Kentucky

ucts valued at $154,166,365. Of these, 3,648 establishments employing 51,735 wage-earners, and manufacturing products valued at $126,508,660, were of the same class as those included in the census of 1905, when there were reported 3,734 establishments, with 59,794 wage-earners and products valued at $159,753,968. Though this was an increase of only 86 in the number of establishments (2 per cent.), there was an increase of 67.4 per cent. in the amount of capital, the total for the establishments reporting being $147,282,478. The leading manufactures with the value of their products in 1905 were: Flour and grist mill products, $18,007,786; lumber and timber products, $14,539,000, to which may be added planing-mill products, $4,593,251; tobacco manufactures, $14,913,049; liquors, distilled, $11,204,649, and malt, $3,673,678; men's clothing, $6,279,078; iron and steel, $6,167,542; cars and shop construction and repairs by steam railways, $5,739,071; slaughtering meat packing, $5,693,731; printing and publishing, $4,768,351; foundry and machine-shop prod$4,699,559; carriage and wagon making, $4,059,438; leather, tanned, curried, and finished, $3,952,277.

ucts,

and

1905.

The value of flour and grist mill products increased over 50 per cent. from 1890 to 1900, and almost 40 per cent. from 1900 to 1905. The value of lumber and timber products doubled from 1890 to 1905, while the planing mills increased their output 150 per cent. from 1900 to About 88 per cent. of the tobacco manufactures are credited to chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff, in the manufacture of which the state was surpassed only by North Carolina in 1900 and by North Carolina and Missouri in 1905. Owing to increased railway facilities in the eastern iron and coal fields, the product of iron and steel mills has trebled since 1890.

Fully 76 per cent. of the value of products is due to the manufactures of Louisville, which is the centre of the tobacco, liquor, and clothing industries, the flour and grist mills, and the slaughtering and meat packing. Other important centres are Lexington, Newport, and Covington.

Transportation. Kentucky has been well-favored by water transportation. The Ohio River on the north and the Mississippi on the west have been since pioneer days of very great commercial and industrial importance. The Cumberland and Tennessee rivers navigable for steam-boats the The state. Kentucky and Licking are each

are

across

92

similarly navigable for 60 miles, and the Green for 100 miles. Canals around the falls on the Ohio at Louisville and at various points on the other rivers better the facilities. Railway construction began late; there was considerable activity from 1880 to 1890. The mileage has been: 1860, 534; 1880, 1,530; 1890, 2,942; 1900, 3,093; 1905, 3,375. There is a state railroad commission, having authority to fix just rates in cases of complaint. The principal lines are the Illinois Central, the Louisville and Nashville, the Chesapeake and Ohio, the Southern, and the Queen and Creccent.

Finance. The state debt in 1865 exceeded $5,250,000, but this was almost all cancelled during the next 10 years. Owing to the frequent deficits from 1880 to 1900 a large floating debt was incurred, which being funded made the bonded indebtedness in 1895, $3,500,000. Ten years later this was almost entirely extinguished, the debt July 1, 1905, being $191,000. The total receipts of the state treasury for the year ending June 30, 1905, were $5,523,180. The chief source of revenue is the taxation of property, the assessed valuation of which in 1905 was $631,148,850, only 22 per cent. of which was credited to personal property.

Banks. In June, 1906, the national banks numbered 128, with $15,352,860 capital; $4,877,005 surplus; $51,960,908 loans; and $43,437,254 individual deposits. There were in June, 1905, 348 state banks, with $12,682,402 capital, $2,947,507 surplus, $39,029,097 $5,265,806 cash, and $49,330,942 deposits. At the same time there were 10 private banks, with $125,000 capital, $627,327 loans, and

loans,

$797.774 deposits. There were also 31 loan and trust companies with loans of $6,425,090 and individual deposits of $5,590,630.

