Markirch

Markirch, tn., Upper Alsace, Germany, 36 m. s.w. of Strassburg; has manufactures of cotton, woollen, and silk goods. Pop. (1900) 12,372.

Marks, HENRY STACY (182998), English painter, born in London. A versatile artist, he designed subjects for stained glass, and did decorative work of all sorts. He possessed much dry humor, was a student of natural history, and particularly excelled in depicting birds and their humorous ways. He published Pen and Pencil Sketches (1894).

Mark System, for long the accepted explanation of the general agricultural organization at the beginning of the middle ages. The manor or the village community had originally been an association of free men, cultivating in common the land which belonged to all. The lord of the manor was imposed on this community by the feudal system, and the freemen were reduced to serfdom or villeinage. This doctrine is associated particularly with the names of Kemble in England and Maurer in Germany. To the support of this theory Sir Henry Maine in his Village Communities (1871), and Laveleye in his Primitive Property (1878), brought a huge mass of miscellaneous evidence from the history of other races. Subsequent historical investigation has shown that much of the evidence on which the theory rested is worthless. BadenPowell in his Land Systems of British India (1892) demolished Maine's theory; and Seebohm and Fustel de Coulanges have shown that much, if not nearly all, of Maurer's case for the mark of free men is an exercise in historical imagination. See VILLAGE COMMUNITY and MANOR.

Mark Twain. See CLEMENS. Marlboro, city, Middlesex co., Mass., 25 m. w. of Boston on the Bost. and Me. and the N. Y.. N. H. and H. R. Rs. The chief manufactures are boots and shoes, shoemaking machinery, electric lamps, carriages and wagons, foundry and machine-shop products, etc. The chief buildings are the city hall, state armory, and high school. The educational institutions include St. Ann's School. The first settlement was made in 1656. Marlboro was incorporated as a town in 1660 and as a city in 1890. It includes several villages, and formerly included Westboro, Southboro, and Hudson. It was nearly destroyed in 1676, during King Philip's War. Pop. (1905) 14,073.

Marlborough. (1.) Municipal bor., Wiltshire, England, 27 m. N.N.E. of Salisbury. A parliament which enacted the 'Statutes of Marlbridge' was held here by Henry III. (1267). Marlborough

594

is famous for its public school, founded in 1843, orginally for the sons of clergymen. On Marlborough Downs are noted British remains. Pop. (1901) 3,887. (2.) District, S. Island, New Zealand. Area, 4,752 sq. m. Blenheim is the capital. Chief exports, wool, timber, hides, and tallow. Pop. (1901) 13,326.

Marlborough, JOHN CHURCHILL, FIRST DUKE OF (1650-1722), British general, was born at Ashe, Devonshire. He served under Turenne in 1672, and distinguished himself at Nymwegen and Maestricht. In 1678 he married Sarah Jennings, a lady of the bedchamber of the Princess Anne; the marriage had decisive effects on his fortunes. Churchill showed great skill and resource in serving the royal army at Sedgemoor (1685). In 1688 he went over to the Prince of Orange, and was made Earl of Marlborough by William In the war in Ireland, from

III.

John Churchill, first Duke of Marlborough.

(Photo. by Walker & Cockerell.)

1689 to 1691, his capture of the two ports of Cork and Kinsale severed the communications of France. He made his mark also in the war in the Low Countries. But he was disliked by William and his Dutch favorites. This and a strong feeling of sympathy with his old master caused Marlborough to enter into plots with King James at Saint-Germain. He was arrested, kept in the Tower (1692), and was for a time in disgrace. But when a rupture with France appeared impending, the king took him to Holland to negotiate for the Grand Alliance. After the death of William in

1702, he was made, largely through the influence of his wife with the new Queen Anne, captain-general of the British army. Marlborough also commanded the forces of the Dutch republic.

