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March they portaged to Des Plaines river, thence descending the Illinois. Although successful in his mission, Marquette's almost constant malady (a form of dysentery) soon compelled him to attempt the return to St. Ignace. While encamped on the site of Ludington, Michigan, on the east shore of Lake Michigan, he died on May 18, 1675, after much suffering. The original MS. journal of this second expedition, continued through April 6, is at St. Mary's College, Montreal. At first buried on the spot, the father's body was a year afterward removed by Indians to St. Ignace, and buried within the Jesuit chapel. After all traces of the site had been lost, the few remaining_bones were discovered Sept., 1877, and reinterred near by, save some fragments taken to and still resting at Marquette (Jesuit) College, Milwaukee. Marquette's missionary career was brief, and save for the last two years unconspicuous; but his share in and journal of the French discovery of the upper Mississippi, and the story of his sufferings, have appealed strongly to the popular imagination, which perhaps is more generally centred upon him than upon any of his Jesuit colleagues of New France. He was an accomplished linguist, a preacher of undoubted capacity, had acquired unusual powers of mastery over the minds of savages, and bore a saintly character. A marble statue of Marquette (idealized, for no accepted portrait is extant), by Gætano Trentanove of Florence, Italy, is in the rotunda of the Capitol at Washington, the gift of the state of Wisconsin.

was

Marquez, LEONARDO (1820), Mexican general. He served against the U. S. in the Mexican War, was a strong supporter of Santa Anna, and after his downfall opposed Juarez. With the coming of the French he favored by Maximilian (q.v.), who placed him at the head of the army. On the withdrawal of the French troops he raised a force to support the emperor, but was defeated. He then attempted to set up a government in the south, was besieged in Mexico City, but escaped to Cuba, where the city surrendered June 21, 1867.

He

was expressly excluded by the amnesty of 1870 and his later life is unknown. See Bancroft's History of the Pacific States (188290).

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Marquis, or MARQUESS, the second order in the peerage of England, ranking below a duke and above an earl. The title was originally applied to certain officers appointed to defend the marches or borders of Wales. The eldest son of a marquis is generally by courtesy an earl, and the younger sons and the daughters are styled lords and ladies. His wife is a marchioness. Marquis is often the courtesy title of the eldest son of a duke during his father's lifetime.

Marr. See MAR.

Marradi, GIOVANNI (1852), Italian poet, was born at Leghorn. In Florence he founded, with Ferrari and others, the short-lived but brilliant review, I Nuovi Goliardi. He was then made inspector of schools for the province of Massa-Carrara. Though a poetic disciple of Carducci, Marradi struck out a line for himself. He impresses by his elegant style and his love of nature. His poems were collected at Florence in 1902.

Marrakesh. See MOROCCO

CITY.

Marriage consists essentially in the cohabitation of males and females for the purposes of reproduction and the care of offspring. Among animals the sanction of marriage is rooted in instinct; among the lower human races it is founded on the slow growth of customs and traditions; among the higher human races marriage becomes an institution in which the sanction of legal enactments is superimposed on to that of custom and tradition. The care of offspring is an essential element in the constitution of marriage.

Primitive Human Marriage.Among the higher vertebrate animals-birds as well as mammalsmonogamy, and occasionally polygamy, prevail, though the union may persist for no more than a single breeding season. It has been argued that the marriage of earliest man must have corresponded to the monogamy and polygamy prevailing among modern anthropoid apes. To this it may be replied that it is highly probable that the earliest men, in raising themselves to a higher level than that of the apes, may well have developed qualities of self-restraint which involved a more complex system of marriage, such as we indeed seem to find survivals of among some primitive races to-day. We are not entitled to state confidently that the earliest form of human marriage was either a more or less regulated promiscuity (as Morgan, M'Lennan, and Lubbock believed) or an individual marriage resembling that of the higher apes. The theory of primitive

Marriage

promiscuity was mainly supported by the existence of supposed 'survivals,' but it has always to be remembered that there is no true analogy between such survivals and the vestigial remains in bodily structure. There is, however, some reason to think that, whatever the most primitive form of human marriage, actual pairing was probably mainly periodical and influenced by season. We may perhaps believe (with Schurtz) that individual marriage has prevailed more or less from the first, but that side by side with this other sexual habits and customs grew up and sometimes reacted on individual marriage.

