Kazvin

gorod on the Volga. Pop. (1897) 131,508. See Turnerelli's Kazan et ses habitants (1841); and the publications of the Statistical Committee of Kazan government on the Volga Towns and Villages of the province (1892).

Kazvin, or KASBIN, tn., Persia, cap. of prov. of same name, 90 m. W.N.W. of Teheran; manufactures cotton and iron ware and exports large quantities of raisins to Russia. Its breeds of camels and horses are celebrated. 35,000.

Pop.

K.B., Knight of the Bath. K.C., King's Counsel. K.C.B., Knight Commander of the Bath.

K.C.M.G., Knight Commander of St. Michael and St. George.

Kea. See KAKA and NESTER. Kean, CHARLES JOHN (?181168), English actor, second son of Edmund Kean, was born probably at Waterford; made his first appearance upon the stage at Drury Lane (1827). A visit to the U. S. (1830-3), was very successful. In 1850 he became a colessee with Robert Keeley of the Princess's Theatre, London, and carried out a series of Shakespearean revivals until 1859. A tour round the world with his wife, Ellen Tree, was followed by a few performances in London in 1866. Charles Kean achieved great success in the rôles of Louis XI., Louis and Fabian dei Franchi in The Corsican Brothers, and Mephistopheles. In the great Shakespearean parts, however, he failed to challenge comparison with his father, save in some points of Hamlet and Richard III. See Life by J. W. Cole (1859), and W. Marston's Some Recollections of our Recent Actors (1888), and Hutton's Actors and Actresses of Great Britain and the United States (1886).

Kean, EDMUND (1787-1833), English actor His first great success was made in the part of Shylock at Drury Lane (Jan. 26, 1814). Richard III., Othello, and Lear were other triumphs; and he also played Hamlet and Macbeth with convincing power. Overmastering passion, bitter cynicism, and the whole grim side of human nature found perfect expression in his acting. The rival of Kemble, he drew immense crowds, and made the fortune of Drury Lane Theatre. At the close of his engagement there he toured successfully in the U. S. (1820), though he got himself severely criticized for cancelling an engagement in Boston.

After

his return to England, however, the divorce case of Cox v. Kean (1825) told heavily against his personal reputation. English disapproval was echoed by the U. S. on his second tour (1826). His habits of heavy drinking weak

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ened him physically and mentally, and eventually he collapsed at Covent Garden Theatre, in the middle of Othello (1833). See Lives by Barry Cornwall (1835), F. W. Hawkins (1869), and J. F. Molloy (1888); also Edward Stirling's Old Drury Lane (1881).

Kean, ELLEN (1805-80), English actress, was born (Tree) probably in the south of Ireland, and was a younger sister of Mrs. Quin (Miss Tree), a dancer of the Drury Lane Theatre. Her first performance in public was at the Covent Garden Theatre as Olivia in an operatic version of Twelfth Night (1823). Besides standard parts she was the original Susan in Black-eyed Susan (1829), and the original Mariana in `Sheridan's Wife (1833). She played in America, 1836-9, and again visited this country after her marriage (1842) to Charles Kean, playing the heroine at all his performances during the tour. She subsequently created many new parts up to the time of her husband's death (1868), when she retired permanently from the stage.

Keane, JOHN JOSEPH (1839), American R. C. prelate, was born at Ballyshannon, Ireland, and came to the U. S. in 1846. After finishing courses at St. Charles's College and at St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, he was ordained a priest in 1866. He was a curate of St. Patrick's church, Washington, 1866-78, and during this period was active in organizing Roman Catholic societies. In 1878 Dr. Keane was consecrated bishop of Richmond, and he was rector of the newly established Catholic university of America at Washington from 1886 to 1897, when he resigned and was made archbishop of Dubuque, Ia., in 1900. Dr. Keane passed much time in Europe studying foreign methods of education in connection with the founding of the Washington university. He contributed numerous articles, chiefly on educational subjects, to the periodicals, and published Onward and Upward (1902).

