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Keswick

on mice, ground squirrels, and in

sects.

Kestrel.

Keswick, tn., Cumberland, England, 18 m. s.w. of Penrith. The town is beautifully situated near the lower end of the lake, near Skiddaw, Saddleback, and other mountains. The lake has several islands, including, the 'Floating Island,' formed of matted vegetation. South and south-east are Borrowdale and the Falls of Lodore. The town possesses a quaint town hall (1813), now used as public offices, museum, and art gallery. Keswick is favorite tourist centre, and in recent years has become noted for its annual Christian conference. It manufactures lead pencils, though the plumbago is no longer mined in Borrowdale. Southey resided here from 1804 till his death in 1843. Pop. (1901) 4,451.

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Ket, or KETT, ROBERT (d. 1549), English rebel, was a Norfolk tanner who headed a provincial rising in Edward VI.'S reign as a protest against the enclosure of commons. Ket successfully besieged Norwich (1549), but was overcome by the Earl of Warwick and hanged.

Ketch, in its older sense, a stoutly-built square-rigged, twomasted craft, at one time common in the Mediterranean and used especially as a bomb-vessel. The

Modern Ketch.

term is applied at the present day, especially in Europe, to a twomasted, fore-and-aft-rigged craft, in which the mizzen is considerably shorter than the fore mast. VOL. VII.-7

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Thus the mizzen of a ketch is of a size intermediate between that of the mainsail of a fore-and-aft schooner and the jigger of a yawl.

Ketch, JACK (d. 1686), a headsman who acquired notoriety as the clumsy executioner of Lord Russell (1683) and the Duke of Monmouth (1685). Subsequently a synonym for the executioner.

Ketones, a series of hydrocarbon derivatives, in which two, either similar or different, alkyls are united to a carbonyl (CO) group. Thus, acetone or dimethyl ketone is (CH3)2CO, and propyl ethyl ketone is C3H7(CH)CO. Ketones are prepared by oxidizing secondary alcohols, or by heating the calcium salt of a fatty acid-acetone being prepared on the large scale from calcium acetate in this way. tones are stable compounds that on reduction yield secondary alcohols, and unite with acid sulphites to form crystalline derivatives. They break up on oxidation. The lower members of the family are peculiarly smelling liquids; and the higher, inodorous solids.

Ketshwyo. See CETYWAYO.

Ke

Kettering, mrkt. tn., Northamptonshire, England, 14 m. N.E. of Northampton. Boots and shoes are extensively manufactured; other industries are clothing, leather-dressing, and ironfounding. At Kettering founded in 1792 the Baptist Missionary Society. Pop. (1901) 28,

653.

Kettle-drum. See DRUM.

was

Keuka Lake, or Crooked Lake, Steuben and Yates cos., N. Y., is about 20 m. long and not more than 1 m. wide. The lake lies in a pleasant valley, and is 710 ft. above sea-level, and is about 200 ft. deep. It is connected with Seneca Lake by an outlet which flows for 7 m., falling 271 ft. in its course. It has steamboat service.

Keuper, the uppermost subdivision of the Triassic system of Europe. It consists essentially of beds of limestone, marls, gypsum, and sandstone, and in England attains a thickness of 3,000 ft. The salt deposits of Cheshire are associated with Keuper marls. In Germany a bed of impure coal-the Lettenkohl-occurs in this formation.

Kew, suburban metropolitan dist. included in Richmond borough, Surrey, England, on the Thames, 6 m. s.w. of Hyde Park Corner. A handsome new bridge connecting it with Brentford was opened in 1903. The church on Kew Green, built in 1713, contains the mausoleum of the first Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, and in the churchyard is the grave of the painter Gainsborough. Dr. Turner (the 'father of English botany,' d. 1568) had at Kew a

Key

In

herbal garden of some note. the 17th century Kew House was held by Sir Henry Capel, who devoted much attention to cultivation. In the 18th century, Frederick, Prince of Wales, made it his chief residence. George III. purchased the property, and usually resided during the summer in Kew House (demolished in 1803). Queen Charlotte died at Kew Palace in 1818. The Royal Botanic Garden was founded by the dowager Princess of Wales in 1759. The area at that time was only about eleven acres. In 1840 Queen Victoria resigned the gardens for the public benefit. Since that time immense improvements have been effected, and the area now amounts to 288 acres. The Temperate House, completed in 1899, is probably the largest planthouse in the world. Connected institutions are the herbarium, museums (three) of economic botany, botanical library, the Jodrell laboratory, and a collection of paintings by Miss North. In 1897 Queen Victoria handed over Kew Palace and the Queen's Cottage to the nation. At Kew Observatory, Richmond, chronometers and other scientific instruments are tested. Pop. of par. (1901) 2,699.