The career of Marlborough in

Marlin

the field was one of peculiar splendor. In 1702-3 he seized the line of the Meuse. In the following year he arranged with Eugene the operations that saved the empire. After a march of extraordinary skill he struck down the veteran French and Bavarian armies, under Tallard and Marsion, on the field of Blenheim (1704), piercing the enemy's centre by finely designed attacks. He had Villars, an adversary worthy of him, in his front in 1705; and he fell back in retreat before the marshal in Lorraine, having been left in the lurch by a colleague, Louis of Baden. In 1706 he won the great battle of Ramillies, the grandest exhibition of his tactical gifts. Marlborough and Eugene triumphed again at Oudenarde, another battle won by a single stroke of tactics; and having captured the great fortress of Lille, they made preparations for the invasion of France. Villars, sent to defend his country, was defeated on the terrible day of Malplaquet (1709), but the allies only won a doubtful victory. Their losses, especially those of the Dutch, were enormous; the league against France was severely shaken. In 1710 the marshal covered the northern borders of France by a system of skilfully constructed lines. Marlborough, whose influence in England had been greatly weakened, became cautious, and would not attack; and though he turned the lines by a fine manoeuvre in 1711, he gained only insignificant success. In 1712, on the accession to power of the Tories, he was deprived of all his commands.

As

Marlborough had strategic gifts, but he usually conducted war on too narrow a theatre to have an opportunity to make them manifest; but as a tactician Marlborough has not been surpassed. More than this, Marlborough was the first diplomatist of his age, and the soul of the coalition against France. He reconciled its jealousies, composed its discords, made its quarrelsome princes and statesmen agree. a diplomatist he excelled even William III. As a statesman Marlborough holds a much lower place. The ignoble love of pelf was the most distinctive fault of his character. See Life, by Saintsbury (1885); Memoirs of John, Duke of Marlborough, by Coxe (1819); The Duchess of Marlborough, by Mrs. A. Colville (1904); Life of the Duke of Marlborough, by Lord Wolseley (1894); Green's History of the English People (1879); and Dodge's Gustavus Adolphus and the Development of the Art of War (1895).

Marlin, city, Tex., co. seat of Falls co., 100 m. s. of Dallas, on the Houst. and Tex. Cent. and the

Marlitt

Internat. and Gt. N. R. Rs. It is a shipping point for cotton, grain, and live-stock. Cottonseed oil is manufactured. A feature of interest is an artesian well 3,350 ft. deep. The waters have a temperature of over 140° F. and possess medicinal properties. Pop. (1900) 3,092.

Marlitt, E. (1825-87), pseudonym of Eugenie John, German novelist, born at Arnstadt, in Thuringia. She began her career as a singer on the stage, but an affection of the ear forced her to retire. She was the author of popular romances, notably Goldelse (1866); Heide prinzesschen (1871); and Die Zweite Frau (1874).

Marlowe, CHRISTOPHER (156493), English poet, was born at Canterbury. It is possible that he served as a soldier in the Netherlands. In 1587 he comes into clear light as a dramatist, writing for Alleyn and his company. In the two parts of Tamburlaine (1587) he wrote the first great blank verse tragedy, and his drumming decasyllabon' earned him the satire of the more oldfashioned playwright, Robert

Greene, and of his friend Thomas Nash. Tamburlaine was followed by Dr. Faustus (c. 1588) and The Jew of Malta (after 1588); but the extant texts of all three plays have been subjected to interpolations, mainly comic, by other men. In Edward II. (c. 1592) he essayed historical tragedy, and in The Massacre at Paris (1593) contemporary tragedy. His only other surviving play, Dido, Queen of Carthage, was finished by Thomas Nash. Other plays of Marlowe have been lost, and some have been ascribed to him on insufficient grounds. It is, however, possible that he may have had a hand in one or more of the plays which formed the basis of Shakespeare's Henry VI. Marlowe's private life bore an unenviable reputation, not only for moral laxity, but also for socalled atheism.' In 1593 he was summoned before the privy council to answer a charge of heresy arising from some papers of his found among those of Thomas Kyd. Before, however, his case could be fully considered, Marlowe was dead-slain, according to one account, in a drunken brawl at Deptford. His paraphrase of the Hero and Leander of Musæus was completed by George Chapman. The influence both of his dramatic and non-dramatic work upon his contemporaries, notably Shakespeare and Donne, was considerable. His poems include Amores, in 'Epigrammes and Elegies; Hero and Leander (1598); First Book of Lucan (1600). lected works, ed. G. Robinson (1826); ed. A. Dyce (1850, 1870); ed. F. Cunningham (1870); ed.