Kearney, city, Neb., co. seat of Buffalo co., on Platte R., and on the Burlington and Missouri R., the Union Pac. and other R. Rs., 195 m. w.s.w. of Omaha. It lies in a rich and well-watered farming and stock-raising district. Alfalfa and fruits are also raised in abundance. Its manufactures, sustained by the water-power derived from a 13 m. canal on the Platte R., include machine shop and foundry products, flour, pickles, crackers, bricks, etc. It contains a military academy, the state industrial school for boys, a Carnegie Library, and the state normal school. Old Fort Kearney is 7 m. to the S.E. Pop. (1900) 5,634.

Kearny

Kearney, DENIS (1847), American agitator, was born at Oakmont, Co. Cork, Ireland, and led a seafaring life until 1872, when he started in business as a drayman in San Francisco. Restrictions in the conduct of his business impelled him in 1877 to begin a movement among laboring men of San Francisco against the competition of Chinese labor, the oppression of capitalists and other grievances. His meetings were held at the Sandlots,' in a suburb of the city, and attracted much attention, and in the following year a state constitutional convention made changes in the constitution of California, generally attributed to the 'Sandlot's' movement.

Kearny, tn., Hudson co., N. J., on the Passaic R., and on the Erie, Pa., D., L. and W., and Central of N. J. R. Rs. It is a suburb of Newark, with which it is connected by a bridge. It has manufactures of thread, linoleum, celluloid, buttons, foundry products and photographic supplies. Market-gardening is carried on. The state soldiers' home is situated here, and there are also a Carnegie library, a Catholic protectory, and two Italian orphans' homes. Kearny was first settled about 1706 and was incorporated in 1889. Pop. (1905) 13,601.

Kearny, PHILIP (1815-62), American soldier, born in New York city. He graduated at Columbia in 1833, entered the army as a second lieutenant of dragoons in 1837, was sent to France to study cavalry tactics at the cavalry school at Saumur (1839) and served with the French as a volunteer against the Algerians and Arabs (1839-40). He took part, as a captain of cavalry, in the Mexican War (1846-7), winning the brevet of major at Contreras and Churubusco (where he lost an arm), and resigned from the army in 1851. In 1859 he served with the French in Italy, and particularly distinguished himself in the battle of Solferino (June 24, 1859). In May, 1861, he re-entered the U. S. army as a brigadier-general of volunteers, and during his short service in the Civil War became known as one of the most skilful and courageous of the leaders on the Federal side. He took a conspicuous part in the Peninsular Campaign, in the second battle of Bull Run and in the battle of Groveton, and was killed at Chantilly while reconnoitring, on Sept. 1, 1862. before receiving his commission as major-general of volunteers, which was dated July 4, 1862. See De Peyster's Personal and Military History of Philip Kearny (1869).

Kearny, STEPHEN WATTS (1794-1848), American soldier,

Kearsarge

an uncle of Philip Kearny, born in Newark, N. J. He entered the army as a first lieutenant in March, 1812, served in the War of 1812, became a brigadier-general in June, 1846, and during the Mexican War effected an easy conquest of New Mexico, occupying Santa Fé on August 18, 1846. He then went to California, where he came into conflict with Com. Stockton and Col. Frémont over the question as to which was entitled to the charge of the government, and caused Frémont to be court-martialed for disobedience. Kearny was breveted major-general for gallant and meritorious conduct in New Mexico and California. He published a Manual for the Exercise and Manœuvring of United States Dragoons (1837).

Kearsarge, a wooden corvette of the U. S. navy, built at Portsmouth, N. H., and launched in Sept., 1861. In the summer of 1862 she was placed under the command of Capt. John A. Winslow, who was ordered to watch the Confederate commerce destroyers in European waters. He blockaded the Florida and the Rappahannock for some time in the harbors of Brest and Calais respectively, and on July 19, 1864, after a furious engagement, lasting about an hour and twenty minutes, off Cherbourg, France, sank the famous Confederate cruiser, Alabama, superior to the Kearsarge in strength. The Kearsarge was destroyed by running upon the Roncador reef in the Caribbean Sea, Feb. 2, 1894. first-class battleship of the U. S. navy, displacement 11,540 tons, launched in 1898, bears the name of Kearsarge.

A

Kearsarge, MOUNT, mountain, Carrol co., N. H., near North Conway. Its height is 3,260 ft. There is another Mount Kearsarge in Merrimack co., N. H., 22 m. from Concord, 3,251 ft. high.

