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Maldonado

cowrie shells, and coir are exported. The inhabitants resemble the Sinhalese, and are Mohammedans. The climate is unhealthy. Pop. (1901) 30,000.

Maldonado, cap. of dep. of same name, in S.E. Uruguay, S. America, on the N. side of estuary of La Plata, 67 m. E. of Montevideo. It is a fortified naval station and a seaside resort. Its fine harbor is well sheltered. It exports hides and cattle, and has limestone quarries.

Malebranche, NICOLE (16381715), French philosopher, born in Paris, and educated as a Roman Catholic priest. In his philosophy the general features of the system of Descartes were combined with elements derived from Platonism. According to Malebranche, we know nothing of the external world directly; we know external things only as they exist in idea in the divine reason, the ideas of them being presented to our minds on occasion of the corresponding impressions being made upon our bodies. The real existence of the external world itself thus becomes for Malebranche (as Christian believer rather than as philosopher) an article of faith, involved in the doctrine of creation. Or, as he said, 'We see all things in God.' While his philosophical position has a certain resemblance to that of Berkeley, Malebranche is more directly connected with English philosophy by means of his disciple John Norris, an acute critic of Locke. Malebranche's two chief works are Recherche de la Vérité (1674; Eng. trans. 1694), and Entretiens sur la Métaphysique (1688). See Adamson's Development of Modern Philosophy (1903).

Male Fern. A fern (Dryopteris [Aspidium] filix-mas), which is common in the Old World, and is also found on our Pacific Slope and in the Rocky Mountains. It is a robust growing species, with sturdy, green, bipinnate fronds, often three feet or more in length, usually forming a sort of truncated inverted conical tuft round a central crown. The stipe is densely scaly, the sori are circular, and the involucre is reniform. The dried rhizome in used in medicine as a cure for tapeworm.

Maler Kotla, chief tn. of Maler Kotla state, Punjab, India, 30 m. s. of Ludhiana. Pop. (1901) 21,122. The state has an area of 162 sq. m., and a population (1901) of 77,506.

Malesherbes, CHRÉTIEN GUILLAUME DE LAMOIGNON DE (1721$4), French statesman, born at Paris. In 1750 Malesherbes, who had become a counsellor of the Parlement of Paris, succeeded his father as president and became superintendent of the press. In

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1770 he was exiled with the other members of the Parlement of Paris. On the accession of Louis XVI., in 1774, he not only regained his post of president of the Court of Aids, but was made minister of state. His views were patriotic and enlightened; but finding that he could not secure the adoption of his liberal policy, he resigned in May, 1776, and resided in Switzerland till 1786. In that year he was recalled, and drew up two

Male Fern (Dryopteris filix-mas).

1, Frond; 2, lower surface of frond, showing clusters of spore cases.

memoirs, On the Calamities_of France, and The Means of Repairing Them. But his advice was not taken, and he again retired. On the trial of the king, Malesherbes offered his services as advocate. This roused the hostility of the Jacobins, and in April, 1794, he was executed.

Malet. See MALLET.

Malet, LUCAS. See KINGSLEY. Malherbe, FRANÇOIS DE (15551628), French poet, generally regarded as the founder of the classical school, was born at Caen, and attached himself to Henry IV., and to his successor Louis XIII. He insisted on correctness and elegance of diction, and his own verses are the best illustra

Malice

tion of the bad effects of trying to make the muse walk in fetters, even when these are gilded and polished. His Euvres Complètes were edited by Lalanne (1862-9). See also Sainte-Beuve's Causeries, vol. viii., and Gournay's Vie (1852).

Malibran, MARIA FELICITA (1808-36), operatic singer, born in Paris, a daughter of the Spanish tenor Manuel Garcia. She made her début in 1825 in London, carrying the musical world by storm. She then came to the U. S., and while singing in New York, where she met with great success, was married to a French banker, Malibran. From 1830 she sang continuously in Paris, Rome, London, and elsewhere. Her voice was a mezzo-soprano, perfectly developed and of phenomenal range.