Kewanee, city, Henry co., Ill., on the Chi., Burl. and Quin. R. R., 132 m. s.w. of Chicago. It is situated in a good farming district, in which bituminous coal mining is carried on. There are manufactures of ploughs, windmills, boilers, steam heaters, pumps, carriages, and wagons. Pop. (1900) 8,382.

Keweenawan Series. A group of rocks exposed in the Lake Superior region and comprising sandstones, conglomerates, limestones and interbedded lava flows. They are usually classed as Precambian, though lying at the top of this system. They enclose the remarkable copper deposits of Michigan.

Kewkiang. See KIU-KIANG.

Key, in music, signifies the scale in which a composition is written. (See SCALE.) Key is also a name given to the outward termination of the levers in keyboard instruments, to the levers controlling valves in certain wind instruments, and to the appliance used in tuning pianos and harps.

Key. See LOCKS.

Key, in engineering, a general term denoting anything that fastens, and frequently a small steel bar in the shape of a wedge.

Key, DAVID MCKENDREE (1824-1900), American politician and jurist, born in Greene County, Tenn. He graduated from Hiawassee College in 1850 and practised law at Chattanooga, Tenn. He was a lieutenant-colonel in the

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VIEWS IN KEW GARDENS (ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS).

1. Rock Garden (Photo by Frith). 2. Temperate House. 3. The Wood Museum. 4. The Lake. 5. Queen Charlotte's Palace (Photo by King). 6. Temple of the Sun (Photo by King). 7. The Victoria Regia (Photo by King). 8. The Museum. 9. The Palm House.

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Key

Confederate army during the Civil War, a member of the constitutional convention of Tenn. (1870), a member of the U. S. Senate (1875-77), postmastergeneral in the cabinet of Pres. Hayes (1877-80), and judge of the Eastern District of Tenn. (188095).

Key, FRANCIS SCOTT (17801843), American lawyer and poet, was born in Frederick co., Md., and graduated at St. John's College, Annapolis. He studied law and practised at Frederick, Md., and at Washington, D. C., of which latter city he was made district attorney. It was while he was detained as a visitor on board a British vessel, during the bombardment of Fort McHenry, near Baltimore (1814), that he witnessed the action celebrated in his song, "The Star-Spangled Banner,' written the next morning. It was sung to the air, 'Anacreon in Heaven,' and gained popularity as a national lyric at once. Mr. Key's Poems were published after his death in 1857.

Key-dwellers, the name given by archæologists to an extinct race formerly inhabiting the many islets or keys (Sp. cayos) lying off the s.w. coast of Florida. The

fact of their existence only became known to science in 1895, since when their settlements have been carefully investigated. Their islands were to a great extent artificial, being enlargements of tiny reets or shoals by means of a remarkable series of shellmound embankments, pyramids, and canals. Their civilization shows an affinity with that of Central America. See F. H. Cushing's report of the PepperHearst Expedition, Philadelphia,

1897.

Key Islands. See KEI ISL

ANDS.

Keyport, tn., on Raritan Bay, Monmouth co., N. J., 23 m. from New York, on the Central R. R. of New Jersey. There is a good steamboat service. The oyster trade is large and there are shipbuilding interests. Pop. (1900) 3,413.

Keyser, tn., W. Va., co. scat of Mineral co., on the north branch of the Potomac R., and on the B. and O. and the W. Va. Cent. and Pitts. R. Rs., 22 m. s.w. of Cumberland, Md. Coal is found in the vicinity, and among the agricultural products of the latter peaches, apples and berries are noteworthy. There are manufactures of worsteds, furniture, pottery, etc. Railroad machine shops are located here. The town has excellent schools and a hospital. It was settled about 1850 and incorporated in 1894. Pop. (1900) 2,536.

Keyser, EPHRAIM (1850), American sculptor, was born in

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K.G.

K.G., Knight of the Garter. K.G.C.B., Knight Grand Cross of the Bath.

