Marston

was produced in 1604; Eastward Hol (which Marston wrote with Jonson and Chapman) in 1605; and in the same year, The Dutch Courtesan, Marston's best work, which Betterton subsequently revived under the title of The Revenge. Another comedy, The Parasitaster, and a tragedy, The Wonder of Women, followed in 1606; and a comedy, What You Will, in 1607. He probably had a hand in two anonymous plays, Histriomastix (1610) and Jack Drum's Entertainment (1616). His Tragedies and Comedies were published in 1633; and his Collected Works edited (with Life) by J. O. Halliwell in 1856, and by A. H. Bullen in 1887. Marston's comedy was his strong point, his observation of character being keen; in his tragedies there are scenes of some power amid dreary wastes of bombast.

Marston, JOHN WESTLAND (1819-90), English dramatist, was born at Boston in Lincolnshire, and was first editor of the Psyche, a transcendental organ; made a valiant effort to keep alive the poetic drama after Lytton and Sheridan Knowles. Neither his first play, The Patrician's Daugh ter (1842), nor Strathmore (1849), had any lasting merit; nor, indeed, had several similar plays which followed. A Hard Struggle, a prose play produced in 1858, was more successful. His chief plays subsequent to this were The Wife's Portrait (1862); Pure Gold, one of his most successful (1863); Donna Diana, also a good play of its kind (1863); Life for Life (1869); and Broken Spells, written with W. G. Wills (1872). His last play, Under Fire, was produced in 1885.

Marston, PHILIP BOURKE (1850-87), English poet, son of John Westland Marston, was born in London. In spite of blindness, he wrote poetry which, though strongly tinged with sadness, is yet full of a strange sympathy with nature's moods. A melodic quality is its most marked characteristic. The persistent repetition of the same form engenders, however, a certain monotony in what is otherwise poetry of a high order. His publications include Song Tide (1871), All in All (1875), and Wind Voices (1883); and, posthumously, For a Song's Sake, ed. by William Sharp (1887), Garden Secrets (1887), and A Last Harvest (1891), ed. by Mrs. Louise Chandler Moulton, who also edited his Collected Poems in 1892.

Marston Moor, near Newcastle, the scene of a battle (July 2, 1644) in which Prince Rupert and the Duke of Newcastle were defeated by Oliver Cromwell, Fairfax, and the Earls of Leven and Manchester.

VOL. VII.-39

Europe and N. America. Now, with the exception of the American opossums, and a little-known S. American animal belonging to the genus Coenolestes, they are confined to the Australian area. In other parts of the globe the primitive marsupials seem to have gone down before their

existence on animals not nearly related. The marsupials are diIvided into the two sub-orders of Polyprotodontia and Diprotodontia, the distinction being based on the number of the front (incisor) teeth. In the first order these are numerous, small, and nearly equal, while the canines are large.

lars have grinding surfaces, and the animals are typically herbivorous. The Polyprotodonts include four families (1) the Didelphyidæ, or American opossums; (2) the Dasyuridæ, containing the dasyures and the thylacine, or Tasmanian wolf; (3) the Notoryctidæ, a family erected for the very remarkable marsupial mole

more highly evolved forms. The least specialized family is that of the Epanorthidæ, most of whose members are extinct. The members of the family Canolestes are to some extent intermediate in structure between the Diprotodonts and the Polyprotodonts. The other families of the Diprotodonts are the Phascolmyidæ, or

Marten

the wombats; the Phalangeridæ, or phalangers; and the Macropodidæ, or kangaroos, which represent the highest point of specialization which the marsupials have reached. See R. Lydekker's Handbook to the Marsupialia and Monotremata (1894); E. Ingersoll's Life of Mammals (1906).

Marsyas, in ancient Greek legend, a satyr, who, having picked up the flute discarded by Athene, challenged Apollo to a contest in which the victor was to treat the vanquished as he chose. Apollo won, and, to punish Marsyas for his presumption, tied him to a tree and flayed him alive.

Martel, CHARLES. CHARLES MARTEL.

See

Martel de Janville, COMTESSE DE. See GYP.