Malic Acid, hydroxysuccinic acid, COOHCH2CH(OH)COOH, is a dibasic hydroxyacid occurring in unripe fruits, particularly in the berries of the mountain ash, from which it may be obtained as a calcium salt by boiling with milk of lime. It may be prepared synthetically by boiling bromosuccinic acid with silver oxide and water, and forms hygroscopic crystals (m.p. 100° c., sp. gr. 1.56), which in the case the synthetically prepared variety are a mixture of dextro- and levo-rotatory forms, the natural variety being dextro-rotatory. Malic acid on reduction yields succinic acid, and when heated loses water, and yields the isomeric fumaric and maleic acids.

Malice. A term of varying signification in the law, ranging from active malevolence to criminal intent. It is in the latter sense that the term is used in criminal law, and in this sense it is an essential ingredient in every crime; and in the case of murder premeditation, called 'malice aforethought,' must be present. (See MURDER.) In the case of civil wrongs, the presence or absence of malice in the sense of bad motive is, as a general rule, immaterial. The exceptions are:(1) Actions for slander of title; (2) actions for malicious prosecution; (3) maliciously inducing others to break their contracts. The question of malice also becomes important in actions for defamation, in which the defence of privilege, when it is set up, may be rebutted by evidence of actual malice. An act lawful in itself is not converted by a malicious or bad motive into an unlawful act so as to make the doer of the act liable to a civil action. There is a presumption as to infants between seven and fourteen that they cannot commit a felony; but this presumption is rebutted by evidence of malice-i.e. con

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Malicious Injury

scious wrongful intent. As malice constitutes a state of mind, it must either be proved by the admission of the accused, which would be most unusual, or by inference from the nature of his words and conduct, which is the common method, and therefore it is a question of fact for the jury. See CRIME. Consult Bishop's New Criminal Law.

Malicious Injury to Property. The various criminal acts constituting malicious injury to property are now generally defined and regulated by statute. In every case the act must be done 'unlawfully and maliciously;' and malice towards the particular owner of the property need not be proved-it is sufficient to prove a general intent to injure. The following are offences: Riotously assembling and destroying or injuring buildings or machinery, wilfully damaging goods in course of manufacture: wilfully injuring shrubs, trees, growing vegetables, etc., damaging walls, houses, and outbuildings: flooding coal mines or damaging mine engines: destroying sea or river banks: damaging a fishery or poisoning fish: destroying a bridge: attempting to throw a train off the track: injuring telegraphs, etc.: destroying works of art in museums and public places: killing or maiming cattle or other domestic animals: exhibiting false lights for ships: removing buoys: destroying wrecks. Penalties vary from a fine to penal servitud for life, according to the gravity of the offence.

Malicious Prosecution. The institution of a criminal action against a person from a malicious motive and without probable cause. If a man is prejudiced in his person or property by a malicious criminal prosecution, he has a right of action against the wrongdoer. In an action for malicious prosecution the plaintiff, to succeed, must prove, (1) that he was innocent; (2) that there was want of reasonable and probable cause for the prosecution; (3) that the prosecution was initiated maliciously-i.e. from an indirect or improper motive, and not in the furtherance of justice. Actions will also lie for maliciously making a man bankrupt, or having him arrested, petitioning to wind up a company, or obtaining a search warrant.

Malignant Pustule. See AN

THRAX.

Malignants, a name generally applied by the Puritans to the supporters of the king against Parliament and even as a term of reproach to the kings themselves. After the restoration it was used by the Covenanters and others as descriptive of those in authority.

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Malinao, pueb., Albay prov., Luzon, Philippines, 18 m. N. by w. of Albay, on Lagonoy Gulf and on the main highroad. Pop. (1903) 12,437.

Malindi, cap. of dist. of Malindi, British E. Africa, 70 m. N.E. of Mombasa. Pop. 5,000. The district has about 10,000 inhabitants.