Col

595

A. H. Bullen (1885); ed. H. Ellis (incomplete, 1887); ed. H. Breymann and A. Wagner (incomplete, 1885). See A. W. Verity's Marlowe's Influence on Shakespeare (1886), and Ingram's Marlowe and his Associates (1904).

Marlowe, JULIA (Sarah Frances Frost) (1870), American actress, born in Caldbeck, Cumberland, England. Her parents came to the U. S. in 1875 and settled in Cincinnati, where she was educated in the public schools. At the age of twelve she joined a juvenile opera company which gave Pinafore, Patience, The Chimes of Normandy, etc., and after three years of such work, part of the time with a dramatic company presenting Rip Van Winkle, she began serious study in New York, and made her début as Parthenia in Ingomar in 1887, using for the first time the name of Julia Marlowe. During that season she played Juliet, Pauline in The Lady of Lyons, and Julia in The Hunchback, but met with small success until the following year, when Boston received her Parthenia with applause. During the next ten years she added to her repertory Viola in Twelfth Night, Rosalind, Galatea, Beatrice, Imogene in Cymbeline, Constance in The Love Chase, Kate Hardcastle in She Stoops to Conquer, and Lydia Languish in Joseph Jefferson's company, her popularity growing steadily. Her best work has been done in Shakespearean parts, particularly as Rosalind, Viola, and Beatrice, in which her marked personal beauty, good voice and diction, and long training in the best stage traditions have placed her in the front rank; but she is also popular in modern romantic plays, such as Colinette. For two seasons she played leading parts with E. H. Sothern, and again in the spring of 1906 she appeared with him in New York city.

Marls, soft, friable clays containing an admixture of calcium carbonate. They are often full of shells, shell marl being a deposit of fresh-water lakes in which fine mud has gathered along with the shells of Mollusca. Certain species of water plants also aid in extracting the lime from the lake waters and finally add materially to the accumulation, which in many northern inland lakes is very extensive and occasionally above 99 per cent. calcium carbonate. It is used to improve peaty or acid soils. Clay soils, which contain finely divided calcium carbonate, are also known as marls; but the use of the term to designate clays which are not calcareous is to be avoided. 'Marlstone' is a name given to the middle Lias of England. The calcareous and glau

Marmion

conitic beds of cretaceous age in New Jersey are also called marls and are used as fertilizers. Some of the fresh-water lake marls of Indiana and Michigan are so uniform and pure in composition and so extensive that they have been made the basis of large portland cement-works.

Marmaduke, JOHN SAPPINGTON (1833-87), American soldier and politician, born near Arrow Rock, Mo. After studying both at Harvard and Yale, he was appointed to West Point and graduated in 1857. He served in the Utah expedition of 1857-58, and in 1861 was appointed first lieutenant in the Confederate army, but was almost immediately promoted to lieutenant-colonel, and then to colonel before the end of

the year. At Shiloh he captured the first prisoners, was severely wounded the second day, and before his recovery was appointed brigadier-general. He served in Arkansas and Missouri, commanded the cavalry at the defence of Little Rock (Sept. 10, 1863), and captured valuable stores at Pine Bluff. After his promotion to major-general in 1864 he was captured while leading one of the three columns in Price's Missouri raid, and held until after the war ended. In 1871-74 he was interested in three newspapers, became secretary of the Board of Agriculture in 1874, and was a railroad commissioner 1875-80. He was elected governor of Missouri in 1884, and died while in office.

Marmalade, a kind of jam, usually made from oranges or lemons, though the term is sometimes extended to that made from quinces, crab apples, and other fruits.

