ambala; was founded in 1480 by the Delhi princes of the Lodhi family. It has trade in grain, and manufactures shawls, cloths, turbans of Rampur wool. The shrine of Abdul-Kadir-i-Jalani attracts many pilgrims. Pop. (1901) 48,600. The district has an area of 1,375 sq. m., and a population (1901) of 673,000.

Ludington, city, Mich., co. seat of Mason co., 80 m. N.N.W. of Grand Rapids, on L. Michigan, at the mouth of the Pere Marquette R., and on the Pere Marq R. R. It has a fine harbor, and steamboat lines to Chicago and Milwaukee. There is a car ferry of the Pere Marquette R. R. hence

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to Manitowoc, Wis. The chief articles of shipment are grain, fruit, coal, salt, etc. The French missionary Père Marquette died at the site of Ludington. It was settled in 1851. It is an attractive summer resort. Pop. (1900) 7,166.

Ludinovsk, tn., Kaluga gov., Central Russia, on a branch of the Orel-Smolensk railway, 27 m. N.E. of Jukovkay. Has locomotive, carriage-building, iron, and glass industries. Founded in 1755. Pop. (1897) 12,000.

Ludlow, munic. bor., Shropshire, England, 12 m. N. of Leominster, at the confluence of the Corve and Teme. St. Lawrence Church is ancient, and one of the old town gateways still stands. The castle, founded soon after the conquest, was an occasional royal residence. Here Butler wrote Hudibras, and here Milton's Comus was first performed (1634). Pop. (1901) 6,328.

Pop.

Ludlow. (1.) Tn., Hampden co., Mass., 7 m. N.E. of Springfield, on the Chicopee R., and on the Bost. and Alb. R. R. The chief industry is the manufacture of twine, in which flax, hemp, sisal, and jute are used. Twine machinery is also manufactured. It was settled in 1685. (1905) 3,881. (2.) City, Kenton co., Ky., opposite Cincinnati on the Ohio R., 3 m. below Covington, and on the Queen and Cres. R. R. Pullman car works are situated here, tin cans are manufactured on an extensive scale, and it is a shipping point for coal. There is a bridge to Cincinnati. Ludlow was settled in 1828. Pop. (1900) 3,334.

Ludlow, EDMUND (1617-93), English soldier and republican, was born at Maiden-Bradley, Wiltshire. Returned to Parliament by Wiltshire in 1645, he was partly responsible for 'Pride's Purge'; he sat as one of the king's judges, and signed his deathwarrant. In 1651-2 he did much towards the subjugation of Ireland; but disagreement with Cromwell led to his retirement from public life until the protector's death. Re-entering Parliament (1659), he was impeached for treason in 1660, and forced to flee to Vevey, where he died. His valuable Memoirs were published at Vevey (1698-9). See also Guizot's Portraits Politiques des Hommes des différents Partis (1852); trans. by Scoble as Monk's Contemporaries (1851).

Ludlow, FITZ HUGH (1836–70), American author, born in Poughkeepsie. In 1857 he wrote The Hasheesh Eater, a popular success, and later became widely known by his magazine contributions. The Opium Habit (1868) is a warning against the use of drugs. The Heart of the Conti

Ludwig

nent (1870) is the record of a Western tour.

Ludlow, JAMES MEEKER (1841), American clergyman and author, was born in Elizabeth, N. J., and graduated (1861) at Princeton. He studied for the Presbyterian ministry, and held pastorates in Albany, New York, and Brooklyn until 1886, when he became pastor of the Munn Avenue Presbyterian Church_at East Orange, N. J. In 1881 Dr. Ludlow made a tour of the countries of the eastern Mediterranean, in which region is laid the scene of his principal and very successful romance, The Captain of the Janizaries: A Story of the Times of Scanderbeg and the Fall of Constantinople (1886). Other works are A King of Tyre (1891), A History of the Crusades (1896), and Sir Raoul (1905).

Ludlow, WILLIAM (1843-1901), American soldier, born at Islip, Long Island, N. Y. He graduated at West Point in 1864, was commissioned first lieutenant of engineers, and served under Gen. Sherman during the Atlanta campaign as chief engineer of the 20th Army Corps. At Savannah and through the Carolinas he was engineer of the left wing of Sherman's army and was brevetted major and lieutenant-colonel.

Áfter the war he was engaged in various engineering operations, in 1883-86, by special permission of Congress, was engineer of water supply of Philadelphia, and was military attaché at London 189396. He became president of the U. S. Nicaragua Canal Commission in 1895, and was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in August of that year. At the outbreak of the Spanish War he was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers May 4, 1898, and in September after the Santiago campaign was promoted to majorgeneral. From Dec., 1898, to April, 1900, he was military governor of Havana, and he was commissioned brigadier-general in the regular army May, 1900. The same year he visited military institutions in Europe, and in 1901 he was assigned to duty in the Philippines.

The Ger

Ludwig, or Louis. man emperors of this name are: LOUIS I. (778-840), 'le Débonnaire,' son of Charlemagne, whom he succeeded as emperor in 814, but was deposed by his sons.LOUIS II. (c. 822-875), son of Lothaire I.; became associated with his father in 849, and succeeded to the imperial crown in 855.-LOUIS III. (č. 880-929), 'the Blind,' grandson of Louis II.; became emperor in 901, but, owing to his infirmity, was only nominal ruler.-LOUIS IV. (893-911), 'I'Enfant,' last of the Carlovingians; succeeded his father, Ar

Ludwig I.

nulph, in 900. He was defeated by the Hungarians (907-910).LOUIS v. (c. 1287-1347), 'the Bavarian'; was elected" emperor (1314), quarrelled with Pope Benedict XII., and was excommunicated for denying papal authority in Germany. He was opposed by Clement VI., who promoted the election of Charles of Moravia as emperor in 1346.