Malines, or MECHLIN, tn., Belgium, 13 m. S.S.E. of Antwerp; is the see of the cardinal-primate of Belgium, and is noted for its vast Gothic cathedral, dating partly from the 13th century, and containing Van Dyck's Crucifixion and Rubens's Last Supper. Other works of Rubens are in the churches of Notre Dame and St. John. Among other interesting buildings are the Cloth Hall, the law courts, and the archbishop's palace. Formerly important for face, shawls, and linen, its chief manufactures are woollen goods and 'Gobelin' tapestry, with cabinet-making and carpentry. Pop. (1900) 55,705.

Malitbog, pueb., Leyte, Philippines, 79 m. s. of Tacloban. Pop. (1903) 11,034.

Mallalieu, WILLARD FRANCIS (1828), American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, born in Sutton, Mass., and graduated from Wesleyan University in 1857. He was pastor at Sutton, Boston, Chelsea, South Boston, and Worcester, Mass., and presiding elder of the Boston District (1882-84). In 1884 he was elected bishop, and has been stationed at New Orleans (188492), where he was active in aid of the New Orleans University and of the Freedman's Aid Society, at Buffalo (1892-96), and at Boston.

Mallard, or COMMON WILD DUCK, a bird which is widely distributed over Europe, Asia, and N. America, and common as a breeding species in captivity. The term mallard is strictly ap

Mallard.

plicable only to the drake, but it is convenient to use it for both sexes. In the drake the head is green with a white collar, the back of the neck and the breast dark chestnut, the rump black, the wing-spot greenish purple fringed with white, and the under surface grayish white. The four central upper tail coverts are

Mallery

black and curly. The female is brown and buff, with a green wing-spot, and is smaller than the male. In captivity the bird breeds freely with almost any species of duck. It is more abundant in the interior of North America than on the coasts, congregating especially near lakes and rivers where wild rice grows, and making its nest in marshes all over the Mississippi valley and the region of the Great Lakes. It migrates southward in winter.

Mallarmé, STÉPHANE (184298), French poet and man of letters, born in Paris. His verses contain much that is beautiful in sentiment and crystallized in mode of expression; but owing to the theorizing nature of his temperament and the sway of a too critical faculty, his ideas were often clouded and obscure. In 1888 he issued a translation of the poems of Edgar Allan Poe. His Poésies Complètes appeared in 1887 (new ed. 1899), and a volume of Vers et Prose in 1893. See Edmund Gosse, Questions at Issue (1893).

Malleability, the property almost exclusively possessed by a number of the metals, in virtue of which they can be flattened by hammering or pressure without crushing. This feature is most marked in the case of gold, which can be beaten out to such a degree of tenuity that one ounce will cover 189 sq. ft.

Mallee Scrub, an Australian species of eucalyptus, which forms dense thickets about eight feet in height. It will thrive in almost pure sand, and will tolerate both frost and scorching winds. Much of the eucalyptus oil of commerce is derived from this species.

Mallein, a poisonous compound obtained from the products of the bacillus of glanders, and used in veterinary practice to diagnose the disease.

Mallery, GARRICK (1831-94), American ethnologist, born at Wilkesbarre, Pa. He graduated at Yale in 1850, and in law at the Pa. state college in 1853. He practised law in Philadelphia from 1853 to 1861, and served in the Civil War as captain of the 71st Pennsylvania volunteers, and in the regular army as captain of the 43d Infantry. After serving several years in the signal office, Washington, in 1876 he was given command at Fort Rice, Dakota Ter. While holding this position he became interested in the Indians, and in 1877 he was appointed ethnologist to Major Powell's Rocky Mountain Survey. Afterward he was chief of the Bureau of Ethnology. He was founder of the Anthropological and Cosmos societies, and an active member of many other scien

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Malleson

tific societies. His chief works are: Calendar of the Dakota Nation (1877); The Former and Present Number of Our Indians (1878); Introduction to the Study of Sign Language Among the North American Indians (1880); Sign Language Among the North American Indians (1881); Pictographs of the North American Indians (1886); Manners and Meals (1888); Philosophy and Specialties (1899); Israelite and Indian, a Parallel in Planes of Culture (1889); Custom of Courtesy (1890).