Marmaros-Sziget. See MÁRAMAROS SZIGET.

Marmier, XAVIER (1809-92), French author, born at Pontarlier, died m Paris. First as professor of foreign literature at Rennes, and afterwards (1847) as keeper of the Sainte-Geneviève Library, he did much to interest his countrymen in northern literature. He visited America in 1849. Works: Lettres sur le Nord (1840); Histoire de la Littérature en Danemark et en Suède (1839); Lettres sur l'Amérique (1852); Les Etats-Unis et le Canada (1874); translations from Schiller and Goethe; Théatre de Goethe (1839) and Théâtre de Schiller (1841).

Marmion, SHACKERLEY (160339), English dramatist, born near Brackley, Northamptonshire. After service in the Low Countries, he became a playwright in London. In 1638 he accompanied Sir John Suckling's expedition into Scotland. His best known works are three comedies.

Marmont

Holland's Leaguer (1632),A Fine Companion (1633), and The Antiquary (1640), and the poem Cupid and Psyche (1637).

Marmont, AUGUSTE FRÉDÉRIC LOUIS VIESSE DE, DUC DE RAGUSA (1774-1852), French marshal, was born at Châtillonsur-Seine, and distinguished himself in the Italian campaigns, notably at Lodi and Castiglione. He accompanied Napoleon to Egypt, and was made general of a division for his management of the guns in the battle of Marengo (1800). In 1801 he was inspector-general-in-chief of artillery, and for his victory over the Russians at Castelnuovo (1805) was created Duke of Ragusa. In 1809, after the battle of Wagram, he defeated the flying Austrians at Znaim, and was in consequence made a field-marshal. In 1811 he became commander-in-chief in Portugal, where he was opposed to Wellington, but was severely wounded at Salamanca (1812). At the head of an army corps he participated in the great battles of the retreat from Russia, and in 1814 prolonged the contest on behalf of Napoleon against the allies outside of Paris. 1830 he lived mostly abroad, at Venice and Vienna. See his Mémoires (9 vols. 1856-7).

From

was

Marmontel, JEAN FRANÇOIS (1723-99), French writer, born at Limousin; devoted himself to literature by advice of Voltaire, and went to Paris in 1745. There, through the influence of Madame Pompadour, he secured an official position (1753) at Versailles, and in 1758 was appointed editor of Le Mercure, in whose columns appeared many of his stories or romances. His chief story was Bélisaire (1766), a kind of political novel, which brought him into conflict with the Jesuits. He was elected to the Academy in 1763, became (1783) its secretary, and (1771) historiographer of France. His Mémoires (new ed. 1891) contain an interesting account of the 18th-century French literary salons. His Euvres Complètes appeared in 7 vols. (1819-20).

Marmora, LA. See LA MAR

MORA.

Marmora, SEA OF (anc. Propontis), between Asia Minor and Europe, communicates with the Black Sea by the Bosporus, and with the Ægean Sea by the Dardanelles. It is 175 m. in length and 50 m. in breadth. The E. shore is broken by the gulfs of Ismid and Indjir Liman, but there are no good harbors. The chief island is Marmora or Marmara, famous for its marble.

Marmosets constitute the family Hapalidæ, and are the lowest of the monkeys. They are confined to Central and S. Amer

596

ica and are gentle and dainty little creatures, not unlike squirrels in appearance, and often with projecting tufts of hair on the sides of the head. They are less

Silky Marmoset.

highly organized than the monkeys; they bear three young ones at a time; the hind and fore limbs are less unequal in length, and, except the great toe, all the digits bear pointed claws. The tail is not prehensile, there are no callosities over the ischia, and no cheek-pouches. Though the total number of teeth is 32, there are three premolars and only two molars; whereas in the Old World monkeys and in man this condition is reversed. Marmosets are entirely aboreal, and their diet consists of a mixture of insects and fruit. An example is the silky marmoset (Midas rosalia) of S.E. Brazil. Though several sorts are kept as pets in their own country, they rarely survive the winter when taken to Europe or N. America.