Courtship.-Among many animals and among most savages courtship is a necessary preliminary to sexual union. It may be defined as the process whereby both the male and the female are brought into the state of psychic desire and physical tumescence which is essential to sexual conjugation. Courtship is thus an essential preliminary to marriage, in the biological sense-not a mere social custom-and it is rooted in physiological and psychological demands.

Group Marriage.-The most primitive form of marriage system of which any trace can now be detected-though even here the evidence is far from complete or altogether satisfactory-is that known as group marriage, which has been carefully investigated in Australia. In group marriage all the women of one class are regarded as the actual, or at all events the potential, wives of all the men of another class. Early investigators, such as Morgan, fell into the mistake of regarding the 'classificatory system of relationship with which this kind of marriage is associated as sound evidence in favor of the actual or former existence of such marriage. This cannot, however, be accepted, for systems of relationship among primitive peoples are much less closely dependent on actual blood ties than later became the case. Even, however, when this kind of evidence is discarded, it would appear that sometimesas the careful investigation of Spencer and Gillen has shown to be the case among the Australian Urabunna-'a group of women of a certain designation are actually the wives of a group of men of another designation. Polyandry, occurring especially in Tibet, by which usually all the brothers in a family are the husbands of one wife, may be regarded as a restricted kind of group marriage on a small scale.

Among many primitive peoples descent is reckoned not in the paternal but in the maternal line. Bachofen, who first showed

Marriage

the wide prevalence of th.s custom, founded on it his theory of the matriarchate. He regarded the universal original state of human society as one of promiscuity, in which fatherhood was unknown, and authority rested mainly with the mother, through whom alone descent could be traced. This theory can no longer be maintained in its original form. We do not know that female descent has been universal; it is by no means necessarily associated with ignorance of paternal descent, nor is the supremacy of women involved, although female descent seems favorable to the high social standing of women.

Marriage by Capture.-On the whole, it may be said that individual marriage, more or less permanent and usually monogamous, has been the prevailing human type. Considerable importance was formerly attached to the distinction between endogamy (marriage within the tribe) and exogamy (marriage outside the tribe), but, as a rule, marriage is at the same time both endogamous in its avoidance of racially remote groups, and exogamous in its avoidance of union within the family, although it may tend to sway more in one direction than the other-usually in the direction of exogamy. This is favorable to marriage by capture, which has certainly been a widespread method of obtaining wives among uncivilized peoples. M'Lennan and others who emphasized the importance of marriage by capture, have, however, gone too far in asserting its universality, and also in including with it, as survivals, many customs which required a wider explanation. Crawley has shown that a large number of these customs must really receive a psychological and religious interpretation, and are to be regarded as 'a ceremonial use of force,' which is at the same. time a concession to female modesty and bashfulness, often allowing the woman also to avoid marriage if she really wishes to do so. 'Marriage by capture' must therefore be regarded as only in rare and sporadic cases a brutal rape of women who may or may not be willing, but more usually a recognized and accepted form of courtship.

Marriage by Purchase and Polygamy. It is commonly held that with the growth of social order marriage by capture slowly gives way to marriage by purchase. They frequently overlap, however; and it has also to be remembered that, as Crawley points out, among primitive peoples 'purchase' has not so narrowly commercial a significance as it has with us, and that the price given on receiving the bride has

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a compensatory and often ritual significance, and is not necessarily a mere barter which degrades the position of the wife. Polygamy, either in its simple form or in its modified form of concubinage, is frequently associated with a developed marriage-by-purchase system. It is not common among the lower savages, but is found more frequently in the more advanced stage of barbarism, when civilization is beginning to develop, and when a great deal of authority is centred in the husband and father who is the head of the family group-the patriarch. Polygamy is found only among the richer individuals even in the social groups in which it occurs, and it dies out as civilization still further progresses. The marriage system in Europe during historical times has been a monogamy in which the patriarchal authority has shown a constant tendency to decrease.