Ludwig I. (1786-1868), king of Bavaria, son of King Maximilian Joseph, whom he succeeded (1825). He supported the Greek struggle for independence (1826), erected the Walhalla in Munich (1830), and abdicated on his refusal to grant political reforms (1848).

Ludwig II., OTTO FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1845-86), grandson of the preceding, succeeded his father, Maximilian II. (1864); opposed Prussia in the war of 1866, but joined the German empire (1870). As ruler of the chief German state, he had the honor of inviting the king of Prussia to become German emperor. He was a vigorous opponent of the Ultramontanes, against whom he gave a strong support to his Liberal ministers. An extraordinary passion for building palaces on a huge and expensive scale induced an inquiry to be made as to his mental condition, and he was declared insane. Shortly afterIwards he drowned himself in a neighboring lake. Ludwig was the lifelong friend and supporter of Richard Wagner, on whom he showered gifts and honors.

Ludwig, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816-95), German physiologist, born at Witzenhausen, Hesse; became professor of anatomy and physiology at Zürich (1849), at Vienna (1855), and of physiology at Leipzig (1865-95). Ludwig was one of the most celebrated of modern physiologists, and expressed many original ideas on the subject in his Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen (185256). Under his guidance the Physiological Institute at Leipzig became a centre of original scientific research second to none. He was the inventor of the mercurial blood-pump.

Ludwig, OTTO (1813-65), German dramatist, born at Eisfeld, Saxe-Meiningen. His first work, Der Erbjörster, appeared in 1853. This was followed by Die Makkabäer (1855). One other notable work, a tale, Zwischen Himmel und Erde (1857), was all that he lived to finish and publish, though there appeared after his death Shakespeare-Studien (1871). His Gesammelte Schriften were published in 1891-2, and again in 1900 by Adolf Bartels.

Ludwigsburg, tn., Würtemburg, Germany, 10 m. N. of Stuttgart; is the principal military depot of Wurtemburg. Has can

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non foundry and arsenal; manufactures metallic wares, musical instruments, chemicals, cotton and woollen goods. Pop. (1900) 19,436.

Ludwig's Canal, canal, Bavaria, Germany, from Dietfurt on the Altmühl to Bamberg on the Regnitz, connecting the basins of the Danube and the Rhine.

Ludwigshafen, tn. in the Rhine palatinate, Bavaria, Germany, on the 1. bk. of the Rhine, opposite Mannheim; has important manufactures of aniline dyes and soda, and does considerable trade in timber, iron, and coal. The chemical works are among the largest in the world. Pop. (1901) 61,900.

Luff, the order to the helmsman to put the tiller towards the lee side of a ship, in order to make her sail nearer to the direction of the wind. Also applied to the weather edge of a sail.

Lugano, largest tn. of the Swiss canton of Ticino, on the N. shore of Lake Lugano (21 m. long). Though politically Swiss, Lugano is Italian in every other respect. It is much frequented by visitors in spring and in autumn. Pop. (1900) 9,500.

Lugano, Lake of, a celebrated Italian lake, situated between Lakes Maggiore and Como. The scenery is beautiful and striking, the surrounding mountains rising abruptly and affording much diversity of view. The lake is 20 m. long, 1 m. wide, and in some places has the unusual depth of about 950 ft. It is spanned by a bridge between Melide and Bissona.

Lugansk, or LUGAN, tn., Ekaterinoslav gov., S. Russia. It has an important trade in grain, cattle, copper, and wool. There are iron, coal, and anthracite mines in the neighborhood. The industrial establishments include iron foundries, blast-furnaces, cannon foundries, and engine shops. Pop. (1897) 20,419.

Luganskaya Stanitsa, tnship of Don Cossacks, in territory of the Army of the Don, S. Russia, 45 m. N.w. of Kamenskaya Stanitsa, on the Donets. Pop. (1897) 20,381.

Lugdunum. See LYONS. Lugdunum Batavorum. See LEYDEN.

Lugger, a small vessel having one, two, or three masts, upon each of which is set a square 'lugsail.' She may also carry topsails, and have a bowsprít on which are set one or more jibs. The lugsails of a lugger hang obliquely to the masts, their yards being slung at onethird of their length. Luggers sail close to the wind, and particularly well when close-hauled.

Lugo. (1.) Province, Galicia, N.W. Spain, an extremely moun

Lug-worm

tainous district watered by the Minho, with a coast-line on Bay of Biscay. The slopes of ranges produce cattle and timber; the valleys abound in agricultural supplies and fibres. There are mines of copper and lead, and quarries of slate, granite, and marble. The province contains sixty-four townships, and its area is 3,814 sq. m. Pop. (1900) 465,386. (2.) City (anc. Lucus Augusti), cap. of above prov., on riv. Minho. There are many curious Roman remains, including the therma, still much frequented in summer. Pop. (1900) 28,024. (3.) Town, Central Italy, prov. Ravenna, 17 m. w. of town of that name. Important annual fair (Sept.). Manufactures rope and furniture. Pop. (1901) 27,415.

Lugos, chief tn. of Co. KrassóSzörény, S. Hungary, and an episc. see of the Greek Catholic Church, 37 m. E. by s. of Temesvár. Good wine is made. Pop. (1900) 16,100. Lug Sail. See SAIL AND RIG