to

The early history of banking in Kentucky is somewhat checkered. The state held shares of the first bank, the Bank of Kentucky, chartered in 1806 at Frankfort with a capital of $1,000,000, afterwards increased 1818 $3,000,000. In and 1819 the banking craze led to the charter by the legislature of 46 banks with an aggregate capital of $8,720,000. More than half of these speedily collapsed and the next year forty of them were abolished by law. The year (1820) the state established the Bank of the Commonwealth, which endured until 1829. Bank of Kentucky having been abolished in 1822, the banking facilities from 1829 to 1833 were

same

The

Kentucky

confined to branches of the United States Bank. Three new banks, chartered in 1833, '34 and '35, respectively, the Bank of Louisville (capital, $2,000,000), the Bank of Kentucky (capital, $5,000,000), and the Northern Bank of Kentucky (capital, $3,000,000), were placed upon a sounder basis. Nevertheless they suspended specie payments from 1837 to 1844. Except for a large number of failures in 1854, the banks since then have been uniformly stable.

Government. The constitution may be amended by the consent of three-fifths of the members elected to each House of the legislature, providing a majority of the electorate concur. Constitutional conventions also may be invoked, if, at two consecutive sessions, a majority of the members elected to each House so agree and if the proposition is approved by a majority of the qualified electors. of the electors, however, must consist of those who voted in the Kenlast preceding election. tucky has eleven representatives in the lower house of the national Congress. Frankfort is the capital.

One-fourth

The executive power is vested in a governor, lieutenant-governor, secretary of state, treasurer, auditor, attorney-general, superintendent of public instruction, and commissioner of agriculture, all of whom are chosen for four years. In case of vacancy the lieutenant-governor succeeds to the governorships, unless such vacancy occurs during the first two years of the term, when a new election is required.

The legislature consists of a House of Representatives,, consisting of 100 members, chosen for two years, and a Senate of 38 members, chosen for four years. Members of each house receive $5 per diem and mileage. Sessions are held biennially and are limited to 60 days. All revenue bills must originate in the lower house, and a majority vote of all members elected to each house is sufficient to override the governor's veto.

The judiciary consists of a court of appeals, consisting of a chief judge and six associate justices, circuit courts, quarterly, fiscal, and county courts.

Population. The population at dates indicated has been: 1790, 73,677; 1810, 406,511; 1850, 982,405; 1870, 1,321,011; 1880, 1,648,690; 1900, 2,147,174; 1905 (Federal est.), 2,291,444. In 1900 the foreign born numbered 50,249, and the negroes, 284,706. The urban population (cities over 4,000), though high for a Southern state, is relatively low, being only 19.2 per cent. in 1900,

Kentucky

and this is due mainly to the city of Louisville.

The large cities with their populations in 1900, and in parenthesis local estimates of their populations in 1905, are: Louisville, 204,731 (232,466); Covington, 42,938 (48,000); Newport, 28,301 (35,000); Lexington, 26,369 (35,000); Paducah, 19,446 (26,950).

Education. The proportion of illiterates in the population decreased from 21.6 per cent. in 1890 to 16.5 per cent. in 1900. The illiteracy among the negroes was much higher, 40 per cent. in 1900. Separate schools are maintained for white and for colored children. There is since 1905 compulsory attendance in all cities for at least eight consecutive weeks annually, for children between the ages of 7 and 14. The date for school statistics are not complete, but the best estimates show, for 1905, a school population of about 600,000, with an enrollment of 495,000 and an average attendance of 310,000. About 10 per cent. of those enrolled and of those in attendance were colored. In the same year there were 55 public high schools and 33 private academies and collegiate institutions, whose graduates were admitted to the State College without examination.

The educational interests are administered by a state superintendent, a county superintendent in each county, and in each district 3 trustees. In the year 1904-5 there were approximately 4,500 male and 6,100 female white teachers, and about 1,200 colored teachers. Though the school year in the city schools is from 7 to 9 months in length, the average for the state has been recently (1900-5) about 5 months or 100 days. The total receipts for school purposes in 1904-5 amounted to $2,373,265; of this sum $1,753,550 came from the state treasury.