Modern Marriage.-The modern tendency is to regard marriage as primarily a civil contract, entered upon with the free consent of the contracting parties. In many parts of the United States a simple agreement, even without witnesses, has even in recent years been held to constitute a valid marriage, provided that the parties thereto were not incapacitated for marriage under the law. In New York such marriages were not abolished until 1902. Even under the present law a written contract, signed before witnesses, and recorded within six months in the office of the Clerk of the town or county in which it is made, is a valid marriage. Owing to the social significance of the marriage contract, however, almost all modern governments require an extraordinary degree of publicity respecting it. In the United States great diversity of practice exists.

In most states a license

or certificate must be secured from some competent public authority; the marriage must be solemnized by a minister of religion, clothed by law with the power of solemnizing marriages, or by a magistrate or other public official. Further state interference in the marriage contract appears in the provisions relating to prohibited, void, and voidable marriages. Marriage is always forbidden within certain degrees of consanguinity. In the United States, marriage between those nearer of kin than first cousins is prohibited; in some states first cousins are permitted to marry, but in over one-third of the states they are not. Marriage between step-parent and stepchild is generally prohibited. In many of the states, also, marriage of whites with negroes or mulattoes is prohibited. This is true of all the Southern and South West

Marriage

ern states and territories except New Mexico and the District of Columbia, and of many of the Northern and Western states. In some of the states, as Mississippi, Oregon and Nevada, unions of whites with Indians or Chinese are also prohibited or void. The various states which prohibit unions of white persons with negroes do not, however, agree upon the degree of African blood necessary to invalidate marriage. In Georgia marriage between a white person and any person of African descent is void. In Mississippi marriages between a white person and a person having one-eighth or more of negro or Mongolian blood is void. In Nebraska white persons are forbidden to marry persons having one-fourth or more of negro blood. Attempts to specify the exact degree of blood have naturally proven very confusing in practice.

In

Social reformers have, in recent years, persistently urged the restriction of marriages of those unfit for the rearing of socially desirable offspring, as paupers, criminals and the insane. Recent laws of Connecticut, Minnesota and Kansas prohibit the marriage of couples either one of whom is feeble-minded or epileptic. Delaware the marriage of a pauper is forbidden under penalty, and Maine and Vermont forbid the issue of a marriage license to a pauper. A Michigan law of 1899 declares that no person afflicted with certain venereal diseases shall be deemed capable of contracting marriage. Violation of the law is a felony, punishable by a fine of not more than $1,000, or imprisonment for not more than five years, or both. Laws for the prevention of socially undesirable marriages have not, however, been very systematically enforced, and no attempt is generally made by the states having such laws to prevent persons thus forbidden to marry from removing beyond the jurisdiction of the state and there contracting marriage.

On

Bibliography.—As a general biological introduction to the subject the best book is probably The Evolution of Sex, by P. Geddes and J. Arthur Thomson (1889; revised ed. 1901). the psychological side see Studies in the Psychology of Sex (1897), by Havelock Ellis, more especially the studies entitled Analysis of the Sexual Impulse,' 'Sexual Periodicity,' and 'The Sexual Impulse in Women.' For marriage among primitive peoples, E. B. Tylor's Primitive Culture (4th ed. 1904) may be recommended. On the general sociological side an excellent guide, with summaries of the more important studies, will be found