BRUCE

Malleson, GEORGE (1825-98), English writer on military history, was born in London. In 1852 he served in the first Burmese War, and subsequently was sanitary commissioner in Bengal and controller of military finance. For some time he was Indian correspondent of the Times. Chief works: History of the French in India (1868; new ed. 1893); History of Afghanistan (1879); The Founders of the Indian Empire (1882). He also completed Sir John Kaye's History of the Indian Mutiny (3 vols. 1878-80).

Mallet, originally MALLOCH, DAVID (1705-65), Scottish poet and author, was born near Crieff, Perthshire, and became a friend of James Thomson, author of The Seasons.

After 1720 he

wrote William and Margaret, a ballad; Eurydice, a tragedy (173031), produced in London; Mustapha (1738-9, which met with success largely on account of its political reference. He edited the Works of Bolingbroke in 1754, and produced the masques Alfred (1740), Britannia (1755), and Elvira (1762-3). His works were published in 1759 (3 vols.), and his Ballads and Songs, annotated by F. Dinsdale, in 1857. The masque Alfred was written in conjunction with James Thomson, and it is uncertain whether Mallet or Thomson wrote the song 'Rule, Britannia' which is introduced. See Johnson's Lives of the Poets (1791), vol. iv.

Mallock, WILLIAM HURRELL (1849), English author, was born at Cockington, Devon. He has written brilliantly, if not very profoundly, on religious, philosophical, and social questions, and is the author of several novels. His writings are often highly poetic as well as divertingly humorous and sarcastic. Chief works: The New Republic (1877), The New Paul and Virginia (1878); Is Life worth Living? (1879); Property and Progress-a work on economics in answer to Henry George's theories of Progress and Poverty (1884); Social Equality (1882); A Human Document (1892); Romance of the Nineteenth Century (1881); The Veil of the Temple (1904); and

The (1905).

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Reconstruction of Belief

Mallorca. See MAJORCA. Mallow, or MALVA, a genus of herbaceous plants belonging to the order Malvacea. They bear white or purplish flowers. The musk-mallow (M. moschata) has been cultivated, and has escaped; but the most common mallow, in America, is the little 'cheeseplant' (L. rotundifolia), creeping along roadsides, with rounded leaves, and small pink flowers, followed by which fruits, are mucilaginous when green, and a favorite tidbit for children.

numerous

on

Malmaison, LA, château 1. bk. of Seine, 5 m. w. of Paris, France; was purchased by Joséphine Beauharnais in 1789. After her divorce from Napoleon (1809), she lived and died in it (1814).

Malmesbury, JAMES HARRIS, EARL OF (1746-1820), English diplomatist, born at Salisbury; became minister at Berlin in 1772, at St. Petersburg (1777), and the Hague (1784). He is best known as one of the Whigs who seceded from Fox to Pitt in 1793, and as the man who was entrusted with the duty of marrying, by proxy, the Princess Caroline, whom he brought to England in 1795.JAMES HOWARD HARRIS, THIRD EARL (1807-89), edited his grandfather's diaries and correspondence, and published his own Memoirs of an Ex-Minister (1884). He entered Parliament for Wilton in 1841. He served as Foreign Secretary in 1852 in Derby's administration, and again in 1858-9; and later (1866-8 and 1874-6) was Lord Privy Seal.

His

Malmesbury, WILLIAM OF (c. 1095-1143), Anglo-Norman chronicler, was reared in the religious house of Malmesbury, of which he was afterward librarian. Gesta Regum Anglorum (from the earliest times to 1127-8) and Gesta Pontificum Anglorum were finished in 1125, and revised 113540; and De Antiquitate Glastoniensis Ecclesia was written between 1129 and 1139. The Historia Novella (sequel of the Gesta Regum) ends with Matilda's escape from Oxford (1142). See Stubb's edition of Gesta Regum Anglorum (1887-9).

Malmö, cap., Swedish co. of Malmöhus, on the Sound. The artificial harbor (1775) is one of the largest in Scandinavia. Malmö has iron works, woollen mills, dockyards, machinery, sugar, steam-mill factories, and breweries. Pop. (1900) 69,857.