Keary, ANNIE (1825-79), English novelist, born near Wetherby in Yorkshire. While looking after her brother's motherless children, she wrote Little Wanderlin. In 1858 she visited Egypt. Her best-known novel is Castle Daly (1875), in which she describes Irish life. She also wrote Heroes of Asgard (1857), Early Egyptian History (1861), and A Doubting Heart (1879). See Memoirs of Annie Keary, by E. Keary (1882).

Keats, JOHN (1795-1821), English poet, born in London. In his brief life-a 'mature' career of some five years or so this humbly born cockney youth became first among all latter-day English poets as the poet of beauty-the foremost representative of that rarefied and controlled

78

sensuousness which, rightly or wrongly, is considered pre-eminently Greek. Perhaps two-thirds of his poetry could be forfeited without serious loss to English literature. It is the superb remainder which gives him his high pre-eminence. In his first two books, the Poems of 1817 and Endymion of 1818, there is much that is immature in thought and style. Yet the latter volume contains the 'Hymn to Pan,' and the former the noble sonnet 'On First Looking into Chapman's Homer,' admittedly among the finest sonnets in the language. The superb remainder alluded to consists of a few odes, the fragmentary Hyperion, Lamia, The Eve of St. Agnes, a few sonnets, an incomparable ballad. Than the odes to Autumn, to the Nightingale, on a Grecian Urn, and to Melancholy, it would be impossible to find anything lovelier and so near the unattainable of perfection. The influence of Keats upon later English poetry has been almost incalculable; to him, for example, Tennyson and Rossetti turned as to an inexhaustible and ever-satisfying pure well of beauty. The sculptor's sense of form, the painter's dream of color, the musician's rapt ecstasy in perfected sound, are all here. As to his brief life-record, for his desertion of hospital walking to his settling at Hampstead, for his hopeless love for Miss Brawne till (in 1820) his collapse in health, his residences and wanderings in the Isle of Wight, in Surrey, and in Scotland, and his departure with his artist friend Joseph Severn for Italy, for the last sad days of suffering in Rome to the noble requiem by Shelley in Adonaiswith Lycidas and In Memoriam, the most beautiful of English threnodies see Life, Letters, and Literary Remains of John Keats, by R. Monckton Milnes (2 vols. 1848; and subsequent editions); Life, etc., by H. Buxton Forman (1883), and Letters of John Keats to Fanny Brawne, edited by same (1878); Keats in the Men of Letters Series (1887); by Sidney Colvin; Matthew Arnold's Appreciation in Ward's English Poets; and The Severn Memoirs (1892), compiled and edited by William Sharp. See also, Lowell's Poetical Works of John Keats with Life (1854, 1873), and Henry C. Shelley's Keats and His Circle (1902).

Keble, JOHN (1792-1866), English divine and poet, was born at Fairford, Gloucestershire, and became fellow of Oriel (1811) and tutor (1818), and professor_of poetry at Oxford (1831-41). The Christian Year, published anonymously in 1825, had been very gradually composed. In 1823 he returned to Fairford, to minister to poor parishes near Coln. It is

Keefer

from an assize sermon which he preached (1833) at Oxford, 'National Apostasy,' that Newman dates the start of the Tractarian movement. To the famous tracts Keble contributed four. In 1836 he accepted the living of Hursley, Hampshire. His interest in childhood is manifested in Lyra Innocentium (1846). This, though less popular than the Christian Year, is regarded by many as the finest fruit of his genius. The secession of Newman to Rome in 1845 profoundly saddened him. Among his other contributions to literature are his edition of Hooker's Works (1836); Life of Bishop Wilson (1863); a metrical version of the Psalms-The Ox

ford Psalter (1839). As a poet Keble is the spiritual successor of George Herbert; and like Herbert and Hooker, he was altogether without worldly ambition. Keble College, Oxford (opened 1869), was erected in honor of the poet's memory, and to perpetuate his teachings. See Memorials, by J. F. Moor (1866); Memoir, by Sir J. D. Coleridge (1869); and Life, by Locke (1893).

Kecskemét, tn., Hungary, co. Pest, 65 m. by rail s.E. of Budapest, with corn and cattle markets, and production of wine, fruit, tobacco, soap. Pop. (1900) 57,812.