Martello Towers are said to have been first built by Charles v. in Italy for coast defence; but the name is derived from a tower on Cape Mortelo in Capraja, near Corsica, which resisted an attack by Hood in 1794. The martello towers on the English coast from Beachy Head to Hythe were built at the end of the 18th century, and mounted one gun.

Marten, a name applied in various combinations to a number of animals of the weasel family. From the true weasels, stoats, polecats and their allies, the martens differ in their larger size, somewhat longer legs, in the absence of a strong smell, and in the presence of a small first premolar in both jaws. In habit the martens are arboreal, spending most of their time in trees, in hollows of which the nest is built. Like their allies, they are actively carnivorous and bloodthirsty, preying chiefly upon small birds and mammals. Like their allies also, they are readily tamed if taken young, and have been kept as domestic pets both by ancient and modern peoples. In many cases the fur is valuable, especially that of the northern forms in both hemispheres. The American marten, called 'sable in Canada, differs little from the European pine marten (Mustela martes), and is one of the most valuable of our fur-bearing animals, but is now scarce in civilized regions. It reaches a length of about eighteen inches, exclusive of the tail. In the south of Europe this species is replaced by the beech marten, or whitebreasted marten (M. foina). In Siberia occurs the most valuable species of all, the sable (M. zibellina), a form nearly allied to the pine marten. In America also occur the fisher, pecan, or Pennant's marten (M. Pennanti). See Coues, Fur-bearing Animals (1877).

I. EXPLANATORY NOTE.

In the vocabulary of this Appendix the correct pronunciation is indicated of all titles which present any difficulty in that respect. Titles are omitted when the pronunciation is indicated by the spelling (as abatement, Adams, Aiken, Bates, etc.), or by connection with titles given in the Appendix.

A simple system of respelling is adopted based upon the usual values of the vowels and consonants in English; and such diacritical marks as are used are those in general use in school text-books. The values of the symbols used are given in the accompanying Key, with explanations of the way to pronounce correctly the few foreign sounds which are not fairly well represented by English sounds. Except as otherwise noted in the Key, the letters used in respelling are to be given their ordinary English values. Further information as to the values of the letters in the alphabets of foreign languages will be found in the article on PRONUNCIATION in the Encyclopædia.

II. KEY.

a as in fate, rebate.

â as in care, mare, or as ai in fair, or as e in there.

a (unmarked) as in fat, am.

ä as in arm, father.

å as in ask.

a as in America.

e as in me, evade.

e (unmarked) as in met, end.

e as in moment, maker.

I as in ice, mine.

i (unmarked) as in fit, it.

o as in old, over, obey.

o (unmarked) as in odd, not.

ô as in nor, or as a in fall.

oi as in boil, noise.

00 as in boot, fool, or as u in rude.

oo as in book, or as u in full, put.

a as in mule, unite.

u (unmarked) as in but, up.

û as in turn, burn, or as e in her, or as i in fir; also for French eu and for German ö.

ü for French u and German ti. This sound may be imitated by pronouncing e as in English me and at the same time firmly rounding the lips as for pronouncing oo in fool. y as in yet. ch as in church.

ch as in German ich, This is the front palatal continuant, and is pronounced with the blade of the tongue raised almost to the hard palate, producing a sound resembling a strong pronunciation of the h in hew, or the sound of k in key pronounced without complete stoppage of the breath. as in go, girl.

h as in hit; also for Spanish g before e and i, and for other foreign sounds which are similar strong guttural fricatives.

hw as wh in when.

K as ch in Scotch loch, and German ach, or as g in German tag, berg. atal, or guttural, nounced with the

This is the back palcontinuant, and is protongue raised almost to the palate, producing a sound somewhat resembling that made in clearing the throat.

ǹ is used to indicate a nasal pronunciation of the preceding vowel, as in French bon. The nasal vowels are pronounced somewhat as if blended with the sound of ng in song, pronounced without the complete closure for the g.

th as in thick, though.

TH as in then, thus.

zh as z in azure, or as s in measure.

An apostrophe ['], when used, denotes an almost complete elision of the vowel which it replaces or indicates a syllabic consonant, as in ta'k'n (taken), spaz'm (spasm).