The state provides for the instruction and training of teachers in a normal department of the State College, and at the Kentucky Normal and Industrial Institute for Colored Persons at Frankfort. The county superintendents hold separate institutes in each county for white and for colored teachers. These institutes continue for 5 or 10 days, and attendance is required of all common school teachers. State certificates good for eight years, and renewable, are granted by the State Board of Education to those passing a satisfactory examination. The State Agricultural and Mechanical College, or the State College, is at Lexington. There are also a number of private and denominational col

93

leges and universities, among which are Kentucky University (Christian), Lexington; Berea College (Non-sectarian), Berea; Georgetown College (Baptist), Georgetown; Kentucky Wesleyan College (M. E. South), Winchester; Central University of Kentucky (Presbyterian), Danville; and St. Mary's College (Roman Catholic), St. Mary's. Legislation of 1904 prohibiting the attendance of white and colored persons at the same school or college, necessitated important changes in some of the educational institutions, particularly Berea College.

Charitable and Penal Institutions. The Kentucky Institution for the Education of the Blind at Louisville was founded for white children in 1842, the eighth of its kind in the country. Since 1884 also colored blind children have been cared for in a separate building. The attendance in 1905 was 152, which was estimated to be only 30 per cent. of the blind in the state of ages six to sixteen. At the Kentucky School for the Deaf at Danville there were Oct. 31, 1905, 324 in the white department and 34 in the colored department. This school receives from the state $140 per capita for support, and an annual sum in addition of $15,000 for the white and $2,500 for the colored department. The expenditures for these two institutions for the year ending Oct. 31, 1905, were $31,497 and $70,951 respectively. The Eastern, Western, and Central Asylums for the Insane are maintained respectively at Lexington, Hopkinsville, and Lakeland. The number of inmates on Sept. 30, 1905, and the expenditures for the year ending on that date, were: Eastern, 949, $151,933; Western, 1,039, $149,318; Central, 1,309, $199,971. The Institution for the Training and Education of Feeble-Minded Children is maintained at Frankfort, and the Kentucky Reform School at Lexington. The Kentucky Penitentiary at Frankfort and the Branch Penitentiary at Eddyville had on Nov. 30, 1905, 1,277 and 649 inmates, and expenditures for the year of $150,908 and $73,078 respectively. The number of women, all at Frankfort, was 62. All able-bodied men and women are hired out by contract at rates of 40 to 50 cents per diem for men and 30 cents per diem for women. Since Sept., 1900, a parole law has been in force.

History.-Kentucky takes its name from the Indian word Kan-tuck-hee, to which various meanings have been assigned such as 'at the head of the river,' 'dark and bloody land,'

Kentucky

etc. The present state originally formed a part of Augusta co., Va., and in 1776 was formed into a separate county. The first settlement was not made until 1774 (Harrodsburg), although the region had been visited by several explorers, including John Finley and Daniel Boone, some years before. In 1775 Boone built a fort on the present site of Boonesboro. This fort was attacked by the Indians on three different occasions in 1777 and 1778 and for several years the settlers in the territory were continually harassed by Indian uprisings. In 1775 a colonization scheme was inaugurated by Richard Henderson, who induced the Cherokee Indians to give up a section of land comprising many thousand square miles. A colony known as the 'Colony of Transylvania' was formed and a delegate sent to Congress. Congress, however, refused to recognize the delegate, and Virginia declared the grant of land invalid, although she finally agreed to confirm the sales of land already made to the settlers and to allow the colonizing company to retain some 200,000 acres. In 1780 Kentucky Iwas divided into three counties, and a few years later a movement was set on foot aiming toward separation from Virginia and admission to statehood. Virginia for a long time refused to consent to the separation, and it was not until 1789 that the necessary legislation was enacted, On June 1, 1792, Kentucky entered the Union.

In 1798 and 1799 the Kentucky Resolutions (q.v.) were passed. The first constitution which provided for the choice of state officers by electors, was superseded in 1880 by a second constitution, which provided that such officers be chosen directly by popular vote. The scarcity of money due to fraudulent banking and excessive speculation (See BANKS), led in 1822 to the passage of relief measures by the legislature. The Court of Appeals declared these measures unconstitutional: the legislature then abolished the court and established a new one. 'New Court' and 'Old Court' were made political issues in 1826, the result being a legislature favorable to the latter. A third constitution adopted in 1850 extended the list of offices filled by popular election to include justices of the state courts, and provided for a permanent school fund. A law of 1872 gave negroes the right to appear as witnesses in court, and another of 1874 provided for negro education in separate schools. The present constitution was adopted in 1891.