Marriage

in Durkheim's sociological yearbook, L'Année Sociologique, from 1896 onwards. The best general history of marriage is Westermarck's History of Human Marriage (1891), alike for its wealth of reliable facts, its clear presentation of theories, and, above all, its judicial and scientific spirit: the subject was here first placed on a sound biological basis, although it is possible to dissent at many points, and some revision in the light of more recent investigation is now needed. For the history of marriage in England and America, the best work is G. E. Howard's History of Matrimonial Institutions (1904). Letourneau's Evolution of Marriage (Eng. trans. 1891), though less authoritative and reliable, is a convenient ethnographic summary of the main facts as found among the various peoples of the world. As an admirable example of detailed investigation of marriage customs among primitive peoples, reference may be made to The Native Tribes of Central Australia, by Baldwin Spencer and F. J. Gillen (1899). J. G. Frazer's Golden Bough (1890; new ed. 1900) embodies a wealth of instructive facts concerning the relations of the sexes among primitive peoples, emphasizing especially the significance of religious sentiment. The most notable of recent contributions to the subject of primitive marriage is Crawley's Mystic Rose (1902). The Journal of the Anthropological Institute contains valuable contributions to the facts and the theories of marriage.

Marriage in law involves the legal union of a man and woman in the relation of husband and wife. By the common law such a union to be valid must be voluntary, both parties must be unmarried at the time and the union must be entered into for their joint lives. Temporary unions, however solemnly celebrated, are void as being immoral, meretricious and contrary to public policy. It is on the same grounds, reinforced by the teachings of the Christian religion, that polygamy is forbidden; and a marriage contracted by one who has a husband or wife living, or a polygamous marriage of a man to two or more women simultaneously, is not only void but subjects the offender to the penalties of the criminal law. A marriage in which either party is united to the other against his or her will, or in which either or both parties are non composmentis, is a mere nullity. So, of course, are mock marriages, even though celebrated by a minister or priest, the element of a real consent being lacking. Intoxication of a party to a marriage, on the other hand, does

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not invalidate the union, though it may, if the intoxication was complete and there was no previous consent, be a ground for annulling the marriage by legal action. Marriages prohibited by law on grounds of public policy or in the interests of the parties thereto may nevertheless be valid and binding unless set aside by judicial decree. Of this character is the marriage of a person under the age of consent, of persons within the prohibited degrees of relationship to one another, and of persons physically incapable of procreation. In England, however, the union of persons within the forbidden "degrees of kinship or affinity have been declared absolutely null and void by statute (5 & 6 Wm. IV., 1835). Matrimonial relations were for centuries regulated by the church and the ecclesiastical or canon law prohibited marriages even to the seventh degree of relationship by blood (consanguinity) or by marriage (affinity). This has in England and generally in the United States been reduced by statute to the third degree and in this country relationship by affinity is no longer regarded in the computation of the prohibited degrees. Thus while the marriage of brother and sister, uncle and niece and of aunt and nephew is forbidden as incestuous, first cousins may marry as being without the prohibited degrees. In England, notwithstanding long-continued efforts to abrogate the prohibition, marriage of a man with a deceased brother's wife or of a woman with a deceased sister's husband is still forbidden. The age of consent at common law was fourteen for the husband and twelve for the wife, but this has in most of the United States been raised to sixteen and fourteen or to fourteen and sixteen years, respectively.

As from the point of view of the state the object of marriage is procreation, impotence on the part of either the husband or the wife is still a ground for the dissolution of the marriage tie. The efforts made by the church in the middle ages to render all marriages ceremonial and to deny validity to such as were contracted without her sanction were never completely successful and to-day in most of the United States, as formerly in England, a present agreement for a marriage (known as a 'common-law marriage') is valid and binding though attended with no ceremony. In England and a few of the states to-day a public ceremony of some kind, ecclesiastical or civil, is necessary for the validity of a marriage, while in other states a license or a written

Marrow

agreement in the presence of witnesses is called for in the absence of a ceremonial union. The common law marriage is probably the only form in which the old doctrine of the betrothal survives in our law. This was to the effect that a betrothal which was intended to effect a present union (sponsalia per verba de presenti) was in itself sufficient to accomplish that object, while an agreement for a future marriage (sponsalia per verba de futuro) did not result in a legal union until 'consummated' by cohabitation. In this latter form the doctrine still survives in Scotland. See BETROTHAL; HAND

FASTING.