Kedah, Malay state tributary to Siam, stretches 120 m. along the w. coast of the Malay Peninsula, and covers an area of 5,000 sq. m. Cap. Alor Star, or Kota Star. The chief exports consist of tin, rice, guano, and jungle products.

Kedge, or KEDGE ANCHOR, a small anchor used for hauling a ship about a harbor; or, when lying at single anchor, to keep her from over-riding it or from swinging in an undesirable direction. Most kedges weigh from 200 to 1,000 pounds.

Kedive. See KHEDIVE.

Kediz, ROBERT CLARK (18231902), American chemist, was born at Delhi, N. Y., and graduated (1846) at Oberlin college, taking a course in medicine at the University of Michigan. He served as a surgeon in the Civil War, and was appointed professor of chemistry at the Michigan Agricultural College in 1863, retiring as professor emeritus in 1901. He filled several prominent official medical positions in Michigan and the Mississippi valley.

Keefer, THOMAS COLTRIN (1821), Canadian engineer, was born at Thorold, Ontario, and was educated at Upper Canada College, Toronto. He began work as an engineer on the Erie Canal in 1838. He was chief engineer of the Ottawa river works, 1845-9, and in 1849 published his Philosophy of Railways,

Keeler

a book said to have been influential with the Canadian government in subsequent construction of railroads. He was engaged in many important engineering works on the St. Lawrence and tributaries, and represented Canada as commissioner and juror at several London and Paris exhibitions, and was decorated by the French government.

Keeler, JAMES EDWARD (18571900), American astronomer, was born at La Salle, Ill., and graduated (1881) at Johns Hopkins University; was appointed assistant to the Lick trustees in 1886, and began spectroscopic work at the Lick Observatory in 1888. His detection of the radial motions of nebulæ took place in 1890. Succeeding Langley as director of the Allegheny observatory in 1891, he confirmed spectroscopically, in 1895, Clerk-Maxwell's meteoric theory of the constitution of Saturn's rings. He accepted the directorship of the Lick Observatory in 1898. He wrote Spectroscopic Observations of Nebula (1894).

Keeley, LESLIE E. (1836-1900), American physician, was born in St. Lawrence co., N. Y., and graduated (1863) at Rush Medical College, Chicago. He was a volunteer surgeon in the Civil War, after which he practised his profession at Dwight, Ill. His chloride of gold treatment for drunkenness and the opium habits was announced in 1879. The following year he established his first institute at Dwight, and many others were organized in other parts of the country. The effectiveness of the 'gold cure' has been disputed by physicians.

Keeley, MARY ANN (?1805-99), née GOWARD, English actress, born in Ipswich. She first appeared in London at the Lyceum (1825). In 1829 she married Robert Keeley. Abandoning singing, she devoted herself to the drama; won success as Smike in Nicholas Nickleby in 1838, still greater success as Jack Sheppard (1839), and finally played Nerissa with Macready (1842) The Keeleys played successfully in the U.S. in 1 1836-37. Undertaking the management of the Lyceum (1842), after a brilliant career she retired in 1859. See her Reminiscences (1900).

Keeley, ROBERT (1793-1869), English comedian, born in London. He made his début there (1818), and achieved success as Rumfit in Peake's Duel_(1823), and in 1829 married Miss Goward, with whom he was constantly associated on the stage until her retirement in 1859. With Charles Keane he carried out a series of famous Shakespearean revivals at the London Princess Theatre (1850-9). He retired in 1862.

79

Keelhauling, a punishment inflicted in the British navy during the 17th and 18th centuries. The offender was dragged from one side of the vessel to the other, beneath her keel, by means of ropes attached to the yardarms. In small craft culprits were hauled a long the keelson, from stem to stern. The practice, said to have originated in the Dutch navy, was frequently fatal.

Keeling or Cocos Islands, group of about twenty atolls in the Indian Ocean, 700 m. s.w. of Sumatra; annexed by Britain in 1857. The principal productions are copra and cocoanuts. In 1836 Darwin visited the islands, and, as the result of his observations there, propounded his theory of the formation of coral reefs by subsidence. Pop. (1902) 698.