At the outbreak of the Civil

Kentucky Resolutions

War Kentucky at first refused to take sides, and Governor Magoffin protested to both the Federal and the Confederate governments against the recruiting which was going on in the state, and demanded the withdrawal of all troops. His wishes were not complied with, however, and the elections held in the spring and early summer of 1861 gave evidence that not only were the people opposed to maintaining a position of neutrality, but that they also largely sympathized with the Union cause. The first important engagement fought in the state was at Mill Spring on Jan. 19, 1862, between the Confederates under General Zollicoffer and the Federals under General Thomas. In this battle the Federals were successful and the Confederates were driven out of eastern Kentucky. Another engagement took place at Perryville on Oct. 8, 1862, in which the Federals under General Buell won a strategic victory over the Confederates under Bragg. This victory gave the Federals undisputed possession of the state and broke up the attempt to organize a Confederate provisional government.

Politically, Kentucky is a Democratic state. It almost invariably supported the Whig nominees, however, during the life of that party and in 1896 gave 12 of its 13 electoral votes to McKinley, the Republican candidate for President. Again in 1899, on the face of the returns, the Republican candidate for governor was declared elected. This election was contested, and a bitter struggle ensued, which led to the shooting of Goebel, the Democratic contestant (Jan. 30, 1900). See Brown, The Political Beginnings of Kentucky (1889); Durrett, The Centenary of Kentucky (1892); Smith, History of Kentucky (1892).

Kentucky Resolutions of 1798-9, two series of resolutions passed by the legislature of Kentucky in 1798 and 1799 respectively, directed against the Alien and Sedition Acts (q.v.) and significant chiefly as expressing the extreme States' Rights view of the Federal Constitution. The first series, also, is additionally significant because originally drafted by Thomas Jefferson. This series was presented (Nov. 8, 1798) by John Breckinridge, and with amendments was passed by the House on Nov. 10 and by the Senate on Nov. 13, and was signed by Gov. James Garrard on Nov. 16. The resolutions, besides protesting specifically against each of the objectionable acts and declaring each void and of no force, 'that whensoever the general government assumes un

assert

94

delegated powers, its acts are unauthoritative, void, and of no force; that to this compact [the constitution] each State acceded as a State, and is an integral party, its co-States forming, as to itself, the other party; that the government created by this compact was not made the exclusive or final judge of the extent of the powers delegated to itself; since that would have made its discretion, and not the Constitution the measure of its powers; but that as in all cases of compact among parties having no common judge, each party has an equal right to judge for itself, as well of infractions as of the mode and measure of address.' Copies of these resolutions were sent to the legislatures of the different states, only seven of which (Mass., N. H., Vt., N. Y., Conn., R. I., and Del.) replied, and all of these condemned the resolutions. In answer to these unfavorable replies the Kentucky legislature in Nov., 1799, reaffirmed its views, declared its attachment to the Union and to the Constitution 'agreeably to its obvious and real intention,' and further asserted that 'a nullification by those sovereignties [the states] of all unauthorized acts done under color of that instrument is the rightful remedy.' Resolutions substantially to the same effect, though more moderate in tone, were passed by the Virginia legislature. (See VIRGINIA RESOLUTIONS). For the text of the resolutions see MacDonald's Select Documents of United States History 1776-1861 (1898); also see Warfield's The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 (1887).

Kentucky River, formed by the junction of three forks at Proctor, Lee co., Ky., and running in a winding northwesterly course of about 250 m. to Carrolton, where it joins the Ohio R. It is navigable for steamboats to Frankfort. It flows through a rich agricultural and mineral region whose scenery is beautiful.

Kentucky, State College of. A non-sectarian state institution for both sexes at Lexington, Ky., founded in 1865 on the provisions of the Morrill Act as an agricultural and mechanical college and made one of the colleges of Kentucky University. This con

nection was dissolved in 1878, leaving the new institution with an income of $9,900 derived from the land grant, which was afterward supplemented by city, county, and state appropriations. The college has an academy, a collegiate course, a normal school, and departments of agriculture and engineering. In 1905 it had 705 students and 44 instructors.