Marmots (Arctomys) are rodents found in the northern parts of both hemispheres. They are heavily built, rather clumsy-looking animals, living high up on mountains in the case of most species. They feed on roots and leaves, and in many cases hibernate for the whole of the winter. Social in their habits, they feed

Alpine Marmots.

in companies, and a number collect in the same burrow for the winter sleep. The ears and tail are short, as are also the legs;

Marocco

cheek-pouches are absent or rudimentary; on the fore limbs, the first digit is rudimentary and bears a flat nail. The American forms differ in some respects from their Old World allies; the commonest is the woodchuck, and its western cousin the siffleur. (See WOODCHUCK.) In Europe occurs the Alpine marmot (A. marmotta), often heard, but rarely seen, in the Alps. It is about twenty inches long, and has a peculiar shrill alarm whistle. In E. Europe and in Siberia occurs A. bobac, a rather smaller form. Asia has a number of species. See E. Ingersoll's Life of Mammals (1906).

and

Marne. (1.) River, France, rises on the plateau of Langres dep. Haute-Marne, and flows northwest and west for 326 m., past Châlons, Epernay, Meaux, to join the Seine on r. bk. at Charenton, 2 m. s.E. of Paris. It is navigable as far as St. Dizier, but a lateral canal stretches from Epernay to Vitry (where the Marne-Rhine canal goes off to the E.); it is continued thence to beyond St. Dizier. The HauteMarne canal starts at Donjeux, and connects the navigation of the Marne with that of the Saône. (2.) Department, France, part of old prov. of Champagne, is bisected by the river Marne. The centre is gently-rolling country; the rest flat and monotonous. The climate is dry and sunny, and well suited to the cultivation of wheat and wine (champagne), in which last the wealth of the department chiefly consists. The wine is matured in the cellars of Rheims, Epernay, and Châlons, this last the capital of the department. There is a prosperous woollen industry, which centres at Rheims. There are also tanneries and iron foundries. Area, 3,167 sq. m. Pop. (1901) 432,882.

Marne, HAUTE-. See HAUTEMARNE.

Marnix, PHILIP VAN (1538-98), Dutch writer, born at Brussels; studied theology at Geneva, and on his return to his native land actively forwarded the reformation, and was a sworn foe of the Spanish government and the inquisition. When the Duke of Alva was made governor of the Netherlands (1567) Marnix fled to Germany. He represented William of Orange in missions to England and France, and took a prominent part in the formation of the Union of Utrecht. He was mayor of Antwerp during the thirteen months' siege of 1584-5. He wrote the Wilhelmus song, the hymn of Dutch liberty; and De Romsche Bijen-korf (1569), a prose satire on the Roman Catholic church. See Life, in French, by Juste (1858).

Marocco. See MOROCCO.

Marochetti

Marochetti, CARLO (1805-68), Italian sculptor, born at Turin; settled in Paris (1827), and received the Legion of Honor (1839). His chief productions were A Girl playing with a Dog, The Fallen Angel, The Battle of Jemappes (a relief upon the Arc de Triomphe de l'Etoile), a memorial for Bellini's tomb, and various equestrian statues. Removing to England on account of the revolution (1848), he became R.A. (1866), and executed statues of Richard Cœur de Lion in London, and Queen Victoria and the Duke of Wellington in Glasgow.

Maronites, a body of Christians, numbering about 300,000, who have their centre in Mt. Lebanon and are found throughout all the Lebanon and its borders, in Egypt, and Cyprus; they have congregations in New York, Boston, and Buenos Ayres. They derive their name from a supposed early monk, Maron, whom they revere as a saint. Throughout the Mohammedan conquest the Maronites preserved their ancient faith, but recognized the Roman Catholic church in 1182, and in 1445 formally united with the church of Rome. In 1584 Gregory XIII. established in Rome a college for the training of their clergy. In many things they still hold to their traditional usages; their sacred tongue is the ancient Syriac. They have suffered severely at the hands of the Druses, and in 1860 the savagery of both sides reached such a pitch as to necessitate the intervention of the great powers. See Bliss's Essay on Sects... of Syria: The Maronites (Palestine Exploration Fund, 1892); Beth's Orientalische Christenheit (1902). See DRuses.