Keeley Motor, a well-known mechanical fraud which figured in the latter part of the 19th century. It was based on the invention of one John W. Keeley (1837-1898), of Phila., Pa., who laimed that his device for generating power would revolutionize the science of mechanics and enable all mechanical operations to be carried on at greatly reduced expense. Although a stock company was formed to exploit the scheme, and its capital largely subscribed for, the nature of the motor was kept secret, and it was not until after the inventor's death that the machinery was examined in detail and the entire fraud detected. It was ascertained that the power, which was generated in certain demonstrations for the experts, stockholders, and press, came from compressed air in a mechanism carefully concealed. The invention was before the public from about 1874 until the inventor's death in 1898, and was widely discussed during this time, as several hundred thousand dollars was invested in the stock of the company.

Keen, WILLIAM WILLIAMS (1837), American surgeon, was born in Philadelphia, and graduated (1859) at Brown University, and in medicine (1862) at the Jefferson Medical College. He served as surgeon in the Civil War, and practised continuously in Philadelphia after 1866. He conducted the Philadelphia school of anatomy from 1866 to 1875, and filled other important positions until his appointment as professor of surgery at Jefferson Medical College in 1889. The medical profession is indebted to him for several suggestions in surgical methods. He published and edited several professional works.

Keene, city, N. H., co. seat of Cheshire co., on the Ashuelot R., and on the Boston and Maine R. R., 50 m. w.s.w. of Concord. It

Keep

lies on a broad plain encircled by high hills, and is a well-built city, with spacious streets, of which the most prominent radiate from Central Square. Its manufactures include boxes, chairs, skirts, hosiery, silverware, furniture, doors, boots and shoes, woollens, notions, etc. Granite and mica are found in the vicinity, and there is an extensive trade in lumber and maple sugar. The educational and philanthropic institutions include the City Hospital, Invalids' Home, the public library, and the high school. The city has three fine granite arch bridges, and four parks. Keene was first settled in 1732, was incorporated as a town in 1753, and as a city in 1874. Pop. (1900) 9,165.

Keene, CHARLES SAMUEL (1823-91), English humorous artist, was born at Hornsey, Middlesex. He began to draw for the Illustrated London News and Punch (1851). He also illustrated Douglas Jerrold's Curtain Lectures. Keene holds a foremost place among British artists in black and white. A collection of his drawings, entitled Our People, appeared in 1881. See G. S. Layard's Life and Letters of Charles Keene of 'Punch' (1892).

Keene, LAURA (1820-73), American actress, who was given this stage name by Charles Reade, was in private life Miss Mary Moss. She was born at Chelsea, London, England, and began her training for the stage while very young. Her first success was made with Pauline in the Lady of Lyons (1851), at London. She came to the U. S. in 1852 and made this country her home afterward. She was a great favorite with American audiences, and established her own theatre in New York, where she produced, 1858, with Jefferson and Edward A. Sothern in leading parts, the famous play Our American Cousin. She and her company were presenting this play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, when Lincoln, who occupied a box, was assassinated. She was married to Mr. John Lutz and died at Paterson, N. J. See John Creahan's Life (1897).

Keep. See CASTLE.

Keep, ROBERT PORTER (18441904), American educator, was born at Farmington, Conn., and graduated (1865) at Yale. He was appointed U. S. consul at Piræus, Athens, Greece, in 1869, retiring in 1871. Dr. Keep was teacher of Greek at Williston Seminary, Easthampton, Mass., from 1876 to 1885, when he accepted the principalship of the Norwich, Conn., free academy, retiring in 1903. He prepared an Homeric Dictionary, Stories from Herodotus, Greek Lessons (1886), and other text-books.

Keeper

Keeper. See SEAL.

Keeseville, vil., Clinton and Essex cos., N. Y., on Ausable R. and on the Keeseville, Ausable Chasm, and Lake Champlain R. R. It is a very picturesque place, and near here is located the famous Ausable Chasm (q.v.). It is a popular summer resort. Nails are manufactured. Pop. (1900) 2,110.

Keewatin, dist. of Canada, lying N. of Manitoba and N.W. Ontario, between Hudson Bay and prov. of Saskatchewan, and dist. of Mackenzie, and s. of Arctic Ocean. It has an area of about 516,571 sq. m., and is inhabited by a few Eskimos. It abounds with game, is believed to have vast mineral deposits, and is well wooded. It is traversed by the Saskatchewan, Churchill, and Nelson. Pop. (1901) 9,800.