Kentucky University. A co

Keokuk

educational institution under the control of the Disciples of Christ at Lexington, Ky., succeeding the earlier Bacon College, chartered in 1837, at Harrodsburg. An amended charter in 1858 changed the title of the college to Kentucky University, and in 1864 it removed to Lexington, taking over the property of Transylvania University, founded in 1783 at Danville. The university consists of the academy, college of Liberal Arts, commercial college, and medical department, the last at Louisville." In 1905 it had 1,190 students, 66 instructors, a library of 12,000 volumes, and funds of about $300,000.

Kenyon, JOHN (1784-1856), philanthropist and minor poet, born in Jamaica. Among his literary friends were Rogers, Southey, Lamb, and chiefly the Brownings. From Weimar he brought personal reminiscencesunpublished-of Goethe, Schiller, Herder, and Wieland. He wrote Rhymed Plea for Tolerance (1833); Poems (1838); A Day at Tivoli (1849).

It

Kenyon College. A Protestant-Episcopal institution at Gambier, Ohio, incorporated in 1824 at Worthington, Ohio, and removed to Gambier in 1828. was originally called the Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the diocese of Ohio, but a supplementary act of the legislature empowered the seminary faculty to act also as the faculty of a college and confer degrees in the arts and sciences. The institution as finally organized embraced three departments, a theological seminary, a college, and a preparatory school, each independent of the others, but under the same trustees. The present name was assumed in 1891, when the three departments were consolidated. The college grounds are noted for their beauty. In 1905 the college had 200 students, 26 instructors, a library of 33,000 volumes, productive funds of $560,000, and an income of $32,000.

Keokuk, city (locally known as the 'Gate City'), Ia., one of the co. seats of Lee co., on the Mississippi R., at the foot of the Des Moines Rapids, on the Chi., R. I. and Pac. and other R.Rs., 34 m. s.s.w. of Burlington, 160 m. by rail from St. Louis. The Des Moines Rapids afford water power and are avoided by a navigable canal constructed in 1877. The city is on high ground, overlooking the river, is well laid out in spacious streets, and contains two excellent parks and a national cemetery. Its educational institutions include the Keokuk Medical College, St. Vincent's Academy, a college of dentistry, and a public library. There are

Kephir

two hospitals. The chief buildings are the U. S. and county buildings, the opera house, the Y.M.C.A., Masonic, Odd Fellows, and Knights of Pythias buildings. It is an important trade centre in agricultural products, and its chief manufactures are boots and shoes, starch, cereals, flour, lumber, clothing, canned corn, canned tomatoes, and canned pickles. There is a large packing establishment for poultry, butter, and eggs. The

city was first settled about 1840, and was incorporated in 1848. The fire department is owned and operated by the city. In the fall of 1906 the construction of a large water-power dam on the Mississippi was to be begun, to furnish 160,000 horse power. Pop. (1905) 14,604.

Kephir, the national beverage of the peoples of the Caucasus, is prepared by the action of a peculiar fungus known as 'kephir grains' on cow's milk. Afterwards, when kept in closed vessels, the changed milk undergoes fermentation. It is a thickish liquid, refreshing, and very sustaining.

He

Kepler, JOHANN (1571-1630), German astronomer, was born at Weil, in Würtemberg, and became in 1594 mathematical lecturer in the gymnasium at Gratz. His reputation was enhanced by the publication in 1596 of the Mysterium Cosmographicum, in which he attempted to establish a mystical geometry of the heavens. In October, 1600, he removed to Prague as Tycho Brahe's assistant, and a year later succeeded him as imperial astronomer. observed in 1604 the temporary star in Serpentarius, and published in 1606 a treatise connecting the apparition with the 'Fiery Triangle of astrological import. His Astronomia Nova (1609) contained the laws that the planets travel in ellipses and describe areas proportional to the times, and adumbrated a science of celestial physics. On the death in 1612 of the Emperor Rudolph II., Kepler took up his abode at Linz as professor of mathematics, while retaining his post at court. He published in 1618-21 an epitome of the Copernican_astronomy, and in 1619 his Harmonices Mundi, Libri V., in which he announced his third law, that the squares of the planetary pe riods are as the cubes of their distances from the sun. At Ulm, where he had sought a refuge from war troubles, the Rudolphine Tables appeared in 1627. They represented a reform of astronomy based upon Tycho's observations, and retained standard authority for a century. He wrote two works on optics, the Paralipomena to Vitellio (1604), and Dioptrice (1611; new ed. 1904), rec