Maroons, a term applied to runaway negro slaves taking refuge in the inaccessible parts of the W. Indies. Here they sometimes became strong enough to form independent republics, which long held out against the constituted authorities. In Jamaica, after the British occupation (1655), some 1,500 slaves, joined by others escaping from the English planters, continued in rebellion, and were not finally reduced till the year 1795, when many of the survivors were removed to Nova Scotia, whence later most of them found their way to Sierra Leone. In Dutch Guiana, where they are now known as Bush Negroes, the Maroons were never reduced. See Lady Blake, North American Review (Nov., 1898); W. G. Palgrave's Dutch Guiana (1876).

Maros-Vásárhely, tn., Transylvania, Hungary, cap. of MarosTorda co., on 1. bk. of Maros, 47 m. E.S.E. of Klausenburg; has a citadel and a fine Gothic church (1446). Sugar, spirits, and to

597

bacco are manufactured. Pop. (1900) 17,715.

Marot, CLÉMENT (1496-1544), French poet, born at Cahors, was page to Marguerite d'Alençon, afterwards queen of Navarre. He took part in the expedition to Italy; was wounded and taken prisoner at the battle of Pavia; but, soon released, he returned to Paris, where he began to show the anti-Catholic tendencies which made him many enemies and gave considerable trouble to his friends. He was repeatedly arrested and imprisoned-once in the Châtelet, which he describes in L'Enfer. He published a version of the Psalms, which, set to favorite secular airs, became popular at the French court and with the Huguenots. His poems are distinguished for graceful satire, a singularly light touch, and natural expression. The distinctive style Marotique, as it is called, has had much influence on French literary language. His Euvres Completes appeared in 1538 (new ed. 1881).

Marozia (d. 938), a Roman woman notorious for her infamous life, daughter of the Empress Theodora and of Theophylact, 'consul and senator of the Romans.' As mother or grandmother of three popes (John XI. John XII., and Leo VII.), she had entire control of Rome for some years. She styled herself 'senatrix of all the Romans' and 'Patricia.'

on

Marprelate Controversy, a pamphlet warfare carried (1589-90) by certain Elizabethan Puritans against the established church and episcopacy. The pamphlets were generally issued under the pen-name of Martin Marprelate. They were personal and scurrilous, but for this very reason were highly popular. A Welshman, John Peury (hanged as a traitor, May 29, 1593), had the chief part in printing and distributing them, and was probably the chief writer, although others participated. These pamphlets were met by others defending episcopacy, and Bacon intervened to make peace with an essay in favor of moderation and tolerance. See W. Maskell's Hist. of the Marprelate Controversy (1845); Dexter's Congregationalism (1880); and Arber's English Scholar's Library. Nos. 8, 11, and 15 (187982).

Marquand, HENRY GURDON (1819-1902), American capitalist, was born in New York city, and was educated at Pittsfield, Mass. He represented his brother Frederick, a prominent New York jeweller, as agent in the care of several large landed estates for twenty years, then became interested in the development of rail

Marquette

roads in the Southwest, and in the early 70's formed the banking firm of Marquand & Dimock, which continued business under that name for about ten years. Subsequently he organized a new firm as Marquand & Parmly. He became very wealthy, and, taking a deep interest in art matters, was a founder, trustee, from 1878 to 1890 treasurer, and from 1890 until his death president, of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York city. His gifts in money and objects of art to the museum amounted to about $1,200,000. He gave, and shared in the giving of, several buildings to Princeton and Yale universities, and was a benefactor in other directions.

Marque, LETTERS OF. See LETTERS OF MARQUE.