Keffi, tn., N. Nigeria, 120 m. N.E. of Lokoja. Pop. 80,000.

Kei, Ke, or Key Islands, an archipelago in E. Indies, s.w. of New Guinea, belonging to the Moluccas; consists of Great Kei, Little Kei, and smaller islands. Total area, 467 sq. m. They belong to Holland." Pop. 24,000. Principal products: bêche de mer, pepper, betel nuts, sago, palm oil, cocoanuts, and timber. The people are famous builders of native boats.

He

Keifer, JOSEPH WARREN (1826), an American soldier and political leader, born in Bethel Township, Clark co., Ohio. He was educated at Antioch College, was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1857, and became prominent as a lawyer in Springfield, Ohio. served on the Union side throughout the Civil War, rising from the rank of major of volunteers (1861) to that of colonel of volunteers (1862), and being brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers for his services in the battles of Opequan, Fisher's Hill, and Middletown, Va. (1864), and major-general of volunteers for his services in the final campaign against Gen. Lee. After the war he was a member of the Ohio Senate (1868-9), was a Republican representative in Congress (1877-85) and was speaker of the House of Representatives (1881-3). In the Spanish-American War (1898) was a majorgeneral of volunteers. He published Slavery and Four Years of War (1900).

Keighley, munic. bor., W. Riding, Yorkshire, England, 17 m. W.N.W. of Leeds. It manufactures stuffs, machinery, tools and carries on iron-founding. Pop. (1901) 41,565.

Keightley, THOMAS (17891872), Irish historian, born at Newtown, Co. Kildare. He is chiefly known (apart from his Fairy Mythology, which he published anonymously in 1828) by

80

his various historical manuals. These include Outlines of History (1829); The Mythology of Ancient Greece and Italy (1831); History of England (1837-9); History of Greece (1835); History of Rome (1836); History of the Roman Empire (1840); History of India (1846-7).

Keil, KARL FRIEDRICH (180788), German exegete, was born at Oelsnitz, Saxony; in 1833 became privat-docent at Dorpat, and in 1838 professor. After twenty years he retired to Leipzig, where he died. Keil was a very prolific writer, but his commentaries, once widely popular, are now out of date. His principal works are Einleitung to the O.T. (3d ed. 1873); Biblische Archäologie (1858-9); a long series of commentaries in alliance with Delitzsch (all trans. into English); and exegetical works on the Books of Maccabees, the four gospels, and the epistles of Peter, Jude, and to the Hebrews.

Keim, THEODOR (1825-78), German New Testament critic, was born at Stuttgart, and became professor at Zürich, latterly at Giessen. His main title to fame rests on his Geschichte Jesu von Nazara (1867-72; trans. by Ransom, Hist. of Jesus of Nazareth, 1876-83), a massive and learned work, reverential in tone, and manifesting rare imaginative

power.

Keiser, REINHARDT (16731739), German composer, was born near Leipzig, and studied music under his father and at Leipzig. After receiving patronage at one of the petty German courts, the first public performance of one of his operas was that of Irene (1697) at the Hamburg Opera House. It was succeeded by more than one hundred others during his long residence there. He was Kapellmeister to the King of Denmark, 1722-8. He has been called the father of German opera, being the first composer to abandon imitation of Italian and French methods.

Keith. See MARISCHAL, EARL.

Keith, GEORGE (c. 1639-1715), missionary, was born in Aberdeen, Scotland, and studied at the University of Aberdeen. He became a Quaker, 1664, and in consequence of persecution emigrated to the U.S. in 1684. He lived in N. J. and Philadelphia, but was evidently of a disputatious nature, as he made trouble for Mather and Cotton in New England and engaged in a controversy with the Philadelphia Quakers. Returning to England, he was denounced by William Penn, joined the Church of England, and was sent (1702) to N. J. and Penn. as a missionary. After considerable success in this capacity he again

Keith

returned to England and was made rector of Edburton, Sussex. Author of a volume of travels in New England and several sectarian works.