95

ommending in the latter the construction of telescopes with two convex lenses. His Stereometria gives him a place among the founders of the infinitesimal calculus. His De Cometis (1619-20) treats of the great comets of 1607 and 1618. A complete edition of his Opera was published by Frisch (8 vols. 1858-72). See Brewster's Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Kepler (8th ed. 1874); Müller's Johannes Kepler (1903); and Günther's Johannes Kepler (1905).

Kepler's Laws, of planetary motion. (1) The planets describe ellipses about the sun whose centre is a focus. (2.) The radius vector of each planet sweeps over equal areas in equal times. (3.) The squares of the periodic times of any two planets are proportional to the cubes of the major axes of the orbits. From law (1) it follows that the force of attraction is as the inverse square of the distance; from law (2) that the sun's attraction holds the planets in their orbits, the resultant attraction being along the line between the planet and the sun. By law (3) the relative distances of the planets from the sun may be calculated. See Astrand's Keplersche Probleme (1890).

Keppel, AUGUSTUS, VISCOUNT (1725-86), English admiral, second son of the second Earl of Albemarle, accompanied Anson around the world (1740-4). In 1759 he was in command of the Valiant at the battle of Quiberon Bay. In July, 1778, he fought a much-criticised action off Brest. Serious differences of opinion occurred between the admiral and Sir Hugh Palliser, his second in command, and a scandal arose. Both officers were court-martialled (1779), but acquitted. Keppel was raised to the peerage (1782), and employed at the Admiralty as first ford.

Keppel, SIR HENRY (18091904), English admiral, son of fourth Earl of Albemarle. He distinguished himself in the China wars (1841-2), and, with Rajah Brooke, in attacks on piratical strongholds at the Straits Settlement (1844). He destroyed Chinese war-junks in Fat-shan Bay (1857), and commanded the naval brigade before Sebastopol (1855). He became admiral of the fleet (1875). He published Expedition to Borneo (1846). A Visit to the Indian Archipelago (1853), and A Sailor's Life under Four Sovereigns (1899). See West's Memoir (1905).

Keppler, JOSEPH (1838-94), American caricaturist, was born in Vienna, Austria, and studied art in Italy. After some experience as an opera singer in Vienna, he came to the U. S. in 1868, and established a German periodical in St. Louis. This not proving

Kerch

successful, he removed to New York, and there worked as a caricaturist until 1877, when, with Adolph Schwarzmann, he began the publication of the weekly comic illustrated paper, Puck. Mr. Keppler's caricatures in color, dealing with political and social questions of the day, had much influence on public opinion.

Ker, FAMILY OF, the surname of two noble families of AngloNorman lineage, Roxburghe and Lothian. They are believed to have come to Scotland in the 13th century, and settling in Roxburghshire, became the founders of the two families, the Kers of Fernihirst and the Kers of Cessford. Of the former the Marquis of Lothian is the chief male representative, and of the latter the Duke of Roxburghe is the head.

Ker, JOHN (1819-86), Scottish divine, was born at Tweedsmuir, Peeblesshire. He made his mark as a preacher chiefly at Glasgow. He was professor of practical training in the United Presbyterian Hall from 1876 until his death, and was author of Sermons (1869-86), The Psalms in History and Biography (1886), Lectures on the History of Preaching (1888).

Kerason, or KERASUND, tn., Asia Minor, on the Black Sea, 70 m. w. of Trebizond, has a fortress dating from Byzantine times. Cherry trees were first introduced into Italy by Lucullus from Kerason, when it was the Greek colony of Kerasos. It exports hazel nuts. Pop. 9,500.

Keratin, an albuminoid substance which occurs in such structures as the nails, hairs, and hoofs of mammals, the feathers of birds, and so forth. Its special properties are extreme insolubility and a high percentage of sulphur. A substance closely similar occurs in the sheath of nerve-fibres.