Marquesas, or Mendaña Islands, archipelago in the Pacific, between lat. 8° and 10° 30' s. and long. 138° 30′ and 140° 40′ w., annexed to France (1842), and inIcluded in the Tahiti administration. Total area, 480 sq. m. The largest, Nukahiva, has an area of 186 sq. m., and it reaches an altitude of 3,840 ft. All the islands are mountainous, and lie in deep water. Productions: oranges, copra, yams, and mother-of-pearl. Pop. 4,300.

Marquetry, wood mosaic, veneering or inlaying common white wood with slices of rare and costly woods or other material. The art was known in Egypt and the East two thousand years ago, is mentioned in the Odyssey (Penelope's bed'), and was introduced from Persia into Venice (14th century), whence it spread to Florence, France, Germany, and Holland. As intarsia it is conspicuous in church woodwork of the 15th century. Charles André Boule (1642-1732) produced his beautiful 'boule-work In the 18th century Reisner and David Roentgen were famous ébénistes. Varieties are moresco (black and white), certosina (cypress or walnut inlaid with ivory), boule (tortoiseshell ground with design ia metal), counter (metal ground with tortoiseshell inlay), écailline (imitation tortoiseshell), pokerwork, and Chippendale furniture. See Turck's Marqueterie for Amateurs (1899), and F. H. Jackson's Intarsia and Marquetry (1903).

Marquette, city, Mich., co. seat of Marquette co., 100 m. N. of Menominee, on the s. shore of L. Superior, and on the Dul., S. Shore and Atl. and the Marq. and S. E. R. Rs. It is situated on Iron Bay and is a shipping point for iron mines. The ore shipped in 1905 amounted to 1,556,389 tons. The chief industries are iron-smelting and the manufacture of mining machinery, gas engines, powder, and lumber,

Marquette

There are also large railroad shops. The waterworks and electric light and power plant are owned and operated by the municipality. The principal buildings are the city hall, federal building, court house, and the Peter White Library. Presque Isle Park is a feature of scenic interest. The first settlement here was made about 1846. Pop. (1904) 10,665.

Marquette, JACQUES (163775), French Jesuit missionary, born at Laon, dept. of Aisne, France, June 1, 1637, son of Nicolas Marquette, prominent citizen and principal adherent of Henry IV. in Laon and Rose de la Salle. Jacques was entered in the Jesuit college at Nancy as a novice in 1654. He became a member of the Society of Jesus, taught in Reims, Charleville, and Langres, and won special reputation as a linguist. He was ordered to New France (Canada) as missionary to the Indians in 1666, and arrived in Quebec on September 20th. His final mastery of no less than six difficult Indian dialects was considered by his colleagues a remarkable achievement; he became an adept, as well, in aboriginal characteristics and customs. He left Quebec for Sault Ste. Marie on April 21, 1668, and on Sept. 13, 1669, arrived at La Pointe mission, Chequamegon Bay, Lake Superior, near the present Ashland, Wisconsin, there succeeding Claude Allouez. In the spring of 1671, the La Pointe Indians (chiefly Ottawa and Huron, originally driven westward from Lake Huron by the Iroquois) were threatened by the west-lying Sioux and retreatedthe Huron going to the Manitoulin Islands (Lake Huron) and the Ottawa to Mackinac Island. Marquette, following the Ottawa, set up a new mission on the island, but soon removed it to Point St. Ignace, on the mainland four miles northwest. Louis Jolliet, dispatched by Jean Baptiste Talon, intendant of New France, to discover the Mississippi river for the French, arrived here on Dec. 8, 1672, bearing orders to Marquette from the Jesuit authorities to accompany the civil explorer on his trip, and do what he might to Christianize the wild tribes. The lower Mississippi had been discovered by De Soto in 1541; Pierre Radisson may have been upon its upper reaches in 1655; and there are those who contend for La Salle's presence thereon in 1670-but it is quite unlikely that either Marquette or Jolliet had heard of these claims. The expedition (consisting of Jolliet, Marquette, and five other Frenchmen as assistants) started from St. Ignace in two birch-bark canoes, May 17, 1673. They crossed Lake Michi