Keith, GEORGE KEITH ELPHINSTONE. VISCOUNT (1746-1823), British admiral, born near Stirling. During the battle of Bunker Hill he commanded the Perseus, and again in the assault on Fort Mifflin, on the Delaware river (1777). He was with the land forces during the attack on Charleston, and afterward was detailed to capture American privateers and blockade runners. In 1795 he successfully reduced the Cape of Good Hope, and then captured a Dutch squadron in Saldanha Bay (1796). In 1800 he captured Genoa and Malta, and in 1801, having become an admiral, commanded the naval part of the expedition to Egypt. See Life by Allardyce (1882); Account of the Family of Keith, by P. Buchan (1828).

Keith, JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD (1696-1758), known as Marshal Keith, second son of William, ninth Earl Marischal, was born at Inverugie Castle, near Peterhead, Scotland. In 1715 he took part in Mar's rebellion at Sheriffmuir, and again in the expedition which failed at Glenshiel (1719). Then escaping to the Continent, he served for nine years in the Spanish army, but in 1728 transferred his services to Russia. In 1747, however, he took service under Frederick the Great, who created him fieldmarshal, and under whom he served in the Seven Years' war, falling at Hochkirch (1758). See Fragments of a Memoir written by Himself, 1714-34 (1789; reprint, 1843); Varnhagen von Ense's Life, in German (1844); and a shorter German Life by Paczynski-Tenczyn (1889); and for his military career in the Prussian army, Carlyle's Frederick the Great (1858).

Keith, SIR WILLIAM (16801749), Lieut.-governor of Penna. and Del., was born near Peterhead, England, and was third baronet of his family. He was appointed, under Queen Anne, surveyor-general of the customs for the southern district of North America by the Tories, and made a good impression on the colonists. He obtained a commission as lieut.-governor of Penna. and Del., 1717, and was popular with the people; but his father having died insolvent, Sir William himself became involved and was unfaithful to the interests of the proprietors of the colony, who obtained his dismissal. He returned to England secretly, 1728, and died in poverty. He published a History of Virginia (1738) and various pamphlets, and is said to have

Kekewich

been the first to suggest the taxation of the colonies, in his pamphlet On the Subject of Taxing the Colonies (1767).

Kekewich, ROBERT GEORGE (1854), British soldier, famous for his gallant defence of Kimberley during the Boer war (Oct., 1899, to Feb., 1900), for which he was promoted major-general and given the C.B. Subsequently he beat off a fierce attack by Delarey upon his camp at Moedwill (Sept. 30, 1901), and repulsed Commandant Kemp at Rooiwal with heavy loss (April 11, 1902).

Kekulé, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1829-96), German chemist, was born at Darmstadt. He became lecturer at Heidelberg in 1856; professor of chemistry at Ghent in 1858, and at Bonn in 1867, where he remained till his death. Kekulé's work was almost entirely on organic chemistry, mainly centering on the constitution of carbon compounds, in particular of benzene; his theories in this respect were the foundation of the most far-reaching advances and discoveries. Kekulé was also a great teacher, and wrote an unfinished but model Lehrbuch der organischen Chemie (3 vols. 1861-7).

Kelantan, native state of Malay Peninsula, protected by the British government. It lies immediately s. of the Patani states; has an area of 7,000 sq. m., and population of from 200,000 to 600,000. Kelantan, the capital, has a population of 20,000. Exports tin, gold, pepper, and other spices, and jungle produce.

Kelat. See KHELAT.

Kelat-i-Nadiri, fortress, Khorassan prov., Persia, 60 m. N.E. of Meshed, near the frontier of Russian Turkestan.

Keller, GOTTFRIED (1819–90), Swiss novelist, born at Glattfelden, near Zürich. The success of a volume of Gedichte (1846) gave him a definitive bent towards literature, and in 1854 he published the novel Der grüne Heinrich (new and improved ed. 1879-80; 29th ed. 1903). Then came Die Leute von Seldwyla (1856; enlarged ed. 1873-4; 36th ed. 1904), short tales of Zürich life. From 1861 to 1876 Keller was first secretary to the cantor of Zürich. His later works were Züricher Novellen (32d ed. 1903), containing such excellent little stories as Der Landvogt von Greijensee and Das Fähnlein der sieben Aufrechten; Das Sinngedicht (28th ed. 1903), a novel; and Martin Salander, another novel (1886; 24th ed. 1903). His Gesammelte Werke appeared in 11 vols. (1889-1904). See Bächtold's Kellers Leben (1892-6), and K. Freiligrath-Kroeker's Gottfried Keller, a Selection of his Tales (1891).