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It is an almost universal rule that a marriage contracted according to the form recognized in the country or state where it takes place will be recognized as sufficient everywhere. But there is no such general agreement as to the universal validity of marriages prohibited in some countries but allowed in the country where they are celebrated. The general European view is that the law of the domicile should govern; that of the U. S. that the capacity of the parties to marry is determined by the law of the place where the marriage takes place. Thus if a British subject marry his deceased wife's sister in America, the marriage, though perfectly legal here, will not be recognized as valid in England; but if a divorced person who has been forbidden by the courts of New York to marry again, nevertheless marries in another state or country, the marriage will be perfectly valid here also.

The canon law regarded a valid marriage, especially when celebrated by the church, as indissoluble for any cause. The marriage tie might be annulled for any antecedent cause of invaliditysuch as lack of consent or consanguinity within the prohibited degrees, but, assuming the validity of the marriage, both parties were irrevocably bound by it. The modern transformation of marriage from an ecclesiastical to a civil institution, from a sacrament to a contract, has profoundly affected its legal position as well as the attitude of the parties with reference to it, and one of the results of this change has been the very general recognition of the right of either party to secure a dissolution of the marriage tie because of the misconduct of the other. See DIVORCE; HUSBAND AND WIFE.

Marrickville, suburban bor., Co. Cumberland, N. S. W., Australia, 3 m s.w. of Sydney. It contains factories and market gardens. Pop. (1901) 18,820.

Marrow, the soft tissue which

Marrow Controversy

fills the hollow shafts of the long bones. It is very vascular, made up of areolar tissue (loose delicate network, with numerous interstices), fat and marrow cells, and many blood-vessels. It lies not only in the hollow shafts and in the spongy ends, but also in the larger Haversian canals. (See BONE). Its function is apparently to produce red blood corpuscles. For that reason red marrow has of late years been given in anæmia, partícularly in pernicious anæmia, with temporary success. Various forms of inflammation (osteomyelitis) are the commonest marrow diseases; also tumors may originate in the hollows of the bones.

Marrow Controversy, a dis

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Captain Marryat, was born at Brighton. Love's Conflict (1865) was followed by seventy-five other novels, four of the latest (1891-94) dealing with spiritualism, in which she firmly believed. Her works have been successfully dramatized in nine cases. My Own Child would seem to be her most popular, and There is no Death her most remarkable book, it being 'a transcript of her own experience' in spiritualism.

Marryat, FREDERICK (17921848), English novelist, born in Westminster; entered the royal navy under Lord Cochrane (1806), and took part in all his exploits till invalided from the Walcheren expedition (1809). He served in the war of 1812, took part in the

Mars

the sun, travels round it in a period of 687 days, at a mean distance of 141 million miles. Its orbit is considerably eccentric (e=0.09326), and is inclined to the ecliptic at an angle of 1° 51'. At favorable oppositions, when within 35 million miles of the earth, Mars shines as a red star of more than twice the brightness of Sirius. The globe of Mars has a mean diameter of 4,230 miles, and rotates in a period of 24 hrs. 37 min. 23 sec. on an axis inclined 24° 50' to the orbital plane. Seasonal variations are hence strongly accentuated, and their effects are visible in the melting and re-formation of polar snow-caps. The atmosphere is thin, and usually transparent.

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Map of the Planet Mars, on Mercator's Projection. Based on a drawing by Professor Lowell. By permission.