Malmsey, also known as Malvoisic, a rich, sweet, luscious white wine formerly produced in Candia (Crete), Malvasia (Morea), and certain of the Greek islands. Vines of this variety were planted in Teneriffe, Madcira, Canary

Malone

Is., and the Azores. The wine
contains about 19 per cent. of
alcohol by volume. It is said
that George, Duke of Clarence
(1477), was drowned in a butt of
this wine.

Malmström, BERNHARD ELIS (1816-65), Swedish poet, was born at Tysslinge (Nerike). His works are perfect in form, lofty in sentiment, and lucid in expression, in contrast to the romantic school, which he criticised severely. His greatest work is Angelika (1840), a series of elegies, which made him famous. He also wrote Fiskarflickan fron Tynnelso (The Fisher Maid of Tunnelso'), besides shorter poems. His complete works appeared in 8 vols. in 1866-9.

Malolos, pueb., Philippines, cap. of Bulacan prov., Luzon, 20 m. N.W. of Manila. It is a railroad and telegraph station, is situated at the head of the delta of the Pampanga Grande and is an important trade centre. It was a tentative capital of the Filipinos under Aguinaldo. Pop. (1903) 12,575.

Malone, vil., N. Y., co. seat of Malone co., 50 m. w.s.w. of Rouse Point, on the Salmon R., which flows into the St. Lawrence 15 m. N.W. of the village, and on three branches of the N.Y. Cent. R. R. The river affords good water power. The chief manufactures are pants, woollen goods, paper and pulp, shirts, brooms, lumber, sashes and doors,

etc.

It is a collecting and distributing point of the American Hide and Leather Co. and has extensive railroad repair shops. Hops are the chief crop of the district. The Northern New York Institute for Deaf Mutes is situated here, and also St. Joseph's Ursuline Academy. The prominent buildings include the state armory, county buildings, Chinese detention-house, and the U. S. custom-house. Features of interest are Memorial Park and Arsenal Green. Malone is the northern gateway to the Adirondacks. It was settled in 1805 and incorporated in 1853. It was an American base in the War of 1812 and a base of the Fenians in their Canadian raids. Pop. (1905) 6,478.

Malone, EDMUND (1741-1812), Irish author and critic, was born in Dublin. In 1777 he went to London, where he became well known in literary and political circles. In 1778 he published an Attempt to ascertain the Order in which the Plays of Shakespeare were written, which remains substantially correct. His critical and

historical supplement to Johnson's edition of Shakespeare appeared in 1780. Malone's edition of the plays (1790) embodied the results of long and elaborate research. In 1800 he published

Malone

The Critical and Miscellaneous Prose Works of John Dryden. A new edition of Shakespeare, for which Malone left material, was published by the younger Boswell (1821). See Life by Sir James Prior (1864), also Memoir in Boswell's edition of Shakespeare (1821).

Malone, JOHN (1854-1906), an American actor, born in Westfield, Mass. In 1880 he began acting in San Francisco and afterwards played with Edwin Booth (1886-7), Mrs. Langtry (1888), Salvini (1889-90), Modjeska (1897), and Richard Mansfield. He settled in New York city in 1900 and devoted himself to writing newspaper criticisms upon theatrical matters.

Malone Acid, CH2(CO OH) is a dibasic acid occurring in beet, and is prepared synthetically by the hydrolysis of cyanacetic acid. It crystallizes in large tables, is soluble in water (m.p. 134° C.), and is decomposed when heated onto carbon dioxide and acetic acid. Its ethyl ester is a valuable agent in the synthesis of carbon compounds.