Kerbela, tn., Asiatic Turkey, 60 m. s.s.w. of Bagdad, w. of the Euphrates, near the ruins of Babylon. The tomb of Hussein, the son of Ali, is a place of pilgrimmage for Shiite Mohammedans, who also carry their dead there for burial. The mosque which contains the tomb of Hussein has its domes and minarets plated with gold. Up to 1895 Kerbela was the headquarters of the chief priest of the Shiahs. It is a prosperous and growing trade centre. Dates and cereals are exported, and sacred bricks and shrouds stamped with verses from the Koran are made. Pop. 65,000.

Kerch, tn., seapt., and fortress at the E. extremity of the Crimean peninsula (Taurida gov.), on the Strait of Kerch or Yenikale (20 m. broad and 22 m. long), which connects the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. During the Crimean war the fortress was destroyed by the allies, but has since

Kerguelen Land

been restored. Here have been found chefs-d'œuvre of GræcoScythian art. In 1872 catacombs were discovered, with curious wall-paintings and sarcophagi, mostly assigned to the 4th century. Pop. (1897) 28,982. See L. Stephani's Die Alterthümer von Kertsch (1880); Macpherson's Antiquities of Kertch (1857); Gilles's Antiquités du Bosphore Cimmerien (1854).

Kerguelen Land, or DESOLATION ISLAND, in Indian Ocean, 50° s. lat. and 70° E. long., discovered by Kerguelen Trémarec in 1772. Mountainous (Mt. Ross, 6,166 ft.) and glaciated, with deeply-indented shores. It is uninhabited, but yields the peculiar Kerguelen cabbage (Pringlea antiscorbutica), the only species of its genus, natural order Cruciferæ. The thick root-stock bears a large dense ball of leaves much valued by sailors as a vegetable and as a preventive of scurvy. The island was annexed by France in 1893. It has two harbors. Area, about 1,500 sq. m.

Kerkuk, or SHAHR-ZUL, tn., Asiatic Turkey, 90 m. s.E. of Mosul. Salt and alabaster are obtained, and naphtha is found. Pop. 30,000.

Kerman, or KIRMAN. (1.) Province S. Persia (anc. Caramania), with Baluchistan on the E., and the Gulf of Oman on the s. Area, 600,000 sq. m. The desert of Kerman occupies the N. and N.E. and the remainder is mostly barren. Shawls are made. The climate is hot, dry, and unhealthy in the plains and valleys. Pop. about 600,000. (2.) Chief town of above province, 225 m. N. by E. of Bender Abbas, on the Persian Gulf. The place is fortified, and shawls and carpets are made. Pop. 70,000.

Kermanshah, or KIRMANSHAHAH, city and cap. of prov. Kermanshah, Persia, 270 m. s.w. of Teheran, is an important caravan centre on the road between Teheran and Bagdad. The chief exports are silk-yarns, opium, raw hides, gum, carpets, and spices. The imports in 1904-5 amounted to $4,184,745, and the exports for the same period to $1,077,540. Pop. 35,000.

Kermes Mineral, or amorphous sulphide of antimony, may be prepared by boiling a mixture of gray sulphide of antimony (crystalline) and sulphur in a solution of sodium carbonate, filtering whilst hot, and acidifying with sulphuric acid. The precipitate, of a bright red-brown color, is digested in a solution

of tartaric acid, to remove any trioxide that may have been formed, washed with water, and dried. Kermes mineral is now represented in pharmacy by sulphurated antimony, which is a

96

mixture of sulphides and oxides of antimony.

Kernahan, COULSON (1858), English critic and writer, born at Ilfracombe. He has written Dead Man's Diary (1890); Book of Strange Sins (1899) (*problem novels'), and The Child, the Wise Man, and the Devil (1896); God and the Ant (1895); Scoundrels and Co. (1901); The Face beyond the Door (1904); The Jackal, Visions, and A World without a Child (1905).