7. Messeis Fons.

8. Ascræus Lucus. 9. Ulyssis Lucus. 10. Fortunæ Lucus.

cussion current in the Church of Scotland (1718-27) over the orthodoxy of a work, The Marrow of Modern Divinity, published in 1646 by Edward Fisher, an English Puritan, which refuted the errors of Antinomianism and

Neonomianism in a series of dialogues. Reprinted by Thomas Boston (1718), it was condemned as heterodox by the General Assembly in 1720-Boston, the two Erskines (afterwards the founders of the Secession Church), and Hog of Carnock dissenting. It was long popular among Scottish evangelicals. Marryat, FLORENCE MRS. FRANCIS LEAN-(1838-99), English author, actress (fifteen years), and journalist, youngest child of

11. Bandusiæ Fons. 12. Nodus Gordii. 13. Cirenius Lucus. 14. Titanis Lucus. 15. Augila.

16. Propontis.

17. Trivium Charontis.
18. Charontis Lucus.
19. Chassotis Fons.
20. Lucrinus Lucus.

action on Lake Pontchartrain in 1814, and later was made a captain and given command of a vessel. He afterwards took part in the war in Burma. Settling at Hammersmith (1830), he took to literature. He was editor of the Metropolitan Magazine (1832-5). His chief novels were Frank Mildmay (1829), The King's Own (1830) which won high praise from Washington Irving), Midshipman Easy (1834), Jacob Faithful (1834), and Children of the New Forest (1847). He also wrote a record of travel in the U. S. entitled A Diary in America (1839), and The Settlers in Canada (1843). See Life and Letters of Captain Marryat (1872), by Florence Marryat.

Mars, the fourth planet from

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The general surface is reddish, but three-eighths of it is covered by blue-green tracts, in the main permanent, though subject to minor variations. They were long regarded as seas, but are now thought by many to represent areas of vegetation. They are connected by an intricate network of 'canals,' detected by Schiaparelli in 1877, some of which appear at times to be double. But their objective existence is not universally admitted, and Mr. Maunder's recent experiments (Monthly Notices, June, 1903) lend partial support to the opinion of their optical production. In May, 1905, Percival Lowell issued a bulletin (No. 21) with photographs of Mars, which

Mars

he claimed as corroborating the objective existence of the canals. There are no mountain ranges on Mars, and the climate seems to be mild, although the theoretical mean temperature is about 25° C. below that of the earth. The first map of Mars was constructed by Mädler in 1830; the most elaborate by Schiaparelli in 1888. Mars has two satellites, Deimos and Phobos, discovered

Telescopic View of Mars. Showing the canal Lethes extending northwards from the Syrtis Minor.

by Asaph Hall in August, 1877. The orbits of both are circular, and coincide approximately with the planet's equatorial plane. Their radii measure respectively 14,600 m. and 5,800 m. The period of Deimos is 30 hrs. 18 min.; that of Phobos is 7 hrs. 39 min., or less than one-third the rotation period of its primary -a relation without precedent in the solar system. Neither satellite, it is probable, has a diameter exceeding twenty miles. See Lowell's Mars (1896).

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or Mavers; the Oscan form of the name was Mamers.

Mars, ANNE FRANÇOISE HIPPOLYTE BOUTET-MOUVEL (17791847), generally known as Mdile. Mars, French actress, was born in Paris. In 1799 she joined the Comédie Française. With many natural gifts, she succeeded in classical and contemporary plays, and created more than a hundred characters. She retired in 1841.

Marsala, a light-colored Sicilian wine of the sherry type, but more delicate in flavor and somewhat sweeter. Its alcohol content varies between 20 and 25 per cent.

Marsala, fort. seapt. tn., prov. Trapani, Sicily, 102 m. by rail s.w. of Palermo, is noted for its wines. It has a cathedral and occupies the site of the ancient Lilybæum, the chief fortress of the Carthaginians in Sicily. Pop. (1901) 57,824.