Malory, SIR THOMAS (fl. 1470), author of Le Morte Arthur, has been identified by Professor Kittridge-Who was Sir Thomas Malory? (1895)-with a certain Sir Thomas Malory of Newbold Revell in Warwickshire, who appears to have succeeded to the family estates in 1433 or 1434. He has condensed his matter ruthlessly, all the great prose branches (Merlin, Tristan, Lancelot, with Queste and Morte Arthur) being represented in a mutilated form. The modifications which he introduced into the text-e.g. the parting of the lovers in bk. xx., and their final meeting at Almesbury -together with the simplicity and virile force of the language, have caused among English readers an entirely mistaken view of the story, as a love story, and the morality of the Arthurian legend as a whole. It was first printed by Caxton in 1485. From 1634 until 1816 it was not reprinted. The best edition is that by Dr. Sommer (3 vols. 1889-91), though the critical section is far from accurate. There is a popular edition in the Globe Series.

See also Sir Thomas Malory's 'LeMorte Arthur' und die Englische Arthurdichtung des XIX. Jahrhunderts, by Schüler (1900); Baldwin, Inflections and Syntax (1894); and Mead, Selections (1897).

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Malpighia, a genus of tropical American evergreen trees and shrubs belonging to the order Malpighiaceæ. They bear pink or white flowers, followed by fleshy drupes. They are sometimes cultivated as stove plants, a peaty soil being required. M. glabra, the Barbados cherry, is extensively cultivated in the W. Indies for its acid fruit, in appear. ance like a small cherry, but inferior in flavor, to the latter.

Malplaquet, vil., dep. Nord, France, 10 m. s. of Mons; was the scene of the victory of Marlborough and Prince Eugene over the French under Villars and Boufflers on Sep. 11, 1709.

Malstatt-Burbach, tn., Rhine prov., Prussia, on r. bk. of Saar, 35 m. N.E. of Metz; has coal mines and iron works. Railway carriages and cement are manufactured. Pop. (1900) 31,195.

Malt. See BREWING.

Malta, ANCIENT AND ILLUSTRIOUS, ORDER OF KNIGHTS OF. A fraternal beneficiary order incorporated in 1889. It comprises 6 grand commanderies and 243 sub-commanderies, with 27,000 members, and during the fiscal year ending in 1905 disbursed $50,183 to beneficiaries. Recorder, Frank Gray, Philadelphia.

Malta (anc. Melita), isl. in Mediterranean, 58 m. s. of Sicily; with Gozo and Comino, it covers an area of 117 sq. m. Malta itself has an area of 95 sq. m. Its coasts are deeply indented. The high

est point is 845 ft. above sealevel. The climate is mild and healthy in winter, but in summer the heat is intense. The soil is thin, but very fertile, and is cultivated with untiring energy by the natives. Corn, potatoes, vegetables, oranges, figs, and cotton are produced for export. Maltese honey is famous. Marble, alabaster, and building-stone are quarried. Filigree, lace, and lucifer matches are manufactured. Malta is a British crown colony and a strong fortress. is one of the most important ports of call in the world, being also the naval base of the Mediterranean fleet. The common Maltese language is mainly debased Arabic. Roman Catholicism is the chief religion. The island has a university.

It

The trade is mainly transit; in 1904-1905 the imports were valued at $48,679,295, and the exports at $42,220,120. Valetta is the capital. A railway connects it with the old

Maltese Terrier

capital of Città Vecchia, 6 m. w. Pop. (1903) 193,315; garrison, about 10,115.

Malta was colonized by the Phoenicians, and thereafter held by the Greeks, and then by the Carthaginians, until the Romans took it in 216 B.C. St. Paul's Bay, on the N.E., was the scene of St. Paul's shipwreck in 62 A.D. Subsequently the island was occupied by Vandals, Arabs (870), and Normans (1090) from Sicily. After the capture of Rhodes by Solyman in 1522, Malta was granted (1530) by Charles V. to the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem. Taken by Napoleon in 1798, Malta surrendered to the British in September, 1800. See Malta under the Phænicians, Knights, and English, by Tullack (1861); and Malta and the Knights Hospitallers, by Bedford (1894).

Malta, KNIGHTS OF. See HosPITALLERS.