Kerner, ANDREAS JUSTINUS (1786-1862), German lyric poet, born at Ludwigsburg; became the intimate friend of Uhland, and practised medicine successively at Wildbad and Weinsberg. Kerner was one of the chief poets of the 'Swabian School, and published Reiseschatten von dem Schattenspieler Luchs (1811), Romantische Dichtung (1817), Der letzte Blütenstrauss (1852), as well as a book on animal magnetism, Die Seherin von Prevorst (1829), which caused some stir. His poetry resembles the Volkslieder. In conjunction with Uhland and Schwab he issued Der poetische Almanach (1812), and Der Deutsche Dichterwald (1813). See Reinhard's Justinus Kerner (2d ed. 1886).

Kerosene. See PETROLEUM. Kéroualle, LOUISE RENÉE DE (1649-1734), mistress of Charles II. and mother of the first Duke of Richmond, was a native of Brittany. She was created Duchess of Portsmouth. She retired to France in 1688, after the death of Charles." See Forneron's Louise de Kéroualle (trans. by Mrs. Crawford, 1897).

Kerr, MICHAEL CRAWFORD (1827-76), American legislator, was born at Titusville, Pa., and received his education at the Erie academy. He graduated (1851) in law at Louisville University, practised at New Albany, Ind., and was reporter of the Indiana supreme court, 1862. From 1865 until his death, he was a U. S. congressman from Indiana, with the exception of one term, and was speaker during the session of 1875-6. He was an old-line Democrat, and opposed with great vigor the Republican policies of Reconstruction days.

Kerria, a monotypic genus of plants belonging to the order Rosacea. K. japonica is a beautiful, hardy, deciduous shrub, growing to about six feet in height, popularly known as the Japanese rose. It has thin leaves, unevenly serrated, and in summer and autumn bears abundance of large, solitary, terminal, yellow flowers, each with five sepals, five petals, and numerous stamens. Is easily grown in ordinary garden soil, preferring slight shade. It is most easily

Kestrel

propagated by cuttings or division.

Kerry, maritime co., prov. Munster, Ireland. Its coast-line (Atlantic) is broken by two large peninsulas, by Dingle Bay and Kenmare R., and by Tralee, Bantry, and Ballinskelligs bays, and Smerwick, Castlemaine, and Valentia. harbors. The surface is low in the N., but in the main wild and mountainous, and very picturesque. The principal mountains are Macgillicuddy's Reeks, with Carrantuohill (3,410 ft.), the highest summit in Ireland, Mangerton (2,756 ft.), and Brandon (3,127 ft.). Lakes include the celebrated Killarney lakes. Oats and potatoes form the principal crops and cattle are numerous, including the Kerry breed. The chief towns are Tralee, Killarney, and Kenmare. The antiquities include Staigue Fort (one of the most remarkable in Ireland), Ogham stones, round towers, and ecclesiastical ruins. Area, 1,816 sq. m. Pop. (1901) 165,727.

Kersey, vil., near Hadleigh, Suffolk, England; gives its name to a light woollen cloth.

Kershaw, JOSEPH BREVARD (1822-94), American soldier, born in Camden, S. C. He became prominent as a lawyer and politician in S. C., being a member of the state senate (1852-7), and in the Civil War served with distinction on the Confederate side, becoming a brigadier-general in 1862, and taking a conspicuous part in the Peninsular campaign and in the battles of Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, and Chickamauga. In the final campaign which ended in the surrender of Gen. Lee he commanded a division. He was elected president of the state senate (1865), was a judge of the Circuit Court of S. C. (1877-93), and was postmaster of Camden, S. C. (1893-4).

Kerulen, riv., of N. E. Mongolia, one of the head-streams of the Amur, flows mostly through the northern outskirts of the Gobi to its junction with the Argun or Khülar below the Dalai-nor or Kulun-nor. Length, nearly

600 m.

Kestrel, a small falcon distinguished by the bell-like note and the pattern of the plumage, and one of the favorite hawks in falconry. Kestrels are chiefly brown, with dark spots, and have a broad sub-terminal black band on the tail; the females are darker and more distinctly barred than the males. The common English kestrel, or wind-hover, is (F. tinnunculus), widely distributed over Europe, Asia, and Africa, and is represented in North America by the sparrow-hawk, and by similar forms elsewhere. They feed chiefly