Marsden, WILLIAM (1754-1836), British author and coin collector, born at Dublin, Ireland. He served in the East India Company at Bencoolen, Sumatra (1771-79), and on his return home became secretary to the Admiralty (1795-1804). He presented his Oriental books and Mss. to King's College, London, and his splendid collection of coins to the British Museum. He wrote History of Sumatra (1783), Dictionary (1812), Grammar of the Malayan Language (1812), and Numismata Orientalia (1823-5).

Marseillaise, the French national hymn, composed by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle, a young engineer officer at Strassburg, in 1792. From being sung by the volunteers of Marseilles when they entered Paris, and later at the storming of the Tuileries, it was designated by the Parisians the Hymne des Marseillais, and later La Marseillaise. Its use was forbidden during the restored French monarchy and the empire.

Marseilles, chief tn. of dep. Bouches-du-Rhône, France, stands 27 m. E. of the Rhône mouth, round a landlocked natural basin (the Old Port). Marseilles has been a place of commercial importance from very early times, and now shares with Genoa the commercial supremacy of the Mediterranean. The town is girt in by hills covered with vineyards and olive-groves, and dotted with white country houses. The port is entered and cleared annually by over 14,500,000 tons. The value of the trade done amounts annually to nearly 400 million dollars, the proportion of exports to imports being about 2:5. The leading articles of trade are coal, oil-seeds, grain, soap, and petroleum. The chief imports consist of cereals, petroleum, oilseeds, copra, groundnuts, coal

Marsh

(averaging annually 1,000,000 tons), wine and spirits, oils (olive, cotton-seed, and palm), flour, sugar, coffee, and pepper; while the chief exports include brandy, grain and flour, semolina and macaroni, oils (vegetable and mineral), oil-cake, soap, refined sugar, and wine. The manufacturing industries yield sugar, soda, metals (especially of lead-smelting), macaroni, and leather; but Marseilles's specialties are oilrefining and soap-making. The fishing industry, especially for tunny, is flourishing. The headquarters of the French Messageries Maritimes and the Fraissenet Steamship Co., Marseilles is also touched at by the British Peninsular and Oriental and many other lines. The city has been greatly improved since 1853. Of the older structures the most interesting is the church of St. Victor, with its 11th-century crypt. The mariner's church of Notre Dame de la Garde surmounts a hill (480 ft.) between the city and the sea. The Cannabière, the main street of the city, is a source of pride to the inhabitants. Off the port lies the Château d'If, associated with Dumas's Count of Monte-Cristo. Originally perhaps settled by Phoenicians, Marseilles owes its historical foundation to a Greek colony of Phocæans (600 B.C.). Having espoused the cause of Pompey, it was besieged and captured by Cæsar (B.C. 49), and under Roman domination was famous alike for its commerce and its culture. Semi-independent through the middle ages, Marseilles was deprived of many of its privileges as a free port by Louis XIV. (1660). In 1720 it was fearfully ravaged by the plague. At Marseilles were born Pytheas, Petronius Arbiter (d. 66), Puget the sculptor (d. 1694), the Girondist Barbaroux (guillotined 1794), and Thiers (d. 1877). Pop. (1901) 491,161.

Marseilles, city, Lasalle co., Ill., 70 m. s.w. of Chicago, on the Ill. and Mich. Canal, the Chi., Rock I. and Pac. R. R. and the Ill. Val. Interurban Ry. Agricultural implements manufactured here find a market in all parts of the world. There are four paper mills, a wood pulp mill, three printing plants, and a large box factory. Coal is mined in the vicinity. The city has a public library. A concrete dam 930 ft. long across the Illinois R., it is estimated, will supply 25,000 horse-power to the manufacturing plants. Pop. (1900) 2,559.

Marsh, GEORGE PERKINS (1801-82), American philologist and diplomatist, was born at Woodstock, Vt., and graduated (1820) at Dartmouth. He was admitted to the bar, served in the

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