Khabarovsk, tn., E. Siberia, at confluence of the Amur and Ussuri rivers, 470 m. by rail N.E. of Vladivostok. It is a terminus of the Ussuri branch of the Trans-Siberian R. R. and a centre of the fur (sable) trade. Pop. (1897) 15,082.

Khabur, riv., Asiatic Turkey, rising in the Karagah Mts. (vilayet of Diarbekir), and flowing 200 m.

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than Dhaka fort, the w. end of the pass. It is the only pass on the northwestern frontier practicable for artillery. It was forced by British troops during the Afghan wars of 1839-42 and 1878-80, and again in the Afridi campaign of 1897.

Khairagarh, feudatory state, Central Provinces, India. Area, 940 sq. m.; pop. (1901) 137,542. Khairpur, feudatory state in Upper Sindh, India, with an area of 6,109 sq. m. The chief manu

Khammurabi receiving Laws from the Sun-god.

(Stele in the British Museum.)

to the s. through Mesopotamia to join the Euphrates at Kerkisiah. Khadija (556-613), the first wife of Mohammed.

Khafra, CEPHREN, or SAOPHIS, an Egyptian king of the fourth dynasty, who built the second of the three pyramids, and the small temple behind the great Sphinx.

Khaibar or Khyber Pass, narrow defile, 33 m. in length, between N.W. India and Afghanistan, through the Safed Koh. It forms part of the route between Peshawar and Kabul, and at Jamrud is 450 ft. wide; at the fort of Ali Masjid, 94 m. farther on, it is only 40 ft. wide. The summit of the pass is at Landi Kotal, which is 1,700 ft. higher than Jamrud, and 1,970 ft. higher

factures are cotton, silk cloth, and metal goods. Pop. (1901) 199,313. Chief tn. Khairpur.

Khaki (Anglo-Ind., from Hindu khaki, 'dust-colored'). Originally a stout twilled cotton, but now made also of wool, and in various shades, such as light brown, drab, or dust-colored. It was first used by British troops in India in 1848, and thereafter by the same troops in that country in 1857, in the Afghan campaign of 1878-80, the Sudan wars of 1883-98, and especially in the South African War of 1899-1902. The light brown shade was adopted by the U. S. army in the Spanish-American War, and it is now the lightweight service uniform for the regular army.

Kharbin

Khama, chief of the Bamangwatos, a Bechuana tribe, and the inveterate enemy of Lobengula, king of the Matabele, whom he defeated in battle.

Khamil. See HAMI.

Khammurabi, or HAMMURABI, a king of Babylon, identified by Schrader with Amraphel, king of Shinar (Gen. 14: 1). By his victories over Elam, Larsa, Sumer, and Akkad, he unified the Babylonian empire. His reign is variously dated between 2400 and 2000 B.C., and seems to have lasted some fifty-five years. Information regarding him had been increasing rapidly, but all advances were overshadowed by J. de Morgan's discovery (Dec., 1901, to Jan., 1902) of a large stele, on which are preserved a bas-relief of Khammurabi receiving laws from the Sun-god, and some nine-tenths of an inscription containing the code of these laws as promulgated by him. This, with translation and transliteration, was published at Paris, in 1902, by V. Scheil. The laws throw much light upon Babylonian social grades, industries, religion, law, and family life. See Johns's Journal of Theological Studies (Jan., 1903), and The Oldest Code of Laws in the World (1904); Cook's Laws of Moses and the Code of Hammurabi (1904).

Khandesh, dist., Deccan, Bombay Presidency, India, through which flows the river Tapti. There are several factories for the ginning and pressing of cotton. Area, 10,907 sq. m. Cap. Dhulia. Pop. (1901) 1,427,382.

Khan-Tengri, or TINGRI KHAN, or KAR-GÖL-BAS, highest mountain in the Central TianShan system, E. of Issik-kul, and s. of the Ili R. Its highest point reaches 23,950 ft.

Kharbin, or HARBIN, tn. and railway centre in Manchuria, on the Sungari, the principal tributary of the Amur, 370 m. w. of Vladivostok, and 500 N. of Port Arthur. Here the trans-Siberian railway bifurcates, one branch going to Vladivostok, and the other to Mukden, Dalny, and Port Arthur (with a line to Tientsin, connected by rail with Peking), Kharbin is the centre of a rich agricultural and grazing district, and has large mineral fields yet undeveloped. Founded in 1898, it has been well planned and built in modern European style, with electric tramways and light. The river is crossed by an iron girder bridge 800 yds. long, and passenger steamers ply regularly up and down for long distances. The industrial establishments include flour mills, brick works, distilleries, and meatpacking houses. Pop. (1902) 20,000, (1904) over 60,000 Europeans and 50,000 Chinese. Khar

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Kharkov

bin was an important place in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-5). After the battle of Mukden it became the reserve depot and the chief base for the Russian army as well as the hospital centre.

