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Juvenal

He appears to have been the son of a rich freedman of Aquinum, to have spent his life, up to middle age, mostly in the practice of declamation at Rome, and to have published his works at intervals from about 102 A.D. onward. His extant works consist of sixteen satires, which were published in five books. The first includes the first five satires, and was published after 100 A.D.; the second book, only the sixth (a long poem), published after 115 A.D.; the third book, the seventh, eighth, and ninth, published after 118 A.D.; the fourth book, the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth, but it gives no hint of its date; the fifth book comprises the remaining four satires, and must have been published after 128 A.D. A fragment of some twenty lines was recently discovered in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. The first nine satires are quite distinct in character from the last seven. The former are attacks, in the bitterest and most violent lan

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guage, on the crime, vice, and folly of Rome; the latter are rather moral essays on various subjects. In the former, Juvenal gives a most vivid picture of the state of Roman society in his day; but it is his own genuine indignation at vice, his old Roman severity of character, his love of simplicity, that impart force to his satire. He cannot, however, make his characters lifelike; his satire is not, like that of Horace, a comedy of contemporary manners. His verse is powerful, but monotonous in its rhythm. He appeals to modern readers by the similarity in many points of our present rich, affected, and luxurious civilization to that of his own day; and by the power of his epigrams, many of which are household words as quotations. The best editions of his work are those by Mayor (1878), Pearson and Strong (1892), Lewis, with translation (1882), Duff (1898), Friedländer (1895). English translations by Dryden

Jyotisha

(1693; new ed. 1813), Gifford (1802), and Leeper (1891). See Housman's D. Junii Juvenalis Satyra (1905).

Juxon, WILLIAM (1582-1663), archbishop of Canterbury, born at Chichester; held pastorates at Oxford and at Somerton in Oxfordshire, and subsequently became in turn bishop of Hereford and then of London, a dignity to which in 1635 was added that of lord high treasurer. He resigned this post in 1641. He attended Charles 1. on the scaffold, and at the restoration was appointed to the archbishopric of Canterbury. See Memoirs of Archbishop Juxon (1869).

Jyotisha, one of the six divisions into which the Brahmanical Vedangas, a series of treatises supplementary to the original Vedas and Brahmanas, are divided. It is ascribed to Lagadha or Lagata, and is the oldest existing systematic work on tronomy, probably dating from the first centuries after Christ.

as

VOL. VII.-4

K is the voiceless back stop; before utterance the breath is stopped by raising the back of the tongue. The sound varies according to the vowel which follows. Every k has a corresponding voiced stop, or g. In Semitic languages two k's are regularly distinguished in writing. K and Q are the Latin forms of the symbols for these two k's. In the Latin alphabet, and in the alphabets derived from it, the sound k is generally expressed by the symbol c, and k itself, for the most part, is rarely used. In the German alphabet, however, k is the usual sign.

K

of Islamic worship.

Tradition associates the Kaaba with Abraham's casting out Hagar and Ishmael. It contains the 'black stone,' which is probably an aerolite. See MECCA.

Kaalund, HANS VILHELM (1818-85), Danish poet, born at Copenhagen. His chief works are Fabler (1844); Fabler for Börn (4th ed. 1884); Et Foraar (6th ed. 1886); Fulvia (5th ed. 1903), a lyric drama; and En Eftervaar (4th ed. 1889).

Kaap, or DE KAAP, gold fields in Transvaal Colony, S. Africa, about 50 m. N.E. of Barberton.

Kabardia, fertile dist. on N.

Kabul was in 1879 the scene of the murder of the British envoy, Sir Louis Cavagnari. It was from Kabul that Lord (then Sir Frederick) Roberts set out, in August 1880, on his memorable march to Kandahar. Pop. c. 70,000. (2.) River of Afghanistan, which rises in the Hindu-Kush, and joins the Indus at Attock. Length, 270 m. The confluence is at the head of the Indus navigation, and there is watercarriage for craft of forty or fifty tons for 50 m. up the Kabul R. Kabyles. See BERBERS. Kadavu or KANDAVU, one of the Fiji group. See FIJI ISLANDS.

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When became ambiguous in English (see C), the use of k increased. In recent years the employment of k has become general in the English spelling of foreign words (Koran,' not 'Coran'). Initial k before n has now become silent ('know,' etc.).

In the early Semitic alphabet K faced to the left, and the perpendicular stroke was long; Hebrew has lost one of the side strokes, and is a rounding of that form. In the Greek minuscule the attempt to write K in one stroke gives a form like u. The Semitic name kaph, Greek kappa, means 'palm' (of the hand).

Kaaba, the sanctuary at Mecca, the centre formerly of pagan, now

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Kadesh, several places in Palestine and Syria. KADESHBARNEA (Gen. 14:7; Num. 13:26, etc.), in Arabia Petræa, 55 m. s. of Beersheba, was the headquarters of the Israelites for forty years prior to their entry into Canaan. From it Moses sent the spies to survey and report. Here also Miriam died, and Moses brought water from the rock.-KADESH OF ISSACHAR (1 Chron. 6:72) is near Taanach.-KADESH NAPHTALI (Josh. 12:22, etc.) is in Upper Galilee, with Jewish and Roman remains.-KADESH THE ORONTES (in the Greek version of 2 Sam. 24:6) is the ruined city Kades, south of Emesa. Kadiak. See KODIAK.

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The Bala Hissar, a dismantled fortress overlooking the city on the south-east. The head in the corner shows the characteristic features of the native Afghan who inhabits this region.

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