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Keller, HELEN ADAMS (1880), American author, daughter of Arthur H. Keller, formerly of the Confederate army, and a relative on the distaff side of Edward Everett Hale, was born at Tuscumbia, Ala. She was rendered totally blind and deaf at the age of eighteen months by an attack of acute congestion of the stomach and brain, and at that time, although unusually bright for her age, had acquired the use of but few words, all but one of which, the word 'water,' she soon forgot. It was not until her seventh year that, through the advice of Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, Miss Anne Mansfield Sullivan was sent from the Perkins Institute at Boston to undertake, in Helen's case, a similar course of instruction to that adopted in the case of Laura Bridgman. Miss Sullivan, who was afterwards Helen's constant companion, taught her a few word signs on the hand, and was quickly able, so intelligent was the pupil, to lead her to associate various objects with these word signs. Helen 'learned that everything has a name, and that the manual alphabet is the key to everything she wants to know.' She soon learned the alphabet and is reported to have read her first connected story in May, 1887. Her first visit to Boston occurred in 1888, and after that date she passed almost every winter in the North. In 1890 she was taught to speak English articulately, and afterward became a proficient conversationalist in French and German also. She early learned to write a good hand and to use the typewriting machine Miss Keller was enabled to understand the speech of others, and to articulate herself, by placing her hands on the lips and throat of her teacher and noting the movements and vibrations. In 'A Chat about the Hand' (Century Magazine, 1905) she writes: 'My hand is to me what your hearing and sight together are to you. The hand is my feeler with which I reach through isolation and darkness and seize every pleasure, every activity that my fingers encounter. My

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world is built of touch-sensations, devoid of color and sound; but without color and sound it breathes and throbs with life.

With my hand I seize and hold all that I find in the three worlds--physical, intellectual, and spiritual. Miss Keller's retentive memory enabled her to prepare, at a Cambridge school and under private tuition, for a course at Radcliffe College which she began in 1899. She became very fond of out-of-door life, passing many summers at Wrentham, Mass., where she indulged in rowing and sailing. In 1905

Kellgren

she was made a vice-president of the New New York State institution for promoting the interests of the blind. She published The Story of My Life (1903), Optimism, an essay (1903), and a number of magazine articles.

Kellermann, FRANÇOIS CHRISTOPHE, DUC DE VALMY (17351820), French general, born at Rothenburg, Bavaria. In 1792 his stubborn artillery defence of Valmy demoralized the Prussian invasion. Created marshal and Duc de Valmy by Napoleon, he commanded the Rhenish reserves (1809 and 1812) After Napoleon's return from Elba hc sided with the Bourbons.

Kelley, EDGAR STILLMAN (1857), American composer, was born at Sparta, Wis., and studied at Chicago and Stuttgart, 187480. He began composing while yet a student. His first success, music for Macbeth, was performed in San Francisco, 1883, and in Eastern cities the next year. Hic Puritania ran for a hundred performances at the Tremont Theatre, Boston (1882). Mr. Kelley lived for some years in California. Later he removed to New York, and in 1901 was appointed an instructor in music at Yale.

Kelley, WILLIAM DARRAH (1814-90), American politician, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., and through the death of his father, a Revolutionary officer, was obliged to begin work at an early age. He was apprenticed to the jeweller's trade, and followed this trade for some years in Boston. In 1840 he entered the law office of James Page in Philadel phia, and progressed so rapidly that he was appointed a judge of the court of common pleas in 1846. He had previously been a Democrat, but in 1856 he joined the Republican party for antislavery and protectionist reasons. Mr. Kelley was elected to Congress in 1860, a position he held for twenty years. He was prominently associated with all protectionist legislation, and was known as 'Pig-iron Kelley.' He published various speeches, addresses, and letters, and The New South (1887).

Kellgren JOHAN HENRIK (1751-95), Swedish poet, born at Floby in W. Gothland. Along with Lenngren he started at Stockholm (1778) Stockholms Posten, which speedily became the critical oracle of the capital. Gustavus III. made Kellgren his librarian (1780) and his private secretary (1785). His style is still regarded as classical, and his satires, especially Mina Löjen, are the best of their kind in Swedish literature. As a critic, a sort of Scandinavian Voltaire, he exercised, on the whole, a beneficial