Kharkov. (1.) Government of S.W. Russia, one of the four composing Little Russia. Area, 21,041 sq. m.; pop. (1897) 2,509,811. The surface is flat and monotonous. Much of the soil belongs to the 'black earth' zone. Among its minerals are iron, gypsum, coal, peat, freestone, sandstone, fuller's and potter's earth, chalk, and salt. Beetroot is cultivated; flax, hemp, and tobacco are raised. Market gardening has made great prog

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cultural implements. The university, founded in 1804, had in 1903 1,360 students. There are also a technological institute, with nearly 800 students, a veterinary school, and a seminary. Kharkov was founded in 1650 by Cossacks. Pop. (1897) 174,846.

Kharput, tn., Turkish Kurdistan, 60 m. N.W. of Diarbekir. It contains an American Protestant college, founded by missionaries from the U. S., and a Jacobite convent with a rare collection of manuscripts. Pop. estimated at 30,000.

Khartum, chief tn. of a prov. of the Egyptian Sudan bearing that name, and situated on the

Khedive

Khasi and Jaintia Hills. See JAINTIA HILLS.

Khasis, a tribe inhabiting the Khasi Hills, Assam, India. They are a very primitive people, living under elective chiefs, and speak a monosyllabic language.

Khatanga, riv. of N. Siberia, issuing from various lakes, flows N. and N.E. into the Khatanga Gulf, Arctic Ocean, after a course of about 600 m. The gulf, which lies on the E. side of the Taimir peninsula, has a length of 200 m.

Khatmandu, cap. of feudatory state of Nepal, India, on the Baghmati R., 145 m. N. of Patna. The maharaja's palace is the chief building. Pop.(1901) about 50,000.

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ress. Bee-keeping is important; the culture of silk has lately made great advances. Industries are important: they include sugar works, distilleries, breweries, tobacco factories, sawmills, flour mills, fulling mills, oil works, factories of soap, candles, sweets, and gingerbread; there are also salt works, iron and copper foundries, brick works, tanneries, potteries, leather works, and woollen manufactories. (2.) City and cap. of above gov., 450 m. s. of Moscow. It is one of the most progressive towns of S. Russia. At its Epiphany and Trinity fairs a great business is done in horses and wool respectively. The industrial establishments include woollen manufactures, dyeing and cleaning works, distilleries and breweries, iron and copper foundries, tobacco, candle, gingerbread, and sweetmeat manufactures, and the making of machinery and agri

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tongue of land at the junction of the Blue and White Niles, lat. 15° 36' N. Khartum is accessible from Wadi Halfa (570 m.) by the military railway in two days. After the murder here of General Gordon in 1885, the town remained in the hands of the Khalifa and Dervishes until September, 1898, when a combined English and Egyptian force under General (now Lord) Kitchener retook the whole of the Sudan. completely new town with fine public buildings and airy streets is now rapidly arising. There is also a street railway. The tn. extends for 34 m. along the river. There are the governor's palace (built on the foundations of Gordon's old house), the Gordon College, the administrative buildings, and an English church. There is a trade in gum, ivory, and ostrich feathers. Pop. (1901) about 20,000.

Khaya, a genus of tall trees belonging to the order Meliaceæ, and closely allied to the mahogany tree. One species, K. senegalensis, the Senegal mahogany, is valuable for its timber.

Khayyam, Omar. See OMAR KHAYYAM.

Khazars, an old semi-nomadic people of Turco-Finnish origin, who formed a kingdom in S. Russia (c. 190-1020 A.D.). In their later history they figure as a commercial people; their principal cities were Itil, Sarkel, and Semender. Their sovereign and many nobles and others embraced Judaism in 740. Their power was largely broken by the Russians under Svyatoslav (965-969), and finally by the Byzantines and Russians combined (1016). Some etymologists consider the name can be traced in Kadzaria, the Georgian name of Mingrelia.

Khedive, the official title of

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