Malte-Brun, KONRAD (17751826), Danish geographer, was born at Thisted, Jutland; but being exiled, he settled in France. With Mentelle and Herbin, he produced a geography of the world far superior to anything previously existing. Chief works: Précis de la Géographie Universelle (8 vols. 1810-29), Mélanges Scientifiques et Littéraires (3 vols. 1828). One of the founders of the Société Géographique.

Maltebrun, VICTOR ADOLPHE (1816-89), French geographer, son of Konrad Malte-Brun, was born in Paris. He was professor of history at several colleges, but in 1847 devoted himself to geographical studies, became general secretary to the Geographical Society, and was chief editor of Nouvelles Annales des Voyages. His chief work was La France Illustrée (1855-7; new ed. 187984).

Maltese Terrier, THE, is reputed to have been the ladies' fapdog of ancient Rome and Greece. It is a fluffy little white snowball, weighing from 5 lbs. to 7 lbs., and with a long, straight, and silky coat, quite free from

Maltese Terrier. woolliness or the slightest curl; ears moderately long, the hair on them mingling with that on the neck; tail short and well feathered, and curled tightly over

Malthus

the back. It is an intelligent, interesting, and hardy pet.

Malthus, THOMAS ROBERT (1766-1834), English political economist, was born near Guildford, Surrey. In 1805 he was appointed professor of history at Haileybury a post he retained till his death. It was Godwin's Enquiry, with its view of man's perfectibility (1797), which led him to the law that population treads ever on the limits of subsistence. Malthus never said there could be an excess of population. Such excess was wiped out, so to speak, before it came into existence by the checks of

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Malwan

Malvern Hill, BATTLE OF, a battle fought at Malvern Hill, a high plateau near the James river, a short distance S.E. of Richmond, Va., on July 1, 1862, between the Federal Army of the Potomac under Gen. McClellan and the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia under Gen. Lee; the last of the Seven Days' Battles. The Federals were assisted by the fire from gunboats in the river, immediately behind their position; the desperate assaults of the Confederates under Generals D. H. Hill and Magruder were repulsed, and Gen. Lee retired from the field. Gen. Mc

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vice and misery.

Consequently Godwin's theories were refuted by the facts of nature. The Essay on Population (1798) created a tremendous sensation at the time, and the author has probably been the best abused man in the 19th century. He almost formulated the law of diminishing returns, and he had elaborate controversies with Ricardo regarding rent. See Bonar's Malthus and his Work (1885).

Maltose, C12HOH2O, a sugar produced by the action of the diastase of malt on starch, about four-fifths of the latter being changed into maltose. It forms crystalline crusts (sp. gr. 1.54), reduces Fehling's solution, is fermented by yeast, and is hydrolyzed to grape sugar by boiling with

to form the ovary. Among the genera are Hibiscus, Malva, Althæa, and Lagunaria.

Malvastrum, a genus of American herbaceous plants, bearing spikes of yellow or scarlet flowers, and belonging to the order Mal

vaceæ.

Malvern, GREAT, watering-pl., Worcestershire, England, 8 m. S.S.W. of Worcester, on E. slope of Malvern Hills. The parish church formerly belonged to an 11th-century Benedictine priory, and contains 15th-century stained glass. Here is Malvern College. Malvern owes its celebrity to its springs, and to its clear, dry, and equable climate. The first hydropathic establishment in the United Kingdom was erected here in 1842. Pop. (1901) 16,448.

Bartholomew Edu

Clellan was not himself with his fighting troops during the battle, and military critics generally agree in considering Lee's generalship, on this occasion, defective.

Malvern Hills, range, with abrupt heights, running 9 m. N. and s. between Worcestershire and Herefordshire, England. The highest summit is Worcestershire Beacon, 1,395 ft.

Malwa, prov. of Central India, Occupying plateau (alt. 1,5002,000 ft.) bounded on w. by Aravalli Mts., and s. by the Vindhya chain. It contains the following feudatory states: Indore, Bhopal, Dhar, Jaora, Rajgarh, Ratfam, Narsinghgarh, and Nimach. Opium is largely cultivated.

Malwan, seapt. Ratnagiri dist., Bombay, India, 50 m. N.W. of

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